Technical drawing
Week: 1-2
Topic: ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
Chilekezi Daniel
Orthographic Projections
■ Orthographic drawing or projection is a multi-view drawing that gives a
detailed and accurate information of article/artifact that is to be produced in
the workshop.
■ Orthographic Projections is a technical drawing in which different views of
an object are projected on different reference planes observing perpendicular
to respective reference plane.
■ Different Reference planes are;
– Horizontal Plane (HP)
– Vertical Plane (VP)
– Side or Profile Plane (PP)
■ Different views are;
– Front View (FV) – Projected on VP
– Top View (TV) – Projected on HP
– Side View (SV) – Projected on PP
NOTATIONS
Following notations should be followed while naming
Different views in orthographic projections.
OBJECT POINT A LINE AB
IT’S TOP VIEW a ab
IT’S FRONT VIEW a´ a´ b´
IT’S SIDE VIEW a´´ a´´ b´´
Same system of notations should be followed
incase numbers, like 1, 2, 3 – are used.
TERMS ‘ABOVE’ & ‘BELOW’ WITH RESPECT TO H.P.
AND TERMS ‘INFRONT’ & ‘BEHIND’ WITH RESPECT TO
V.P.
3
Types of views
Projections
Parallel Converge
Orthogonal Oblique
Multiview Axonometric
Multi-view drawing Pictorial drawing Perspective drawing
View comparison
Type
Multi-view drawing Accurately presents Require training
object’s details, i.e. to visualization.
size and shape.
Pictorial drawing Easy to visualize. Shape and angle distortion
Circular hole
becomes ellipse
Right angle becomes
obtuse angle.
Perspective drawing
Object looks more Difficult to create
like what our eyes Size and shape
perceive. distortion
Distorted
width
PLANES
PRINCIPAL PLANES
HP AND VP
AUXILIARY PLANES
Auxiliary Vertical Plane Auxiliary Inclined Plane Profile Plane
(A.V.P.) (A.I.P.) ( P.P.)
A.V.P.
to Hp & to Vp
PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS (First Angle Method)
THIS IS A PICTORIAL SET-UP OF ALL THREE PLANES.
ARROW DIRECTION IS A NORMAL WAY OF OBSERVING THE OBJECT.
BUT IN THIS DIRECTION ONLY VP AND A VIEW ON IT (FV) CAN BE
SEEN. THE OTHER PLANES AND VIEWS ON THOSE CAN NOT BE SEEN.
PROCEDURE TO SOLVE ABOVE PROBLEM:-
TO MAKE THOSE PLANES ALSO VISIBLE FROM THE ARROW DIRECTION,
A) HP IS ROTATED 900 DOUNWARD
B) PP, 900 IN RIGHT SIDE DIRECTION.
THIS WAY BOTH PLANES ARE BROUGHT IN THE SAME PLANE CONTAINING VP.
Click to view Animation On clicking the button if a warning comes please click YES to continue, this
program is safe for your pc.
VP PP
Y
FV LSV
X Y
X TV
HP
HP IS ROTATED DOWNWARD 900 PP IS ROTATED IN RIGHT SIDE 900
AND AND
BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP.
B FIRST ANGLE METHOD OF PROJECTIONS
R
O
U
G
H
T
I
N
T
H
E
P
L
A
N
E
O
F
V
P
.
Projection systems
1. First angle
system
First
- European countries
quadrant
- ISO standard
2. Third angle
system
- Canada, USA,
Japan, Transparent
Opaque
Thailand planes
planes
Third
quadrant
Orthographic views
1st angle system 3rd angle system
(Opaque (transparent planes/glass box)
planes)
Orthographic views
1st angle system 3rd angle system
Folding
line
Folding
line
Folding
line
Folding
line
Views arrangement
1st angle system 3rd angle system
Top View
Right Side View Front View Front View Right Side View
Top View
Projection symbols
1st angle system 3rd angle system
d 1.7d
2.2d
Methods of Orthogonal Projection
1. Natural Method: Revolve the object with respect to observer
2. Glass box method: The observer moves around the object.
Top view
Top view
Front
Right side
view
Front view Right side view play view
play
Glass box : Revolution of the planes of projection
Rear view
Left side view
Bottom view
Relative orientation of views
Depth
Width
Height
Summary : Problem solving steps
1 2
3 4
Steps for Orthographic Views
152
64 Top
1. Select the
necessary
25~4
views 0
45 Front
2. Layout the 152
selected
Choose a drawing
views on a scale (say 1:1)
drawing
sheet. x
x
z
3. Complete each Top
selected
y
views.
x x
Front
4. Complete the
dimensions and
y
notes.
y
y
View selection procedures
1. Orient the object to the best position relative
to a glass box.
