ater retaining walis tection of hydraulic structures, =n permeable soil Generally, when’ water Passes through a permeable soil it exert a drag oil particles because work is done on the soil skeleton # this drag force is referred to as seipage and its, effect per unit volume is hewn’ as seepage pressure.) dimensional vicw of y ter through a given soil, If ys is the unit weight of the soil and ‘Yw IS the unit wt of water pressure =i/ective pressure : easily Shyh «Ghee Parmetle 54) AA gates Una ly we Sow easily Ye Vee O ng resSurtiin )/ At section xx Bo Mre Pore water pressure U = y,, (H+Z) \ 6 = 6-u ( = (yyHlt)sZ) — Ww (H+Z) Atay Eel OZ goF Osmw)Z. Equ. 1.17 tsa Case2 4 Right vessel lowered . 7 J At ex Co te: 6 = wwHltys Z U = ye (H ¥Z-h) 6! = (vy) H+ ¥52Z)— ww (H + Z~h) = (yp Yu) Zt Ya ereeee CGN LZ uw ‘ Case LT & Pight vessel Is raised upward such that er flows upward through the soil gh theJas) é Etintoe Bae hace {AE 6 = 1H +Y fw U =n, (HZ 4h) I A {6 6'=6-U j él a | LWW OG 12 = yl ccs be PPS pO 1)2 - ty : E-0 lts— +) 2~0uh The quantity 1, is referred to Seepage, Pressure, its eff: | act per unit area, rwha is referred to as seepage force, Hydraulic gradient = Head loss (h Distance travelled through the soil @) | ‘B= (Ys - YW) Z - Ywh =. Case IIT flow is downward Yer Vu) 24 Twh .... Case IT flow is upwards From eqn. 1.3, as Ywh increases 4g decreases, Mt the point where '6 =0, the condition is referred to Critical Condition i.e. ig "eritcal hydraulic Gradient (the "ydraulic gradient as g = 9 ic = te Fremn 1.3 (8-1) Wh = 9 Pa = ey ~Yu)Z Tew he, (citical hydraulic gradieney { by oS Siew 14Dick Gerd Gon be Se ne anbdle Recalt ling Padical’ Uline FS (agra ne a ubstitute for e, in the equ. 1.4 abo ——) ine 1.4 c= SY ew- ew Let ew pe this particular value off (hydraulic greient) Of the soil is at the point of being yashed away and while in this condition the soll is referred to as QUICKSAND other terms used in describing this condition are ~ BOM ING or PIPING. Piping generally do occur in_fine sands when the upward flow conditions achieves the above state. “Quicksand” conditions is not peculiar to fine silt and _clays because of cohesive forces foiling the particles together but they can heave to & large mass of soil if the upward forces are larger. The problem of piping occurs in coffer dams at the downstream end of the dam, to be able to check this proble:n the factor of safety of the dam has to increased and there are two methods doing it. 1. By increasing the depth of pile penetration 2. By inserting a sheet pile at the toe of the dam faator of Softy ot den. (VY tacrensny tle Aaah 9° Bil Rerehchis, By Insevdhs o Sheet pile od dhe Ae ¢ Ha, donsn tength of flow path Of wie j the ler np the critical section LITIES GRAPHICAL COMPUTATION OF SEEPAGE QUA yater through sails 'S such that th/ thi hout the medium. Therefore | h ref generally done using graph ¢ en water flow through a permeable soil it traces a path | \cunei the flow is assumed to be lamina such that the path} ; ces, ate a series of parallel lines since water tends to take the shortest | 0m point to point only to change direction in smooth curves. The point of equal head of water on the “iow line can be joined to im another series of lines known as equipetesitial lines, the flow lines! f nd the equipotential are arthor, a! and the approximate squares formed Sy this set of lives is known as fox. met. j ie. cl ach Fle Hyvouilie yst Seepaje fete la Quek Sead and hey seule Le Setprje Preswie aad Quick Saad Card oor Whe 1S Sede fresg & whan wader flacs dThangl wo pyres fa viscas f creted on ue Ubdcl Canes pransh7 ef caerhy beer & Vk TRY Washer Peuale,’ oppleed on me udscly fe wa colefe VS allel ob SEE Fela Phy soe . ik Ts Feaces tly vapie accel OY neler oe s He flresoue fvmwtee (PS: Lo Nn acts F hel, hydraatic head _ Laagy ever Which heal Led hu dealt : hy dliaulic gesdeat Wwe Unk wash of pat wlso seapege Geog (4s) > a Its Penn Vie Bek L jVW| ta : { | c i pr | 7 ean) Al Rucke clmed iy a) : ” Uoles teasvs wv . Identify the various boundary condition as a . The juinction-between per . Adjust Dene ey = 2G xfrlanhel line YY The procedure for drawing : Me’ Shes . Draw to scale a section of the structure step vo postioning the first flowline i.e. a buried the surfaces’ (Bases of dam and sheet piling) which are flowlines as water can not flow through them is also a a able and impermeable mai a . Jaancha bh Peont ply maderdny rp abe ple flow-line The horizontal ground surfaces on either side of the dam (line AB and catia fi cf) which are also