LESSON 1: CELL BIOLOGY

NOTES Development of Cell Theory

What is biology?  1838, Matthias Schleiden, a German

botanist, concluded that “all plant tissues
• Biology is the study of Life. Its name is are composed of cells” and that an
derived from the Greek words “bios” (life) embryonic plant arose from a Single cell.
and “logos” (study) He declared that the cell is the basic
Characteristics of Life building block of all plant matter.
• Living things are composed of cells  In 1839, Theodor Schwann a German
• Living thing have different level of cellular biologist, reached the same conclusion as
structures Schleiden about “all animal organisms
• Living things use energy (Metabolism) are composed of cells.”
• Living are homeostatic
• Living things respond to their environment He pulled existing observations together
• Living things grow into theory that stated:
• Living things reproduce or have DNA
1. Cells are organisms and all organisms
• Living things move
consist of one or more cells.
• Living things adapt to their environment
• Living things die 2. The cell is the basic unit of structure for
all organisms and that plants and animals
consist of combinations of these structures.
The invention of microscope and discovery of cells
 Robert Remak, He was able to see cell
• 1595- Zacharias Janssen (1580-1638)
division in animal cells as early as 1844.
invented the first compound microscope.
However, many scientists at the time did not
His microscope can only magnified by
agree with him. Rudolf Virchow finally
between 3x and 9x.
published Remak’s findings as his own in
• 1665- Robert Hooke (1635-1703) devised 1855.
the compound to have a higher
 Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow, in 1855, the
magnification of 270x and examined a slice
German physiologist, physician, pathologist,
of cork. He observed that the cork has a tiny
and anthropologist, add a third part to the
compartment named it cellula which
cell theory. Concluded that cells must
eventually became known as cells
arise from preexisting cells. He stated the
• 1673- Anton van Leuwenhoek Omnis cellula e cellula means "All cells
Dutch microscopist who was the first to come from cells”
observe bacteria and protozoa. Used a
3 Basic Components of the Cell Theory
handmade microscope to observe pond
scum & discovered single-celled organisms 1. All organisms are composed of one or more
and He called them “animalcules” He also cells. (Schleiden & Schwann)(1838-39)
observed blood cells from fish, birds, frogs,
dogs, and humans. Therefore, it was 2. The cell is the basic unit of life in all living
known that cells are found in animals as things. (Schleiden & Schwann)(1838-39)
well as plants 3. Cell arise from pre-existing cells. (Virchow)
(1858)
Modern Cell Theory
Modern Cell Theory consists of the 3 basic
components of cell theory, plus 4 additional
statements:
4. The cell pass information from cell to cell
during cell division using DNA.
5. All cells have basically the same chemical
composition and metabolic activities.
6. All cells have basically the same chemical &
physiological functions. (Movement, digestion,
etc)
 7. Cell activity depends on the activities of
structures within the cell. (Organelles, nucleus,
plasma membrane)
Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and Function
Nucleus: largest organelle; control center of the
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS
cell
Two primary type of cells:
Nickname: “The Control Center”
Eukaryotic Cells
Function: holds the DNA
 Animal Cells
Parts:
 Plant Cells
Nucleolus: dark spot in the middle of
 Fungal Cells the nucleus that helps make ribosomes
Prokaryotic Cells Consists of:
 Bacteria  Nuclear envelope – double
 Archaeans membrane structure
Cell contains: containing pores
 Organelles  Nucleoli – synthesize
 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) ribosomes
 RNA (ribonucleic acid  Chromatin – threadlike
material composed of DNA
Organelles (genes) & proteins

An organelle is a subcellular structure that has

one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell,
much like an organ does in the body.
Process:
 energy production
 building proteins and secretions,
 destroying toxins,
 responding to external signals.
Organelles are either membranous or non-
membranous
Cell Wall - provides support and protection to the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
cell membrane
Cell Membrane-double layered, thin barrier,
surrounding the cell to control entry and exit of
certain substances
Cytoplasm- a membrane, which protects the cell by
keeping the cell organelles from each other. This
helps the stability of the cell. Cytoplasm contains
semi-fluid translucent substance known as cytosol.
Cytoplasm is the site where many vital biochemical
reactions take place.
Membrane-Bound Organelles
 They include cell organelles that are
enclosed by an outer covering called a
membrane.
 They control the substances that enter or
leave the cell.  Made up of a number of flattened sacs
 The membrane is a phospholipid and called cisternae
selectively permeable in nature. Function:
 The inner structure may be filled with fluid.  The internal delivery system of the
cell
 Synthesis of proteins,
carbohydrates, and lipids
  Storage of synthesized molecules • Nickname: “Clean-up Crews”
and materials • Function: to break down food into particles
 Transport of materials within the ER the rest of the cell can use and to destroy
 Detoxification of drugs or toxins old cells
2 Types of ER: • Lysosomes are known as suicide bags of
1. Rough ER: cell because it contains digestive enzymes.
–Rough appearance because it has Lysosomes are organelles.
ribosomes • Christian de Duve coined the term “suicidal
–Function: transport proteins that are bags of cell” to explain the Lysosomes.
synthesized in the ribosomes • If something burst, the lysosomes release
2. Smooth ER: digestive enzymes with digests all the cells.
–NO ribosomes This leads to the death of cells. Hence,
–Function: Synthesizes lipids and steroids Lysosomes are referred to as “suicide bags
of cell”.
Golgi Apparatus •
Mitochondria: double membrane structures; site
of cellular respiration (ATP synthesis)

