360° SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS

An Undergraduate Thesis

Presented to the Faculty of the

College of Information and Communications Technology

West Visayas State University

La Paz, Iloilo City

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Information Systems

by

Maricar T. Capanang

Leonil Joseph P. Isaran

Kyle Christian S. Robles

Arianne S. Reyes

Justine Danielle G. Sedigo

i
 West Visayas State University
COLLEGE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY
La Paz, Iloilo City, Philippines
2

CHAPTER 1

Background of the Study and Theoretical Framework

Inefficient waste collection and a lack of disposal

in waste facilities are the common problem in developing

countries such as ours. This condition has created both

environmental and health problems due to inability of both

local and national governments to implement proper waste

disposal primarily because of scarce financial, human and

technical resources.

Proper waste management is to protect the environment

and for the health and safety of the population. It is a

very important topic that needs to be addressed, and

everyone should be aware why waste segregation can be the

difference between the survival of the earth and the

worsening effects in the natural biological system. The

Philippines has endeavored to improve its management of

solid waste through the passage of RA 9003 or the

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act. The ecological

solid waste management program is expected to assist Local

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Government Units in implementing RA 9003 or the Ecological

Solid Waste Management Act particularly in the

development of their 10 yr. SWM Plan, closure and

rehabilitation of dumpsites, establishment of Materials

Recovery Facilities, and an environmentally sound disposal

system. In Section 10 of R.A 9003, the Role of LGUs in

Solid Waste Management. — Pursuant to the relevant

provisions of R.A. No. 7160, otherwise known as the Local

Government Code, the LGUs shall be primarily responsible

for the implementation and enforcement of the provisions

of this Act within their respective jurisdictions.

The issuance of Guidelines and provisions of

technical support in the establishment and operation of

Waste to Energy facilities will enhance the sustainability

of the disposal system for municipal residual wastes to

all provinces and highly urbanized areas. The significant

contribution of this project is expected to enhance the

economic development of the country through formalizing

the waste collection and recycling, and promotion of job

opportunities. It also helps the economy to reduce

reliance on imported oils and increase in power generation

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(DENR, 2019).

The Government Units have the policy for segregating a

solid waste (non-biodegradable, biodegradable, and

recyclable) in every household and determine the tons of

garbage that are disposed of in the dumping site, and if

the households failed to segregate the wastes, it will not

be collected. Registration of households for garbage

collection needs to be processed in Municipal Energy and

Natural Resources Office (MENRO) the process that they use

for the registration for the plates, the plates are used

for listing for the garbage collection. If there are no

plates there's no collection of waste. It is also to

mitigate some issues and problems that they encounter

sometimes towards the solid waste. There are fees for the

collection and disposal of garbage.

The Municipality of Leon had their own policy regarding

the improper segregation and collection of solid waste

that is based upon the LGU’s Solid Waste Management

Practitioners. Before collecting the solid wastes, the

households must place their garbage in their designated

collection areas. There are no fees for the collection of

wastes in the Municipality of Leon, indicating that people

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are free to dispose of their waste for pick-up as long as

they follow the policy of segregating the solid wastes.

Aside from the households, markets and other commercial

establishments such as; coffee shops, restaurants etc.,

are required to pay the fees to the Local Government Units

for the collection of their accumulated waste.

The researchers came up with a study called "360°

Solid Waste Management System for Local Government Units,"

which includes a mobile application for clients, a web-

based system for local government unit administrators, and

lastly for garbage collectors, which have access to

several features. One of the web-based system features is

the confirmation of registration of clients; household’s,

market vendors, business owners, etc. Another feature

serves on the admin (in short for administration) side of

a system including the forecasting and monitoring of the

generated data (collected wastes) through visualization in

the web-based system.

The mobile application for clients has several features

also which include the registration process, wherein they

will fill up a short form in order to be registered.

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Clients will have their own generated QR (Quick

Response) code if they are registered for permitting the

collection of their solid waste.

