MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
WINTER – 19EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Mobile Communication Model Answer Subject Code: 17657
Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in themodel answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may tryto assess the understanding
level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given moreImportance (Not applicable for
subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in thefigure. The figures drawn by
candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for anyequivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constantvalues may vary and there
may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer based on
candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent concept.

Q. Sub Answer Marking

No. Q. N. Scheme

12-Total
Q.1 a) Attempt any THREE of the following:
Marks
(i) Define frequency reuse. Draw frequency reuse pattern for cluser size N= 12. 4M

Ans: The design process of selecting and allocating channel groups for all the cellular base station Definition
within a system is called frequency reuse or frequency planning. 1M

Diagram
3M

(ii) List any four specification of GPRS 2.5G GSM standard 4M

Ans: Specifications of GPRS 2.5G GSM standard: Each
1)Packet Switching 1Mark
2)Radio Frequency 1800 to 1900 MHz
3)TDMA,CDMA
4)Bandwidth-171-384 K
Marks to be credited for any other relevant specification.
(iii) Compare EDGE for 2.5G GSM with IS-95B 2.5g CDMA (Any four points) 4M

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Ans: EDGE IS95B
1. Channel Bandwidth is 200 KHZ 1. Channel bandwidth is 1.25
MHz
2. Edge stand for Enhanced data rate 2. Interim data solution for
for GSM CDMA is called as IS 95B
3. Requires new Transceiver at base 3. Requires new software in
station. Also software upgrades to base station controller.
base station controller and base
station.
4. EDGE introduces higher order 4. IS 95B specifies Hard Hand Off
8PSK modulation which is used in procedure that allows subscriber
addition to GSm ‗s standard unit to record different radio 4M
GMSK modulation channels in the network
without instructions from
switch so that subscriber can
tune to different base stations to
maintain link quality.
5. All eight times slots of GSM radio 5. IS 95 allows dedicated user to
channel are dedicated to a single command up to eight different
user, a raw peak throughput data user walsh codes
rate of 547.2 Kbps can be simultaneously and in parallel
provided or 384 Kbps for a single for instantaneous throughput of
dedicated user on single GSM 115.2 Kbps per
channel. user(8*14.4.Kbps).
(iv) Illustrate the operation of paging with neat block diagram. 4M
Ans: Paging system are communication systems that sends brief (short) message to subscriber. Explana
Depending on the type of service, the message may be either a numeric message, an tion
alphanumeric message or a voice message. 2M
Paging systems are typically used to notify a subscriber of the need to call a particular
telephone number or travel to know location to receive further instructions In modern paging
system, news headlines, stock quotation & faxes may be sent. A message is sent to a paging
subscriber via the ―Paging System Access Number‖ with a telephone keypad or modem.
The issued (transmitted) message is called PAGE. The paging system then transmits the page
throughout the service area using base station which broadcast the page on a radio carrier.
Paging systems are vary widely in their complexity & coverage area. while simple paging
systems may cover a limited range of 2km to 5km, or may even be confined within
individual buildings, wide area paging systems can provide worldwide coverage.
Though paging receivers are simple & inexpensive, the transmission system required is quite
sophisticated. Wide area paging systems consists of a network of telephone lines, many base
station transmitter, and large radio tower that simultaneously broadcast a page from each
base station.
Simulcast transmitter may be located within the same service area or in different cities or
countries. Paging systems are designed to provide reliable communication to subscriber
wherever they are.

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Block
Diagram
2M

Attempt any ONE of the following: 6-Total

b)
Marks

(i) Draw the architecture of GSM and state the functions of BTS and BSC. 6M
Ans: Architec-
ture
2M

Function Of BTS and BSC 2M

BTS functions:
The BTS corresponds to the transceivers and antennas used in each cell of the network. A
BTS is usually placed in the center of a cell. Its transmitting power defines the size of a cell.
Each BTS has between 1 and 16 transceivers, depending on the density of users in the cell.
Each BTS serves as a single cell.
 Encoding, encrypting, multiplexing, modulating, and feeding the RF signals to the
antenna
 Transcoding and rate adaptation
 Time and frequency synchronizing
 Voice through full- or half-rate services
 Decoding, decrypting, and equalizing received signals
 Random access detection
 Timing advances
 Uplink channel measurements
BSC Functions:
The BSC manages the radio resources for one or more BTSs.
2M
It handles radio channel setup, frequency hopping, and handovers.
The BSC is the connection between the mobile and the MSC.
The BSC also translates the 13 Kbps voice channel used over the radio link to the standard
64 Kbps channel used by the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSDN) or ISDN.
It assigns and releases frequencies and time slots for the MS. The BSC also handles intercell
handover. It controls the power transmission of the BSS and MS in its area.
The function of the BSC is to allocate the necessary time slots between the BTS and the
MSC. It is a switching device that handles the radio resources.
 Control of frequency hopping

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 Performing traffic concentration to reduce the number of lines from the MSC
 Providing an interface to the Operations and Maintenance Center for the BSS
 Reallocation of frequencies among BTSs
 Time and frequency synchronization
 Power management
 Time-delay measurements of received signals from the MS
Describe the process of cell initiations from mobile handset to the landline unit (PSTN)
(ii) 6M
with neat timing diagram.