equipotent 2 information Draw trial aflowlines with abo’ _ Draw trial equipotential lines of right angle to the flowlines the flowlines anc céuipotential aa ines to inconsistencess referred to as flowchanne| CALCULATION OF SEt JANTITIES Considering one flow channel ie LY \ a i pe Ve ag Let Aq = flow Junit length of the sheet pile wails Let k = coefficient of permeability of the soil. From continuity equation AG Aa, From Darlef’s law of flow q a i.A where i hydraulic gradient Ais the area =KiA vg = KIA = ke) dy 1) k (2) (lp x1) we a timewnet must be Soy UST DS Dhetovet Aq = KAN ...... (1) Aq = Q/NF....... (ii) Where q is the total seepage NF is the total number of flow channel Ah = b/Nd ..... (if) Where h is total head loss Nd is the total number of equiptential drop Substitute for ii and iii in equ. 1 ' qiNf=k hiNd =f As =o kM q = kh NA/Nd ga Kanethe \ flownet is @ sicierial representation drawn to scale of FLOWNET: A flownet é sing throught a material, s taken by water when passing ti la Flowlines: This Flasline Gay net Crs (Oath Ohew rosses snd are always parallel 2\nes Reprcnen Number of flowlines, thei " Cros PON Alon van Wades SLe Yeney a Sole ©ach other, &; tifough a ‘soil, there ec may be ‘lowlines. | ach imperviour boundary may be taken as 2a¢1 H FE. a 7 is a pressure heag “duipotential tines: Water will eniy flow were there is a press herefore and there is ‘decopates as water through the soil, on each flowlines, t : . This} ‘here will’be a point where the pressure head has decipated to say 7/8 H i i i ines. SU equal many joint by an equipotential lin There is an infinite number of this tine but for graphicai construction only a flow are drawn, At.the point where water flows out and in to the’ soil, the ground level will be equipotential line. Water will flow along the path in ich their hydraulic gradient H/L is al maximumAabut since the head decip: 1 between any two adjacent equipote: intial ant, for max hydraulic gradient, the main value of | must be used, i flowlinks This min value of L will be when flowlinks tre at right angle to equipotential line, nce flowline will be compose of 5 ss of approximately triangle which are Wel 5 isable ilec} field. When drawing a flownet, i: is advisable called : to choose flowlines and iate square is, Since this are easier to recognize, ential to give appropriate °c‘S there will be a few fields of the boundary which do not approximate to square: and they are known as singular fields. Construction of flownet The following should be noted when constructing flownet t 1. Flowlines should be drawn with each one approximately parallel to the las! and they shouldn't cross 2. Equipotential lines are drawn such. that they cross the flowlines at right angles 3. Use the same scale when drawing THE USE OF FLONEF | LUw€T. Flownet can be used to determine the rate of loss of water from reservoiur e.g. dam or the magnitude of seepage, pressure and hence the possibility of instability of the soil. LOSS OF WATER DUE TO SEEPAGE Let Nf = the number of flow path (flowlines) Hex Ne = the number of equipotential drops (equipotential) eee | tow : , : : | = —aNow consider a square above, sides a over the length of the dam equals to \ \ = dh where unity, from the figure above, let the toss of head fram AC to BD dh =“ From during’s law fa Kat 1 7 or Rate of flow from AC to BD over a unit width is equal to KxQx@ a : | = kdh :- The rate of flow from PQ to RS over a unit width a equal to K dh Nf| Fl v 4 Ode Fi pe ‘Soul Poona’ NS Aki we £ Q : : és Sbe lo Example a . owe egaapese\ leew A sheet pile wall is driven to a depth of 6m into .. permeable soil which extend to a depth of 13.5m below ground level. Below this there is an impermeable stratum, There is a depth, of water of 4.5m on the side of sheet pile wall. Make a neat sketch of the flownet and determine the approximate seepage under the sheet pile wall in litres/ day. Taking the permeability of the * soil as 60 x 10’mmis. Nd =S Me = 12 | kK: i bf” Whe gs po ea Yo barks dasy 5 (a £0:4195 (s/n oy 286s) DISK bo Axe = NOG te /chprere6x10 x45 } 0.0135 litres/ sec/metre length Us / } 0.013 x 60 x 60 x 24 . 