The display of the date and time of collecting the garbage

in their area is in the ‘Schedule feature’.

Clients also have their own ‘Visualization feature’ of

their generated wastes such as the weight of their

garbage.

The mobile application for the garbage collector has

numerous features. The first feature includes the map that

is powered by Google Maps API, that displays the

recommended route to where the collection of solid wastes

to collect first.

‘Scan and collect features’ is by scanning the generated

QR codes from the clients upon collecting the solid wastes

as well as their data. Lastly, the optimized schedule is

in the ‘Schedule Feature’ that is used as a guide for the

garbage collector for the collection of the solid wastes

on the scheduled time and day in every area in the

Municipality.
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‘Input Status and Report features’, the Input status

is where the garbage collector will select if the garbage

is collected or not. The Report feature allows the garbage

collector to provide a report to the client about the

weight of their garbage, as well as a photo of it as proof

of collection.
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Conceptual Framework

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

The figure above represents the conceptual framework of

the study. The first box illustrates the input in clients,

truck drivers and admin. Gathering all the necessary data

such as: the client personal information, waste collection

schedule, collection points, and waste generated data.

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The next box illustrates the processes encountered by

the researchers in analyzing, designing, and developing

the web-based system and mobile applications.

The next box illustrates the output of the study that

will help the municipality’s waste management and

collection process progress and innovate. The last box

illustrates the gathering of feedback by the researchers

after the development for further improvement of the system

and mobile application.

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Objectives of the study

1. Develop a mobile application that registers waste

generators (i.e households, commercial, industrial,

institutional) of a local government unit using QR

codes.

2. Develop a system that manages waste collection

schedules based on waste classification and route.

3. Develop mobile application that guides garbage

collectors on the designated collection points of

waste generators using Google Maps API.

4. Develop a mobile application that enables garbage

collectors to provide feedback on waste

characterization and collection details.

5. Develop a monitoring system that displays the

dashboard on waste collected data and analysis

using forecasting techniques.

6. Develop a prescriptive analysis for LGUs to provide

visualization and assistance in decision making.

7. Evaluate the system based on ISO 25010.

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Significance of the Study

The main focus of this study is to innovate and improve

the manual process of waste collection and management in a

municipality. The system and mobile application can be used

for client registration, locate collection points, scan qr

code, send status/reports, monitor waste generated, and

other features that complete the overall waste collection

and management process. With its ability to optimize the

route and schedule for waste collection and forecast the

waste generated by the clients in an efficient and

effective manner.

The people and institutions that can benefit from

this study are:

People in the Municipality

This study will mostly benefit the people living

within the municipality. Through the mobile application

provided, it can promote proper waste disposal and

segregation and can give informational tips and facts

about solid waste management.

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Local Government Units (LGU)

The study may offer a well-grounded system that can

collect, monitor, and give recommendations in the overall

process of waste collection and management. Together with

the Department of Environment and Natural Resources

(DENR), as well as the Municipal Environment and Natural

Resources Office, can use or include the web system and

mobile application into their future plans, specifically

on waste programs.

Environmental Organizations

This study will act as their basis or guide through

the information gathered by the researchers. The data and

other sources can provide helpful information and visual

aids to the organizations, whose main goal is to eliminate

and promote proper waste disposal, collection, and

management.
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Definition of Terms

For better understanding, the following terms were

defined conceptually and operationally:

Admin. The administration of a business or an organization.

(Oxford, 2022). In this study, Admin is used as an

abbreviation for administration and will be the one to

handle the web-based system.

Client. A person who uses the services or advice of a

professional person or organization (Oxford, 2022).

Collection Points. any agreed point where waste is placed

by the originator for collection by the Council or a waste

carrier(lawinsider,2022). In this study, collection points

are used as a location for collection of wastes by the

garbage collectors.

Cordova. A platform for building hybrid mobile

applications using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.