Ans: When a mobile originates a call, a call initiation request is sent on the reverse control Expla-
channel. With this request the mobile unit transmits its telephone number (MIN), Electronic nation
Serial Number (ESN) and the telephone number of the called party. 3M
The base station receives the MIN, ESN of called party along with Station Class Mark
(SCM) which indicates what the maximum transmitting power level is. The received details
are forwarded to MSC.
The MSC validates the request by checking the MIN, ESN etc. in its records. After
validation, MSC instructs the originating Base station to move mobile toa unused pair of
voice channels (FORWARD & REVERSE VOICECHANNEL).
The called party telephone number, is then broadcast as paging message overall forward
control channel throughout the cellular system (If the called number is another mobile
phone).
The mobile receives the Paging message sent by base station which it monitors, and matches
the received MIN with its own MIN.With MIN the called mobile phone number receives the
instruction of moving itself to unused pair of voice channel. And then it makes connection to
the called party. This connection is made with the called party through the PSTN, if the
called party number is a landline telephone.
Diagram
3M

Attempt any FOUR of the following:

Q.2 12M

a) Describe the effect of co-channel interference in cellular system. How it affect the system 4M
capacity?

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Ans:  Frequency reuse implies that in a given coverage area there is several cells that Explan
 Use the same set of frequencies. ation
 These cells are called co-channel cells, and the 3M
 Interference. Between signals from these cells is called co-channel interference
 In Cellular mobile communication, frequency spectrum is divided into non-overlapping
 spectrum bands which are assigned to different cells .I
 n cellular communications, a cell refers to the hexagonal/circular area around the base
station antenna.
 However, after certain geographical distance, the frequency bands are re-used, i.e. the
same spectrum bands are reassigned to other distant cells. The co-channel interference
occurs due to Frequency reuse.
 Thus, besides the intended signal from within the cell, signals at the same frequencies
(co channel signals) arrive at the receiver from the undesired transmitters located (far
away) in Some other cells and lead to deterioration in receiver performance. Effect
Effect on System capacity: 1M
 Co channel Interference plays an important role in determining the quality of service.
 QOS is measured by coverage, call blocking, call dropping, Audio quality. Audio
quality is mainly affected by co channel Interference.
 The capacity of the channel is affected significantly by co channel Interference.
 Co channel Interference also decides the frequency reuse plan and link
Performance.
Diagra
m
Option
al

b) Compare 3G-TD-SCDMA with 3G-CDMA-2000in terms of 4M

(i) Data rates
(ii) Bandwidth
(iii)Spectrum utilization
(iv) Antenna

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Ans: 3G-TD-SCDMA 3G-CDMA-200 4M
Data rates 1.971Mbps 2 Mbps

Bandwidth 1.6 MHz 1.25 MHz

Spectrum Spectrum spreading >Need paired

utilization mode spectrum one for UL
DS SF=1/2/4/8/16 and the other for DL
Spectrum Efficiency
25Erl./MHz
Antenna Smart antenna Advanced Antenna
technology is system is used.
incorporated into the
base station
c) State any four features of UMTS.(W-CDMA) 4M
Ans: Specifications of UMTS are: 1mark
1. It is more robust for multipath delays. each
2. It provides higher immunity towards frequency selective fading.
3. It has very high packet data rates of 2.048Mbps.
4. It has very high channel bandwidth of 5 MHz
5. It has backward compatibility with the GSM systems.
6. It has high frame structure of 16 slots per frame.
7. It gives signals of higher voice and data quality and also small bit-error rates.
8. It has a common world-wide spectrum band.
9. It can operate in multiple radio environments such as cellular, cordless, satellite, LAN etc.
10. It has a wide range of telecommunication services such as voice, data, multimedia,
Internet etc.
11. It has global seamless connectivity (roaming).
d) Compare GPRS standard with IS-95B standard w.r.t. 4M
(i) Data rate
(ii) Number of voice channel
(iii)Channel bandwidth
(iv) Backward compatibility