1166 litres/day/metric length HYDRAULIC UPLIFT FORCE UNDER A STRUCTURE uphf Flow net can be used to determin= — Consider a dam section whose flownet is shown below. ry (ass )- i£ = (10 + 3.34) ~ head toss = (13.34) - 3 () = 10.84m F = (10 + 1.67)-3.5 (§) = 8.75m i= (1041.67) -8.5 (#) = 4.69 J = (10+ 3.34)+9 ) = 5.84 K = (10+3.34) - 10 (2) = 5.0 This are then plotted as shown Uplifting force per unit length of the dam is calculated from U =ywYA where YA is the sum of the areas of the pressure iieads.. \ YA = 174.81 \ : b \ Ue WA & \ = 1000 x.174.81 . = 1.7481 x 10° kg/m \ \ =1.715 x 10° kN/m \ CONSOLIDATION Consolidation is the gradual reductio n in volume of a fully saturated soil of \ low permissibility due to the drainage ot-zéee of the pore water. The process \ continue wit the excess pore water set Up by an increase in total stress as | completely desipated. Settlement’is the most cemmon reason for failure of | foundation and is therefore i¢ of great important to understand the mechanism of settlement. of settlement © Consolidation settlement. is the vertical displacement of the surface corresponding to the volume change at any stage of the consolidation process. Consolidation settlement will result, for example, if a structure is built over a layer of saturated Clay or if the water table is lowered permanently in a stratum er and if on tie: other hand and excavation is made in a over ‘laying 4 laye ted clay, heaving (the reverse of settiement) would result in the bottom of saturate 7 £ ‘n cases where significant internal strains cavation due to swelling of the clay. In fa excava "jae settlement due to the deformation oF take place there would be an imme lement. soil under undrained condition of soil in addition to consolidation sett ONE DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION in whichi the The simplest case of consolidation is that of one dimensional, |! ial condition of zero internal strain is irnplicit, The mechanics of one dimension consolidation can be represented by simple analogy. iston, fitted with Figures shows a spring inside a cylinder filled. with water and pi valve on top of the spring. It is assumed that there can be no:leakage between the piston and the cylinder and there is no friction The spring represents the compressible stress skeleton 7 The water in the cylinder represents the pore water : The bore diameter of the vaive represents the permeability. of i: soil The cylinder itself stimulates the condition of no nternal strain on. the soil Suppose’ a-load is now placed! en thé piston with the valve closed fig (b), assuming water to. be incompressitle, the piston will not move as \ohg as the\ \ n be transmitted to the spring, »\ valve is closed with the result that no Iood ase in pressure in the water being quay, load will be carried by le the inc This situation with the valve Close the load divided by the piston aie correspond with the undrained condition i the soil. | If the valve is now open fig (c) water will be forced out through the valve ata rate governed by the bore diameter. This will alloy: the piston to move and the spring is compress as load is gradually transferred on to it. At any time, the| increase in load on the spring will correspond with the reduction in pressure o water. Eventually, as shown in figure (d) all the load will be carried by the spring| and the piston will come to rest all thus correspond to drained condition in the soil. At anytime the load carried by the spring representé the effective normal stress in the soil. The Pressure of the water in tha cylinder represents the Pore water pressure “U” The load on the piston represents the total normal stress 6, The movement of the piston represents the change in volume of the soil and is govern by the compressibility of the spring (equivalent of i compressibility of the sail skeleton), > Assumptions of one dimension theory of consolidation 4, The soil is fully saturated The solid particles and waler are in compressible 2. gal)3. Darcy's law is valid for ed soil 4. Compression and flow are one dimensional 5. Strains are small 6. The soil is homogenous 7. There is a unit relationship independent of time between void ratio and effective stress > CONSTANTS AND DEFINITION ARISING FROM THE THEORY OF CONSOLIDATION ‘ ‘ \ Coefficient of compressibility (MV) This is define as decrease in unit volume per unit increase of pressure. eA 1 vo ap Where Vo is the original volume dp= change in pressure+ dv = change in volume This constant (Mv) is concern with volume change and therefore it is used to determine the total amount of consotidation settlement. Z Coefficient of. Consolidatios (Cv) This constant derive frotn a theory wes yewA The Degree of Consolidation (Uv) \ nent after ime t x 100 Total final settlement Ly Time factor (14) This is a constant derive fram theory of consoldaition and is found from the equation Where Cv = Coefficient of consolidation d =‘is the drainage path | t — time which