(tutorialspoint.com, 2022)
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Feature. A feature is a building block of an application

from the end user’s perspective. (revenra,2020)

Forecasting. To calculate or predict (some future event or

condition) usually as a result of study and analysis of

available pertinent data (Merriam Webster, 2022.) In this

study, forecasting is used to forecast the generated data of

wastes.

Garbage Collector. A person employed to cart away

household trash and garbage. (Oxford, 2022)

Google Maps. Web service that provides detailed

information about geographical regions and sites

worldwide. (techtarget.com, 2022). In this study, google

maps is used for serving as a guide for garbage

collection.

HTML. Hypertext Markup Language is the code that is used

to structure a web page and its content (Mozilla, 2022).

In this study, HTML is used for coding the website.

JavaScript. An object-oriented programming language

commonly used to create interactive effects within web

browsers (Oxford, 2022). In this study JavaScript is used

for coding the system.

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Local Government Units (LGU). Institutional units whose

fiscal, legislative and executive authority extends over

the smallest geographical areas distinguished for

administrative and political purposes. (oecd.org, 2001)

Mobile Application. A software application developed

specifically for use on small, wireless computing devices,

such as smartphones and tablets. (techtarget.com, 2022)

Municipal Environment and Natural Resources Office

(MENRO). Develop plans and strategies pertaining to the

environment and natural resources. (mariaaurora.gov.ph,

2022)

Optimization. An act, process, or methodology of making

something (such as a design, system, or decision) as fully

perfect, functional, or effective as possible. (Merriam

Webster, 2022). In this study, it is used for the schedule

of collecting wastes.

PHP. A scripting language web developers use to create

dynamic websites. Stands for “PHP: Hypertext

Preprocessor”, (techterms.com, 2021). In this study, we

used PHP for coding.

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QR Code. Quick Response code is a type of barcode that can

be read easily by a digital device and which stores

information as a series of pixels in a square-shaped grid

(Kaspersky,2022). In this study, QR code is used to

recognize the paid clients for the collection of wastes.

Route. A way that you follow to get from one place to

another. (Oxford, 2022)

Schedule. A procedural plan that indicates the time and

sequence of each operation. (Merriam Webster, 2022)

Web-based System. Applications that run in a web browser.

(Aezion.com, 2020)
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Delimitation of the Study

The aim of this study is to provide the clients

(e.g. households, commercial, institutional), the garbage

collectors, and the admin (i.e. MENRO) with improved,

effective, and innovative waste collection and management

web system and mobile application. This study consists of:

(1) Two mobile applications for daily waste collection.

One is for the clients and the other is for the garbage

collectors. On the client side, this includes

registration, generated QR code, schedule, and waste

generated graphs or charts. On the garbage collectors’

side, this includes Google maps API for navigation,

scheduling, scanning QR codes, and forms for submitting

status and reports. (2) web-based system for the admin

that can store data, monitor, and forecast the waste

generated by the municipality.

The main users of this system are the clients,

garbage collectors, and MENRO, also known as the admin. As

the client starts their registration through the mobile

application and starts the waste disposal process, then

it’s the garbage collector’s job to collect. Through the

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mobile application and using Google maps API, the garbage

collector will view the optimized schedule and navigate

the recommended route. Then the MENRO admin will be the

one to confirm the clients’ registration, monitor, and

forecast the data gathered from the daily waste

collection.
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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF EXISTING AND RELATED STUDIES

The Status of Solid Waste Management in the Philippines

The waste generation in the Philippines has accelerated

at a fast pace due to rapid economic and population growth

and because of that it has contributed to the

environmental degradation (Castillo, A. & Otoma, S.,

2013). The integration of the informal sector into

municipal solid waste management is a big challenge by

many developing countries. In Iloilo City, Philippines

around 220 tons of municipal solid waste are collected

every day and disposed of at a 10 ha large dumpsite

(Integration of the informal sector into municipal solid

waste management in the Philippines, 2012).