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Ans: GPRS IS95B 4M
(i) Data rate New GPRS handset works on New Handset will work
GPRS networks at 171.2 on IS95B at 64 Kbps and
Kbps,96.1 Kbps on GSM IS95 S at 14.4 Kbps.
networks with dual phone
(ii) Number of voice 8 per carrier 64
channel
(iii) Channel 200KHz 1.25MHz
bandwidth
(iv) Backward GPRS architecture works on the Provides Backward
compatibility same procedure like GSM Compatibility with IS95
network, but, has additional A & IS 95 B.
entities that allow packet data
transmission. New terminals
will be backward
compatible with GSM for voice
calls.
e) State any four features of bluetooth. 4M
Ans: 1.Each Bluetooth device has the capability of sharing all of its features with other Each
Bluetooth devices in the surrounding area. 1M
2. Bluetooth-enabled computer, sharing all the features, such as the Internet.
3. Bluetooth devices can communicate at ranges of up to 10 meters (Class B)
4. Bluetooth devices do not need to be in direct sight of each other.
5.Frequency – 2.4 GHz
6. Maximum Transmission rate is less than 1 Mbp
f) Compare between Hard handoff and soft handoff.(Any four points) 4M

Ans: Hard handoff 4M

Soft handoff

1.The definition of a hard handover or 1.Soft handoff is defined as a handover

handoff is one where an existing where a new connection is established
connection must be broken before the before the old one is released
New one is established.

2. Hard handoffs allocate different 2.Soft handoff allocate

frequency of user. Same frequency.

3.In hard handoff a handset always 3.In soft handoff a handset may connect up
Communicates with one BS at any given to three or four radio links at the same
time. Time.

4. Hard Handoff is typically used in 4.Soft handoff used in CDMA and some
TDMA and FDMA systems. TDMA systems

5. Hard handoff is not very complicated. 5.Soft handoff is more complicated than
Hard handoff.

6.Hard handoff is noticeable 6. Soft handoff is not noticeable.

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Q.3 Attempt any FOUR of the following: 16M
a) Draw block diagram of frequency synthesizer and explain its working. 4M
Ans: 2M
Diagra
m


It uses standard Phase Lock Loop (PLL) circuit & a mixer. A crystal controlled oscillator
provides the reference for the PLL.
 One PLL incorporates a voltage controlled oscillator (NO.2) whose output frequency is used 2M
as a local oscillator for the first mixer in receiver. This signal is mixed with the output of a Explan
second PLL, VCO to drive the transmitter output frequency.
ation
 As in other PLL circuit, the output VCO frequency is determined by the frequency division
ratio of the divider in the feedback path between the VCO & phase detector.
 In cellular radio, this frequency division ratio is applied by the MTSO via the cell site.
When a mobile unit indicates or is to receive a call, the MTSO computer selects an unused
channel.
 It then transmits a digitally coded signal to the receiver containing the frequency division
ratio for the transmitter & receiver PLLs. This sets the transmitter & receiver channel
frequencies.
b) Compare GSM system with IS-95 standard w.r.t. 4M
(i) Data rates
(ii) Handoff used
(iii) Channel Bandwidth
(iv) Modulation used
Ans: PARAMETER GSM IS-95 1M
Data Rate 9.6 kbps 14.4 Kbps Each
Handoff used HARD SOFT For
Channel Bandwidth 200KHZ 1.23MHZ Point
Modulation used GMSK QPSK/BPSK
c) Describe the concept of cell splitting using suitable diagram. 4M
Ans: (Note: any other relevant diagram can be considered.) 2M
 Cell splitting is the process of subdividing a congested cell into smaller cells, each with its Explan
own base station and a corresponding reduction in antenna height and transmitter power. ation
 Cell splitting increases the capacity of a cellular system since it increases the number of
times that channels are reused. By defining new cells which have a smaller radius than the
original cells and by installing these smaller cells (called microcells) between the existing
cells, capacity increases due to the additional number of channels per unit area.

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2M
Diagra
m

Figure: Cell Splitting


Imagine if every cell in Figure were reduced in such a way that the radius of every cell was
cut in half. In order to cover the entire service area with smaller cells, approximately four
times as many cells would be required. This can be easily shown by considering a circle
with radius R.
 The area covered by such a circle is four times as large as the area covered by a circle with
radius R/2. The increased number of cells would increase the number of clusters over the
coverage region, which in turn would increase the number of channels, and thus capacity,
in the coverage area.
 Cell splitting allows a system to grow by replacing large cells with smaller cells, while not
upsetting the channel allocation scheme required to maintain the minimum co-channel
reuse ratio Q between co-channel cells.
d) Illustrate operation of WLL with suitable diagram. 4M
Ans:  WLL stands for Wireless Local Loop. Microwave wireless links can be used to create a 2M
wireless local loop such as shown in figure below. Diagra
m