2. Select the front view.
3. Select adjacent views.
Suggestions: Orient the object
1. The object should be placed in its natural position.
2. The orthographic views should represent the true
size and true shape of an object (as much as
possible).
GOOD NO
!
Suggestions: Select the front view
1. The longest dimension of an object should be
presented as a width (in a front view).
First Inappropriate
Second Good
choice
choice
Use more space
Suggestions: Select the front view
2. The adjacent views project from the selected front
view should be appeared in a natural position.
Inappropriate
Suggestions: Select the front view
3. It has the fewest number of hidden lines.
Good Inappropriate
Suggestions: Select an adjacent view
1. Choose the view that has the fewest number of hidden lines.
Inappropriate
Inappropriate
Suggestions: Select an adjacent view
2. Choose the minimum number of views that can
represent the major features of the object.
All information is
placed on a single
view.
Necessary
Hole’s information is placed
on a separated view.
Necessary
Suggestions: Select an adjacent view
3. Choose the views that are suitable to a drawing sheet.
Poor
Not enough space
for dimensioning.
Choose another adjacent view. Good Change orientation of Good
the selected views.
Summary
View selection has 3 steps
Orient Select Select
the front adjacent views
object view
Object that requires only one-view
Flat (thin) part having a uniform thickness such as
a gasket, sheet metal
etc. Cylindrical-shaped
part.
Example
1
Thick Adjacent views
provide only a
part’s thickness
Object that requires only one-view
Flat (thin) part having a uniform thickness such as
a gasket, sheet metal
etc. Cylindrical-shaped
part.
Example Example
Repeat !
Infer from CL
Object that requires only two-view
Identical adjacent view exists.
The 3rd view has no significant contours of the
object. (Provides no additional information)
Example
Repeat!
Object that requires only two-view
Identical view exists.
The 3rd view has no significant contours of the object.
(Provides no additional information)
Example 1
Object that requires only two-view
Identical view exists.
The 3rd view has no significant contours of the
object. (Provides no additional information)
Example 2
Example-1
Steps to draw projections
■ Identify surfaces
perpendicular or inclined to
the view
■ Surfaces parallel to the view
would not be visible in that
view.
■ First draw horizontal and
vertical reference planes
(easily identifiable on
drawing)
■ Start drawing from the
reference planes.
Vertical reference
Top view
plane (VP)
Horizontal
reference
plane (HP)
Midpoint
35
Φ 50
70 50
80+40+80=200
HP
Front view
Side view
70 Top view
20
80 40
30+20=5
0
VP
+
70 Φ 50
50
25
200 25 125
Front view Side view
70 50
20
40
80 20 80
Top view
FOR T.V.
Example-2
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW
x y
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
TOP VIEW
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
FOR T.V. Example-3
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW
X Y
TOP VIEW
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
FOR T.V.
Example-4
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW
X Y
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN TOP VIEW
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
FOR T.V. Example-5
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW
X Y
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN TOP VIEW
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
Example-6
FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW
X Y
TOP VIEW
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
Example-7 FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
35
FV
35
x 10
y
10 20 30
40
70
TV
O
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
Example-8 14
FOR T.V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FV
30 10 30 SV
30
10
30
x y
ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL
TV
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
Example-9 15
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FOR T.V.
ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL
FV SV
x y
10
40 60
40
TV
60
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
Example-10 FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL
FV SV
x y
10
40 60
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
40 TOP VIEW
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD 60
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
GIVEN
DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE
FORPROJECTION METHOD
30
T.V.
Example-11
FV
RECT.
SLOT
10 50
35
10
X Y
20
D
TV
60 D
30 D
TOP VIEW
FOR
T.V.
Example-12 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
450
30
FV
40
X Y
30 D
40 TV
O
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
15
DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT 40
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
Example-13
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
10 10 15
25
25
X Y
O 50 10
FV LSV
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW FV AND LSV OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
FOR T.V.
Example-14 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW
X Y
TOP VIEW
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT IN
FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