Solid waste management (SWM) services are inadequately

provided in many municipalities in the developing world. A

large portion residents do not receive waste collection

services and most of the disposal sites are poorly

operated (Diaz et al, 2007, Ball, 2007, Gozenbach and

Coad, 2007). The inefficient waste management in the

country results in the piling up of trash and contributes

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to the deterioration of the country’s environment and

brings about impacts affecting public’s health.

The solid waste problem in the municipality creates an

environment that is unhygienic and poor in environmental

sanitation contributing to the generation of numerous

public health problems like typhoid fever, cholera,

tuberculosis, dengue, and etc. (Macawile, J. & SU, and

G.).

A study by Castillo, A. & Otoma, S., despite the

passage of RA 9003 law in 2001, only about 21% and 4% of

the Local Government Units (LGUs) in the country are

being serviced by municipal recovery facilities and

sanitary landfills. The objective of their paper is to

review the current municipal Solid Waste Management (SWM)

and its challenges in the country, and discuss the

possible and innovative solutions to manage solid waste

issues. In conclusion, in order to have an effective SWM

in the Philippines, the LGUs should have the political

will to innovate and comply with RA 9003, through

mobilization of all sectors concerned towards minimizing

solid waste and uplifting economic status of the

vulnerable groups involved in SWM.

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The Informal Waste Sector (IWS) is considered as

the most directly vulnerable group in municipal SWM.

Informal sector in SWM may refer to individuals,

families, and private sector enterprises working in SWM

services, whose activities are neither organized,

sponsored, financed, contracted, recognized, managed,

taxed, nor reported upon by governmental authorities

(Wiersma, at al., 2008, Gerdes and Gunsilius, 2010).

Involved stakeholders include waste collectors, itinerant

waste buyers, small junk shop dealers, and collection

crews of garbage trucks.

A study by Macawile, J. & SU, G., examined local

government officials’ perceptions and attitudes towards

the solid waste problem in their respective communities.

Their study shows the respondents perception, attitudes,

and primary concern of why they engage in waste

management is because they value cleanliness and they

want to mitigate the possible disease occurrences. The

study represents that respondents recognized that

attaining sustainable waste management is a joint

responsibility of the government and its community

members.
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Modern Solid Waste Management Technology

Solid waste management is the one thing, just

about each municipality delivers for its habitants which

is perhaps the most significant municipal service and a

prerequisite for other complicated municipal services

like health, transportation or education (Rajendran et

al., 2013). For the municipalities, the difficulties as

well as challenges of SWM are continuously increasing due

to this urbanization (Cheng and Hu, 2010). Nowadays, it

has become an urgent priority for the authorities

responsible for SWM to improve their services,

particularly in low and middle income countries (The

World Bank, 2012).

In a study conducted by Bingkai, L. et al., the

World Bank pointed out that no country had ever

experienced as fast an increase in solid waste quantity

as China (Yuan et al., 2006). China surpassed the United

States as the world’s largest MSW generator. This poses

enormous challenges for environmental protection and

sustainable development. According to the researchers,

one of the effective solutions to these kinds of problems

is to adopt an efficient municipal solid waste management

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(MSWM) system. However, the implementation of the MSWM

system depends on several important factors such as the

country, statutes, strategies in environmental

management, economic and technological capabilities, and

the education and environmental awareness of citizens.

To address and handle the increasing problems in

SWM, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is

becoming more significant due to the growing necessity of

automated data acquisition, identification,

communication, storage and analysis in connection with

swift and parallel processing. ICTs can help to overcome

these challenges to make a sound SWM system (Johansson,

2006, McLeod et al., 2013, The World Bank, 2012).

Municipalities are facing problems with solid waste route

optimization for collection that has various effects on

collection efficiency, cost and pollutant emissions.