Figure: Wireless Local Loop

 Local Loop is a network that resides between the central office (CO) and the individual
homes and business in close proximity to the central office (CO) as shown in figure above.
 In most developed countries, copper or optical fiber cable already has been installed to
2M
residence and business. One more advantage of WLL is that we have to pay only once for
that wireless equipment, after there is no additional costs involved. Explan
 System WLL is based on Cellular, satellite, microcellular The WLL can greatly improve the ation
telecommunication facilities and services in an inexpensive way.
e) State various services offered by SS7. 4M
Ans: SS7 Services: 2M
1. Touchstar Listing
2. 800 Services
3. Alternate Billing Service and Line Information Database (ADB/LIDB)
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 Touchstar:
o This kind of service is also known as CLASS and is a group of switch-controlled 1M
services that provide its users with certain call management capabilities. Explan
o Services such as call return, call forwarding, repeat dialing, call block, call tracing and
ation
caller ID are provided.
 800 Services:
o These services were introduced by Bell Systems to provide toll-free access to the
calling party and to the services and database which is offered by the private parties.
o The costs associated with the processing of the calls are paid by the service subscriber.
o The service is offered in two plans known as the 800-NXX plan and the 800 database
plan.
o In the 800-NXX plan the first six digits of an 800 call are used to select the
interexchange carrier (IXC).
o In the 800 database plan, the call is looked up in a database to determine the
appropriate carrier and routing information.
 Alternate Billing Service and Line Information Database (ADB/LIDB):
o These services use the common channel signaling (CCS) network to enable the
calling party to bill a call to a personal number (third party number, calling card or
collect, etc.) from any number.
Q.4 a) Attempt any THREE of the following : 12M

(i) List the features of IMT-2000(Any four) 4M

Ans:  Common spectrum worldwide (1.8-2.2 GHz band) Any 4

 Multiple radio environments (cellular, cordless, satellite, LANs) Featur
 Wide range of telecommunications services (voice, data, multimedia, internet) es (1m
 Flexible radio bearers for increased spectrum efficiency Each)
 Data rates up to 2 Mb/s (phase 1)—for indoor environments
 Maximum use of IN capabilities (for service provision and transport)
 Global seamless roaming
 Enhanced security and performance
 Integration of satellite and terrestrial systems
(ii) Explain Authentication process in GSM with suitable diagram. 4M
Ans:  At the time of service provisioning the IMSI, the individual subscriber authentication 2M
key (Ki), the authentication algorithm (A3), the cipher key generation algorithm (A8), and Explan
the encryption algorithm (A5) is unique and needs to be used across all GSM network ation
operators.
 The authentication center is responsible for all security aspects. and its function is closely
linked with HLR. The AUC (Authentication Center) generates the Ki‘s, associates them
with IMSIs, and provides for each IMSI to set of triplets consisting of RAND (random
number), SRES (signed response), and Kc (ciphering key).
 The HLR then provides the appropriate VLR with this set, and it is the VLR that carries out
the authentication check and provides the appropriate ciphering key (Kc) to BTS for
encryption/decryption of the radio path.
 It is also possible for the new VLR to receive unused triplets from old VLR at location
update. Further, the serving VLR can request additional triplets from HLR/AC if the current
set is depleted below a certain threshold.
 The network operator has option of invoking the procedure at one or more of the following
instances: initial registration, location update, and call origination/termination.
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 Fig shows the general authentication process an ciphering key generation in GSM.