Golgi Apparatus, a cell organelle that helps

process and package proteins and lipid
molecules, especially proteins destined to be
exported from the cell.
AKA Golgi Body or Golgi complex
Nickname: The shippers  Contain their own DNA & RNA
Function: packages, modifies, and transports  Able to replicate themselves
materials to different location inside/outside of the
cell Nickname: “The Powerhouse”
 Packages proteins for secretion from Function: Energy formation
the cell (exocytosis) Breaks down food to make ATP
 Packages proteins for incorporation – ATP: is the major fuel for all cell activities
into plasma membrane that require energy
 Forms lysosomes
Chromosome-are threadlike structures made of
Lysosomes
protein and a single molecule of DNA that serve
to carry the genomic information from cell to
cell.
 Vacuoles
• A vacuole is a membrane-bound cell
organelle. In animal cells, vacuoles are
 Humans have 22 pairs of numbered generally small and help sequester waste
chromosomes (autosomes) and one pair of products.
sex chromosomes (XX or XY), for a total of
46. • In plant cells, vacuoles help maintain water
balance. Sometimes a single vacuole can
 Each pair contains two chromosomes, one take up most of the interior space of the
coming from each parent, which means that plant cell
children inherit half of their chromosomes
from their mother and half from their father.
Chloroplasts

Peroxisome
• site of photosynthesis. • are organelles that sequester diverse
• Contain two separated membranes: oxidative reactions and play important roles
• Thylakoid: network of flattened sacs in metabolism, reactive oxygen species
• Grana: stacked of thylakoid detoxification, and signaling.

Vesicles Membrane-bound sacs that are used to

store or transport substances around the cell
Non-membrane-Bound Organelles
Characteristics of Cells
 Ribosomes
All Cells have common structures
Function: makes proteins
 Cell Membrane
Found in all cells, prokaryotic and  Ribosomes
eukaryotic  Cytoplasm
Ribosomes – dense particles of rRNA and  Cells contain DNA found in the nucleus
protein  Cells are independent units of life
Free ribosomes – synthesize proteins that
function within the cell Prokaryotic cells
Attached ribosomes – synthesize proteins
incorporated into cell membranes or
exported outside the cell Components
o Cytosol
 Cytoskeleton: network of rods that support o Ribosomes
the cell o Nucleoid region
three types of protein fibers in o Circular DNA
the cytoskeleton: o Plasmid
• Microtubules – thick rods composed of o Cell Membrane
tubulin o Cell Wall
• form cilia, flagella & centrioles o Capsule (or slime layer)
• Microfilaments – thin filaments composed of o Pili
actin o Flagellum
• involved in muscle contraction
• form cleavage furrow during cell Characteristics of Prokaryotes
division
Intermediate filaments – tough protein fibers o does not have a nucleus
attached to desmosomes o single celled organisms
o have few organelles
o perform few functions
 Centrioles: paired cylindrical bodies • Eat
composed of microtubules • Respire
• Reproduce
Organize spindle apparatus (cell o smaller than other cells
division) o Bacteria are the only known prokaryotes

Eukaryotic Cells
  Mitochondria
 Cytoplasm
 Vacuoles that store food, water and waste
products.

Components:
 Cytosol
 Nucleus
 Mitochondria
 Chloroplast
 Ribosomes
 Rough ER
 Smooth ER
 Golgi body
 Vacuoles
 Lysosomes
 Cytoskeleton
 Centriole
 Cilium and Flagellum
 Cell membrane Comparison of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
 Cell Wall
Characteristics of Eukaryotes
 has nucleus
 can be single or multicellular
 have many organelles, performing complex
functions
 specialized to perform
 specific functions
 larger than prokaryotic cells
 Animals, plants, fungi and protists are made
of eukaryotic cells

Cells

Animal and Plant Cells Both Have:

Cell Facts
 A nucleus
 Ribosomes that make protein 1. Cells are too small to be seen without
 Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum microscope
 Golgi bodies
  Cell range in size from 1 to 100
micrometers.
2. There are two primary types of cells
 Eukaryotic Cells
 Primary Cells
3. Prokaryotic single-celled organisms are the
earliest and most primitive forms of life on earth.
4. There are more bacterial cells in the body of
human cells.
 95% of all cells in the body are bacteria
5. Cells contain genetic material
6. Cells contain structures called organelles which
carry out specific functions
7. Different types of cells reproduce through
different methods
 Prokaryotic cells replicate through binary
fission
 Eukaryotic cells replicate through sexual and
asexual reproduction
8. Group of similar cells form tissues
9. Cells have varying life spans
10. Cells commit suicide
 Self-destruction is called apoptosis

Prepared by:
Carl Raymond M. Rafanan
General Biology 1 Teacher

Glenda M. Angel
General Biology 1 Teacher