There are many researches on optimization problems such

as vehicle routing problem, capacitated vehicle routing

problem and vehicle routing problem with time windows

have been studied to reduce cost, less emission, serve

customers and depot through optimized route (Johansson

2006, Nuortio et al., 2006; Faccio et al., 2011).

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Various researches have shown that ICTs can help

handle different types of SWM related issues in a more

efficient manner in terms of cost, time, risk and

environment (Lu et al., 2013). In a study by Basri, H. et

al., up until now many systems have been proposed to

settle associated issues and maximize waste management

efficiency. According to them, the systems that are

widely used can be categorized in three groups: (1)

spatial technologies based systems such as: Graphical

Information System (GIS), Global Position System (GPS),

and Remote Sensing (RS).(2) Identification technologies

based systems such as: barcode or Radio Frequency

Identification (RFID) tags. (3) Data acquisition

technologies based systems such as: image sensor,

distance sensor, volumetric sensor etc.

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CHAPTER 3

DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED STUDY

The Local Government Units (Municipal Energy and

Natural Resources Office) collect solid waste from clients

every week through the scheduled areas, paid clients and

specific types of solid waste. The collected solid waste

will be calculated to determine the possible way to

mitigate the solid waste that is produced by household and

other commercial buildings. With the fast adoption of

technology toward solid waste, it has aided in optimizing

the schedule, providing recommended routes, fast

registration for clients and easy way to monitor the solid

waste.

In this study, the researchers aim to develop a web-

based system for Local Government Units (Municipal Energy

and Natural Resources Office) and mobile applications for

garbage collectors and clients. The web-based system

accepts the registration confirmation of clients where it

can monitor the solid waste that has been collected weekly

that contains weight, type of waste and classification. It

will also show the visualization of the zone that has the
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highest number of solid waste collected and a forecast of

waste generated data.

The mobile application for garbage collectors developed

to aid the process of recording data collection of

clients. Through scanning the generated QR code of the

client the garbage collector is going to fill out the

details of collection, such as type of waste,

classification, weight, picture as proof of collection and

inputting the status upon collection if it was collected

or not collected. It can also determine the optimized

schedule and recommended route in mobile applications.

The mobile application for clients developed by the

researchers to ease the process of registration, where

they fill up a form for short details upon registering,

and after the confirmation the generated QR code that is

given is going to be used for collecting the client’s

waste. Upon the collected waste, the schedule of pick-up

was shown as well as the history data of collection

through visualization of graphs.

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Assumptions and Preconditions

The web-server for solid waste management of Leon, a

precondition ensures that the execution of the software

application will not continue if certain conditions are

not met. An assertion is a condition that must be true in

order for the program to continue running. Pre-conditions

are set up at the start of a procedure (function or

method). This is the most popular method of defensive

programming. "A program cannot be run outside of nominal

conditions," the underlying premise goes.

To run the application precondition must be

fulfilled, the application will be downloaded and will run

on the associated controller. A PC, laptop, or mobile

device with a compatible web browser is connected to the

same network as the controller so that the web

visualization can be accessed.

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Methods and Proposed Enhancement

This study is set on to develop a solid waste management

system that will improve the manual process of solid waste

collection and management process in a municipality. This SWM

system will help the local government units, specifically the

MENRO, as this will be implemented to the public.

For the features of the SWM system, a web-based system

for the admin and one mobile application each for the clients

and garbage collectors are developed so that the overall manual

process of solid waste collection and management, and other

issues about solid waste are tackled easily.

The three main features of the system: (1) With the use

of Google Maps, recommended routes are shown for the garbage

collectors to easily navigate and guide them during their waste

collection. (2) Optimized schedules are being made for the

garbage collectors to improve, minimize financial problems, and

to help the local government units, specifically the MENRO, in

their decision making. (3) With the data provided by the clients

and garbage collectors, the data are being analyzed and

forecasted for local government units to use in their future

projects about solid waste management.