2M
Diagra
OR m

Figure: Authentication.
1. At terminal location update, VLR sends IMSI to the HLR.
2. HLR returns security triplets (RAND, SRES, Kc) to the VLR.
3. For authentication and ciphering the VLR sends RAND to the MS.
4. Using stored A3 algorithm and secret key Ki stored in the SIM, and RAND provided by the
VLR, the MS calculates the SRES and returns it to the VLR. Using the A8 algorithm and
Ki, the MS also calculates the cipher key Kc.
5. If the SRES returned by the MS matches with the stored SRES in the VLR, the VLR sends
the cipher key Kc to the BTS which uses Kc for ciphering the radio path (downlink).
The MS uses its Kc to cipher the radio path (uplink) using encryption algorithm A5.
(iii) List features of HSCSD 2.5G w.r.t 4M
(1) Channel Bandwidth
(2) Duplexing method
(3) Data rates
(4) Backward compability
Ans: Channel Bandwidth: 200Khz 1M
Duplexing method: FDD each
Data rate: 14.4Kbps/ 57.6Kbps
Backward Compatibility: GSM
(iv) State any two advantages and disadvantages of sectoring in cellular system. 4M
Ans: (Note: Any other relevant point can be considered.) 1M
Advantages: (Any 2) each
1. Improves System capacity point
2. Co-channel Interference can be reduced.
Disadvantages: (Any 2)
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1. The number of handoffs will increase.
2. Hardware requirement will increase.
6M
b) Attempt any ONE of the following:
Define handoff. List the types of handoff used in cellular system. Explain two level
(i) 6M
handoff with suitable diagram.
Ans:  Definition: When a mobile moves into a different cell while a conversation is in progress, 1M
the MSC automatically transfers the call to a new channel belonging to the new base Definiti
station. This procedure is called handoff. on
 The handoffs are of following types:
o Hard Handoff 2M
o Soft Handoff List
o Queued Handoff
o Delayed Handoff 1M
o Intersystem Handoff
diagra
o Intrasystem Handoff
m
o Network controlled Handoff (NCHO)
o Mobile Assisted Handoff (MAHO)
2M
 Figure shows the case where a handoff is not made and the signal drops below the
explan
minimum acceptable level to keep the channel active. This dropped call event can happen
when there is an excessive delay by the MSC in assigning a handoff or when the threshold ation
∆ is set too small for the handoff time in the system.
 Excessive delays may occur during high traffic conditions due to computational loading at
the MSC or due to the fact that no channels are available on any of the nearby base stations
(thus forcing the MSC to wait until a channel in a nearby cell becomes free).
 In deciding when to handoff, it is important to ensure that the drop in the measured signal
level is not due to momentary fading and that the mobile is actually moving away from the
serving base station.
 The time over which a call may be maintained within a cell, without handoff, is called
DWELL TIME. The dwell time of a particular user is governed by number of factors
including propagation, interference, distance between the subcarrier & the base station &
other time varying effects.

Figure: Handoff Process

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(ii) Explain the working of different levels of SS7 protocol architecture with neat sketch. 6M
Ans: The SS7 architecture is shown in figure. SS7 is based on a four-level protocol layer 3M
architecture. diagra
m

I. NETWORK SERVICE PART (NSP) OF SS7: 3M

 The NSP provides ISDN nodes with a highly reliable and efficient means of exchanging Explan
traffic using connectionless services. ation
MESSAGE TRANSFER PART (MTP) OF SS7:
 The function of MTP is to ensure that signaling traffic can be transferred and delivered
reliably between the end-users and the network.
 MTP is provided at three levels.
1. Signaling Data Link Functions (MTP Level 1):
 This level provides an interface to the actual physical channel over which
communication takes place.
 Physical channels may include copper wire, twisted pair, fiber, mobile radio or satellite
link.
 This level uses 64 kbps transmission.
2. Signaling Link Function (MTP Level 2):
 It provides a reliable link for the transfer of traffic between two directly connected
signaling points.
 Variable packet messages, called message signal units (MSUs) are defined in MTP level
2.
 MTP level 2 also provides flow control data between two signaling points as a means of
sensing link failure.
3. Signaling Network Function (MTP Level 3):
 It provides procedures that transfer messages between signaling nodes.
 There are two types of MTP Level 3 functions: signaling message handling and
signaling network management.
4. Signaling Message Handling:
 This is used to provide routing, distribution and traffic discrimination (discrimination is
the process by which a signaling point determines whether or not a packet data message
is intended for it‘s user or not).
5. Signaling Network Management:
 This allows the network to reconfigure in case of node failures and has provisions to
allocate alternate routing facilities in case of congestion or blockage in parts of the
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network.
II. SIGNALING CONNECTION CONTROL PART (SCCP):
 The SCCP provides enhancement to the addressing capabilities provided by the MTP.
 SCCP also provides the ability to address global title messages or non-billed numbers.
 Different classes of service provided by SCCP are:
o Class 0: Basic connectionless.
o Class 1: Sequenced connectionless.
o Class 2: Basic connection-oriented.
o Class 3: Flow control connection oriented.
o Class 4: Error recovery and flow control connection oriented.
III. SS7 USER PART:
 SS7 user part provides call control and management functions and call setup capabilities
to the network.
The SS7 user part includes the following:
a) Integrated Services Digital Network User Part (ISUP):
 The ISUP provides the signaling functions for carrier and supplementary services for
voice, data and video in an ISDN environment.
 ISUP uses the MTP for transfer of messages between different exchanges.
 In addition to the basic bearer services in an ISDN environment, the facilities of user-to-
user signaling, closed user group, calling line identification and call forwarding are
provided.
b) Transaction Capabilities Application Part (TCAP):
 The TCAP part in SS7 refers to the application layer which invokes the services of the
SCCP and the MTP in a hierarchical format.
 One application at a node is thus able to execute an application at another node and use
these results.
c) Operation Maintenance and Administration Part (OMAP):
 The OMAP functions include monitoring, coordination and control function to ensure
that trouble-free communications are possible.
Q.5 Attempt any FOUR of the following: 16M

a) Draw the block diagram of transmitter unit of mobile handset and state its functions. 4M
Ans: 2M for
Diagra
m&
2M for
Explan
ation