settlement has being oo place | There is relationship between Ur cei Ty which for a particular Purposes e been taken as follows: (Ur 10.20.30 40390 HE 8G 50 100 be “0,008 19,002 0.010 0.125 Sa%7 0,290 0.110 0870/08 848/00 | . |“S DRAINAGE PATH (a) The drainage path may be Uetine as the longest distance thé water will have to travel to exit from the soil.” It depends on the soil bounding the stratum if the soil can drain on one face only then it'equals the whole thickness of the stratum. In thesadameter fést, the drainage path is only half a thickness . sample. Oed@meter test The characteristics of a soil during one dimensional consolidation can be determine by the means of oedemeter tast. An undisturbed sample of soil is rainage at both fates. The inside of the retained in 75mm @ cutting ring with ring should have a smooth polish,surface to reduce side function. The confining ring impose a condition of zerd internal strength on the specimen. The soil is ut kept saturated throughout the test. i. A load P, is applied to- the sample: and the change in thickness (compression) of the sampie ©2. w a qjain’l, Compression is plotte A gtaph of sqiiared root of ti below r YE | | 2, The load is now increase to P2 and enother graph of compression against! square of t is plotted | This procedure is repeated for loads 93, p4, --- pn until is sufficierit range| Of load has to be covered. Typical values of py, Pz, P3, Pa, ...Ppn are 50, 100, 200, 4000, 800kN, Each applied for 24 hours. It is usually unnecessary to plot the first few hours of the test on the graph but the 24 hrs of the compression must be taken. : When sufficient range of load has been covered the load is removed and allow the sample to take in water and expand for 24 hours. The final thickness of the sample (hf) must be recorded ‘ When ‘expansion is complete the final moisture content (M)) for water terinined. As the sample is saturated content w, of the sample rust f be determine. The void ratio at the the final void ratio of the soit a(ef) nd of each increment period can be calculated from the dial gauge encreading and either the water fur Ury weigit of the specimen at the end test. The two method of caleulating water contains dry weight and’ moisture te i content are as follows: 1. The water content measured at the end of the equp. w1, the void ratio at the end of the test is e,. e, = W,G, (assuming S, = 100%) where Gs is the specific quantity of solid narticle and Sr is thé degree of saturation Thickness of a specimen at the start of the test = H, then, change in thickness during test = AH void ratio at the start of test = eo i@y = €; Ae Ae _ L+eo an Ho In the same way Ae can be calculated up to, the end of any increment periodre \ Ms (Mass of solid). The, idl of test 2, The dry weight measured H1, Area of specimer thickness at the end of any sncrement period A, The equivalent of thicky Hs = Ms NGsy Is = HL -1 i=) Ho tls So at the end ofthe movement period, when the excess pore water ssure equals the effective pressure hos completely decipated, the applied pre vertical stress in the specimen. The results are presented by plotting the thickness (percentage change in thickness) of the specimen or the void ratio at 7 : . he end of each increment period against thé corresponding’ effective stress. t a ypical plots of void ratio e dfter consolidation against: affective stress 6’ fora saturated clay are shown below. initial compression recompression soil structure continuously take place and th e During compression changes in irlicturé after expansion. The e-log 6° 6 inal clay does not reversed to the org 3 normally cons “clay is linked for ‘nearly close and is : . 23 elationship forcalled a virgin compression. The recompression curve ultimately form the virgin compression line ft vir @ hs ~ 2, SOILS WITH COHESION The envelop intercepts the cr siress co-ordinates at a value taken as cohesion ¢ and the straight line is ex sed hy tie equation + 6 tana \CLAYS 1. UNCONSOLDATED UNDRAINED VEST: The specimen is subjected tc a specified all round pressure, the prin stress difference is applied wi vith no drainage, being permitted, at any ste of the te TED UNDRAINED TES Drainage of the specimen is permitted under a specified all-round prassurd consolidation is complete. Yhe principal stress differences is applied with no drainag being permitted. Pore water pi measurements may be made during the undrained of the test dunce cified all-round pressure yith drainage still being perm until con principal stress difference & sure Gevelops in tne S.ihnie,