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In the forecasting method, moving average is used to forecast

the overall waste generated by types and classification of

waste.

Moving Average equation: MA = A₁ + A₂ + . . . + Aₙ / n (3)

Where:

A = Average in period n

N = Number of time periods

Methods

There will be various steps throughout the system with different

data requirements for each section. The data gathered will allow

the system to configure its internal parameters from clients to

admin.

Account Generation. The system has three components namely,

Client, garbage collector, and admin. Each component has to

create their own account in order to be recognized by the system

and also for informational purposes.

Client Registration Data. The client’s registration data will be

collected from the mobile application and will be used for

identification purposes. The information from the registration

data will be used by the garbage collectors in order to identify

them and be part of the collection process.

Waste Collection Data Gathering. The waste data collected from

the daily collection process and the historical data given by

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Leon’s local government unit (MENRO). This data will be mainly

used in the forecasting method applied in the system.

Location Data Gathering. During the client’s registration, the

specific location will be collected and used by the garbage

collector and admin.

Components and Design

Software Architecture

The software architecture explains the design decisions

related to overall system structure. The system’s front end

composed of (3) three users, the client, garbage collector and

admin, was developed using \On the client it is composed of

account generation, virtualization and waste history creation.

On the garbage collector, it consists of mapping,

virtualization and waste collection history creation. The admin

front end is composed of the account validation, monitoring and

forecasting. The system’s backend will be supported by

phpMyAdmin, Google Maps API and programming languages.

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Figure 2. Solid Waste Management System Software Architecture

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System Architecture

The system architecture explains the overall system and

illustrates how the major components interact.

Figure 3. Solid Waste Management System System Architecture

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Figure 3 is the bird's eye view of the solid waste management

system. Clients, admin, and garbage collectors are the main

users of this system divided into (1) one web-based system and

(2) two mobile applications. The process initiates when clients

register for collection, then obtains QR code, schedule and

access to their collection history after the admin validates the

client's accounts to the database. Waste data is collected when

garbage collectors with the optimized schedule, recommended

route points, scans client's QR codes and provides feedback on

collection details (waste characterization and waste analysis).

All of this data collected is then stored in the system’s

database. The admin applies moving average to the collected

waste data to forecast waste generation. Then the system

visualizes the data for further analysis.

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Database Design

Figure 4. Database Design of the System

Figure 4 shows the Database design of entity relationship

diagram (ERD) of the web-based system and mobile application,

the collecting process of solid waste. The CLIENTS table has

its primary key of client_id and consists of client_pin,

first_name, middle_name, last_name, address, latitude,

longitude, email, contact and type of the clients. It also has

three foreign keys of zone_id, user_id, location_id coming from

the ZONE, USER and LOCATION table respectively. The USERS table

contains the primary key of user_id with the other attributes

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like username, password, first_name, middle_name, last_name,

address, contact and role. The COLLECTIONS table has a primary

key of collection_id and consists of other attributes like

datetime, weight, classification, type, remarks, status and

percentage of collection. It also has three foreign keys of

user_id, client_id and truck_id that come from the USER, CLIENT

and TRUCK table. The SCHEDULE table has a primary key of

schecule_id and contains attributes like name, type, monday,

tuesday, wednesday, thursday, friday, saturday and sunday. It

also has two foreign keys of zone_id and user_id that come from

the ZONE and USER table. The TRUCK table has a primary key of

truck_id and consists of name, latitude, longitude as well as

the two foreign keys user_id and zone_id come from USER and

ZONE table. The ROUTE_POINTS table contains its primary key of

routepoints_id and consists of attributes like latitude and

longitude. It also has two foreign keys such as zone_id and

user_id that come from the ZONE and USER table. The ZONE table

has its primary key of zone_id and an attribute like name,

area_coverage_data_points and a single foreign key of user_id

from USER table. The LOCATIONS table also contains a primary

key of location_id and an attribute like name and type. It also

has a foreign key of user_id and zone_id come from USER and

ZONE table respectively.