It is a low power FM unit operating in the frequency range of 824 to 849 MHz. The Carrier is
obtained from frequency synthesizer and is applied to phase Modulator along with the amplified
voice signal.
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Modulator o/p converted using a mixer to final transmitter frequency.
Mixer o/p is applied to Class C amplifier.
The final amplifier stage is to designed to supply 3W to antenna.
The automatic power control circuit controls the o/p power of the transmitter automatically,
with the help of power o/p detector & DC amplifier.
Transmitter o/p is fed to duplexer. Carrier i/p for the phase modulator & the local oscillator
frequency signal for mixer are produced by frequency synthesizer.
Transmitter o/p power is controlled by cell site & MTSO.
Receiver picks up the special control signals & sends to APC that sets transmitter o/p power
level.
b) Compare GSM standard with N-AMPS standard w.r.t. following points 4M
(i) Channel Bandwidth
(ii) Frequency Band used
(iii) Type of modulation
(iv) Multiple access method
Ans: Sr. No Feature/ Standard GSM N-AMPS 1M
each
1 Channel Bandwidth 200 KHz 10 KHz for
2 Frequency band used 1.85- 1.99 GHz 824 -894 MHz correct
compa
3 Type of Modulation GMSK FM
rison
4 Multiple access method TDMA FDMA point

Draw the block diagram of forward CDMA channel modulation process and explain it in
c) 4M
detail.
Ans: The forward channel modulation process is as follows: 2M for
Diagra
m&
2M for
Explan
ation

A. Convolution encoder and repetition:

 Speech coded voice or user data is encoded using ½ rate convolution encoder with
constraint length 9.
 The speech coder exploits gaps and pauses in speech and reduces its output from 9600
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bps to 1200 bps during silent period.
 Whenever the user data rate is less than 9600 bps each bit is repeated to maintain a
constant symbol rate of 19.2 kbps.
B. Block interleaver:
 It makes data block of 20 ms in a random way i.e. consecutive bits are not in a same
block.
 It maps the data bits in a 24 by 16 matrix and then transmit it column wise.
 This procedure is helpful in recovering the data back if a block is lost during channel
transmission.
C. Long PN sequence:
 In forward CDMA channel Direct Sequence is used for data scrambling.
42
 Long PN sequence is user specific code of period 2 −1 chips.
 PN sequence is generated from a 42 bit code also called as the public mask.
 Public mask is specified as- M41 through M32 is set to 1100011000 and M31 through
M0 is set to mobile station ESN bits. ESN= (E31, E30, E29, E28, ...... , E1, E0),
permuted ESN= (E0, E31, E22, E13, E14, E26, E17, E8, ...... , E18, E9)
D. Data scrambler:
 It is performed after block interleaver. The 1.2288 MHz PN sequence is applied to
decimator which keeps only the first chip out of every 64 consecutive PN chips.
 The data rate from the decimator is 19.2 ksps. The data scrambling is performed by
modulo-2 addition of the interleaver output with the decimator output symbol.
E. Power control subchannel:
 Power control measures are sent by base station every 1.25ms. Power control commands
are sent to raise or lower its transmission power in 1 db steps.
 If the received signal is low 0 is sent over power control sub channel instructing the
mobile station to increase its mean output power level. If mobile‘s power level is high 1
is sent to indicate that the mobile station should decrease the power level.
F. Orthogonal covering:
 Orthogonal scrambling is performed following the data scrambling on the forward link.
 Each traffic channel is transmitted on the forward CDMA channel is spread with a
Walsh function at fixed rate of 1.2288 Mcps.
 The Walsh functions consist of 64 binary sequences each of length 64 which are
completely orthogonal to each other and provide orthogonal channelization.
After orthogonal covering Quadrature modulation is performed.
d) Describe the operation of Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS) with suitable 4M
diagram.
Ans: LMDS is one of the new proposed services and applications. It is in the early stages of
commercialization.
In 1998, 1200MHz of the unused spectrum in the 27-31GHz band was auctioned by the US
government to support LMDS.
Similar auctioned were held worldwide. Various spectrums were allotted for the LMDS.
Most of these allocations share the frequencies with the teledesic band approved by the ITU for
broadband satellite systems.
The teledesic band was originally established for the Motorola iridium system.
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LMDS is a fixed wireless system. The table given shows the total spectrum bandwidth of
various wireless systems in the US. It shows that the BW of 1300MHz has been allotted for
LMDS.
The 1300MHz bandwidth of LMDS is sufficient to provide more than 200TV channels or
65000 full duplex voice channels.
The US LMDS band is 27.5 - 28.35 GHz, 29.1 – 29.25 GHz and 31.075 – 31.225 GHz.
However LMDS has its own drawbacks. LMDS is a brand new, and an unproven system. The
equipment required for LMDS are millimeter wave equipment which are costly.
The most important application of LMDS is the Local Exchange Carrier (LEC) network. It is
shown in the figure.
In this network the LEC uses a very wide bandwidth ATM (asynchronous transfer mode) or
SONET (synchronous optical network) backbone switch.
Such a switch can connect hundreds of megabits per second traffic to the internet, PSTN, or to
its own private network.
The LMDS thus provides wireless broadband connectivity to the customers without using the
cables.
Difficulties:
The most important problem for LMDS of WLL is that of line of sight (LOS). If the antennas
can be seen, then only the transmission is successful.
The other problem is that rain, snow and hail can create large changes in the channel gain
between the transmitter and receiver.
Diagram:

OR
LMDS: Local multi-point distribution system.
It is a broadband wireless point to multipoint communication system that provides reliable
digital two-way voice, data and Internet services. The term "Local" indicates that the signals
range limit. "Multipoint" indicates a broadcast signal from the subscribers, the term
"distribution" defines the wide range of data that can be transmitted, data ranging anywhere
from voice, or video to Internet and video traffic.
It provides high capacity point to multipoint data access that is less investment intensive.
Advantages:
 Lower entry and deployment cost.
 Ease and speed of deployment.
 Fast realization of revenue.
 Uses low powered high frequency (25-31 GHz) signals over a short distance.
Four parts in LMDS are:
1. NOC (network operation center).
2. Fiber based infrastructure.
3. Base station.
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4. Customer premise equipment.
Diagram:

e) Explain mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) with suitable diagram. 4M

Ans: Definition of MANET: Dig-
MANET is defined as is a type of ad hoc network that can change locations and configure itself 2M,
on the fly. Because MANETS are mobile, they use wireless connections to connect to various
networks.
It is an autonomous system of mobile host connected by wireless link.
In cellular network communication between two mobile hosts (MH) completely rely on the
explain
wired backbone and fixed base station but in MANET no such infrastructure exists and network
ation-
topology may dynamically change in an unpredictable manner since nodes are free to move. 2M
Change in topology made known to other nodes so that outdated topology information can be
updated or removed.
Ad-hoc network are basically peer to peer multi-hop mobile wireless network, where
information packets are transmitted in store and forward manner from source to arbitrary
destination.

MANET
The following diagram represents MANET topology:

MANET topology
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Characteristics/Features of MANET:
It is an infrastructure less IP based network of mobile and wireless machine nodes connected
with the radio. In operation, the nodes of a MANET do not have a centralized administration
mechanism. It is known for its routable network properties where each node acts as a ―Router‖
to forward the traffic to other specified node in the network.
Characteristics of MANET:
In MANET, each node act as both host and router. Thus it autonomous in behavior.
Multi-hop radio relaying- When a source node and destination node are out of the radio range,
the MANETs are capable of multi-hop routing.
Distributed nature of operation for security, routing and host configuration. A centralized
firewall is absent here.
The nodes can join or leave the network anytime, making the network topology dynamic in
nature.
Mobile nodes are characterized with less memory, power and light weight features.
The reliability, efficiency, stability and capacity of wireless links are often inferior when
compared with wired links. This shows the fluctuating link bandwidth of wireless links.
Mobile and spontaneous behavior which demands minimum human intervention to configure
the network.
All nodes have identical features with similar responsibilities and capabilities and hence it
forms a completely symmetric environment.
High user density and large level of user mobility.
Nodal connectivity is intermittent.
Applications of MANET:
With the increase of portable devices as well as progress in wireless communication, adhoc
networking is gaining importance with the increasing number of widespread applications in the
Commercial, Military and Private sectors. Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks allow users to access and
exchange information regardless of their geographic position or proximity to infrastructure. All
nodes in MANETs are mobile and their connections are dynamic. MANETs do not require a
fixed infrastructure. This offers an advantageous decentralized character to the network. The
applications of MANET as follows: ---
Military Sector: Military equipment now routinely contains some sort of computer equipment.
Ad- hoc networking would allow the military to take advantage of commonplace network
technology to maintain an information network between the soldiers, vehicles, and military
information headquarters. The basic techniques of ad hoc network came from this field
Crisis –management Application: Ad hoc can be used in emergency rescue operations for
disaster relief efforts, e.g. in fire, flood, or earthquake. This may be because all of the
equipment was destroyed, or perhaps because the region is too remote. Rescuers must be able to
communicate in order to make the best use of their energy, but also to maintain safety. By
automatically establishing a data network with the communications equipment that the rescuers
are already carrying, their job made easier. Other commercial scenarios include e.g. ship-to-ship
ad hoc mobile communication, law enforcement, etc.
Low Level: Appropriate low level application might be in home networks where devices can
communicate directly to exchange information. Similarly in other civilian environments like
taxicab, sports stadium, boat and small aircraft, mobile ad hoc communications will have many

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applications.
Data Networks: A commercial application for MANETs includes ubiquitous computing. By
allowing computers to forward data for others, data networks may be extended far beyond the
usual reach of installed infrastructure. Networks may be made more widely available and easier
to use.
Vehicular Area Network: Ad-hoc network is useful in forming network among different
vehicles on the road and can propagate information like accidents, congestion. It is also helpful
in determining nearby facilities such as gas station, restaurants, hospitals and other facilities.
Personal Area network: PAN is short range, localized network where nodes are associated
with a given person. These nodes could be attached to someone‘ cellphone laptop and television
and so on.
f) State any four advantages of microcell zone concept. 4M
Ans: (Note: 1M each for correct advantages Any 4)
Advantages of Microcell zone concept are as follows:-
1. It reduces the co-channel interference.
2. It improves signal quality.
3. It increases system capacity.
4. There is degradation in the truncking efficiency.
Q.6 Attempt any FOUR of the following: 16M
a) Identify the given block diagram and name the blocks A,B,C and D. State the functions of 4M
identified blocks (Refer Fig. No.1)

Ans: The given block diagram is of receiver of mobile unit: Diagra

m 2M

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Block A is Duplexer (Isolator)
Block B is RF Amplifier
Block C is FM Demodulator Expln
Block D is Audio Amplifier 2M
Block A –Duplexer-The transmitter output is fed to a duplexer or isolator which allows the
transmitter and receiver and receiver frequencies to share the same antenna.
Block B-RF Amplifier-It boosts the level of received cell site signal.
Block C-FM Demodulator-The signal amplified by second IF Amplifier is demodulated by FM
demodulator to get the voice signal.
Block D-Audio Amplifier-The demodulated voice signal is de-emphasized, filtered and
amplified and then applied to the loud speaker for sound production.
b) List various key features of IS-95 CDMA system. 4M
Ans: (Note: 1M each for correct features of IS-95 CDMA (Any 4 correct features)
Key features of IS-95 CDMA system:
1. Diversity
2. Power Control
3. Soft handoff
4. IS-96 system capacity
5. soft capacity
6. Quality of service
7. Economics
c) Illustrate operation of wireless LAN in Ad-hoc mode with neat and labelled diagram. 4M

Ans: An ad hoc network is one that is spontaneously formed when devices connect and communicate 2M for
with each other. The term ad hoc is a Latin word that literally means "for this," implying Diagra
improvised or impromptu. m&
Ad hoc networks are mostly wireless local area networks (LANs). The devices communicate 2M for
with each other directly instead of relying on a base station or access points as in wireless LANs Explan
for data transfer co-ordination. Each device participates in routing activity, by determining the ation
route using the routing algorithm and forwarding data to other devices via this route.

Any other diagram showing wireless lan in adhoc mode to be considered.

d) Draw the block diagram and explain the operation of control unit in mobile. 4M

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Ans: Block diagram of control unit of mobile unit: 2M for
Diagra
m

2M for
Explan
ation

Draw system architecture of IS-95. Explain working of mobile switching center (MSC)
e) 4M
and Home location register (HLR) in it.
Ans: Diagram: 2M for
Diagra
m&
1M for
each
functio
n
CSS- Cellular Subscriber Station
BS-Base station
MSC- Mobile switching center
HLR-Home location registers
EIR-Equipment identity register
VLR- Visiting location registers
AC- Authentication center
Explanation :
Home Location Register: Permanent database about mobile subscribers in a large service area.
Database contains subscriber & location information. Database contains prepaid/postpaid,
roaming restrictions, supplementary services.
Mobile Switching Center: It co-ordinates the activities of all the base stations and connects the
entire cellular system to the PSTN. A typical MSC handles 100,000 cellular subscribers and
5,000 simultaneous conversations at a time, and accommodates all billing and system
maintenance functions as well.

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