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Procedural and Object-Oriented Design

Procedural Design

The system follows a data flow from clients input to output to

generate processes required by the system. Figure 4 shows the

procedural design of the solid waste management system. The

system has three users, the clients, garbage collectors, and

admin. Clients have the ability to register to the system, and

have access to the mobile application by logging in using the

username and pin provided by the admin as seen in the figure.

The clients of this system will be focused on households in

barangays and subdivisions, since the system is for LGU.

Commercial establishments are also included for capturing of

waste collection. Garbage collectors mobile application can be

accessed via the provided username and password, where different

processes can be seen in the interface of the application,

focused on the collection of waste via scanning of QR code and

giving feedback reports to clients. The admin is the one who

mainly manages the overall processes of the solid waste

management system. The admin monitors the overall flow of data

collected to the database. The admin can generate forecasting

through the data collected enabling the management of validating

client accounts if the clients paid the amount for waste

collection.
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Figure 5. Procedural Design for the Client

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Figure 6. Procedural Design for the Garbage Collector

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Figure 7. Procedural Design for the Admin

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Figure 8. Procedural Design for account validation

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Figure 9. Procedural Design for forecasting

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Figure 10. Procedural Design for Google Maps

Object-Oriented Design

There are multiple levels of users to the solid waste

management system. Figure _ shows clients can register for their

accounts, pay for the subscription of waste collection and

access the mobile application where they can choose between

viewing its schedule for collection or view its waste collected

history details.
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On the other hand, the garbage collector when going to collect

waste can also access the mobile application and able to choose

different options between viewing the google map, its optimized

schedule, can use to scan QR code and collect, also includes

providing feedback such as waste collected details, status and

report, then finally the garbage collector can view its

collection history.

Then on the admin side by the web-based system, they are able

to access the main dashboard of the system wherein the admin can

access the records of clients through which it can validate

client accounts, then view the overall waste data, where the

admin can use this to monitor and visualize which in the last

part it can generate forecasting through the data

collected.
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Figure 11. UML (Use Case) Diagram of the System

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(cont.)
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Process Design

Figure 12. Context Diagram of 360° Solid Waste

Management System
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System Development Life Cycle or Research Methodology

The method of developing an assistive application can be

separated into various life cycle stages, much like

traditional software development. This can be accomplished

using the methods that were used in the study.

The Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a

mechanism for rapidly generating high-quality, low-cost

software. SDLC is a well-structured flow of stages that

enables developers to deliver high-quality software that

has been properly tested and is ready for production in an

expedient manner. The SDLC process strives to guarantee

that software satisfies the expectations of users.

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Figure 13. System Development Life Cycle

Figure 13 shows the system development cycle of the

360° Solid Waste Management System for Local Government

Units.

By the observation of the researchers, they

identified the target organization, Local Government Units

and the Municipal energy and Natural Resources Office

(MENRO). The researchers then had insights of the

potential system that are need in the organization.

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In the Problem and Planning phase, the researchers

had their targeted organizations and gained insights for

the developing system as well as determining the problem.

The Planning phase is when the brainstorming occurs and

doing research for related studies and point out the

requirements of the potential system.

In the Data Collection Phase, the researchers studied

the potential areas that are significant to the solid

waste, and those are schedule, route and waste types. The

researchers referenced it to the Waste Analysis and

Characterization Study (WACS), the standardized and

mandatory guide for Philippine Local Government Units and

Solid waste Management Practitioners. With the gathered

data, the researchers did manual input for the solid waste

management system.

After the collection phase, is the Data Preparation.

Data from the Municipality had been prepared by the

researchers for the process and flow of the collection of

solid waste from registering clients to the collection by

the garbage collectors. Upon the gathering of data,

researchers optimized the schedule as well as the

recommended route for garbage collection.

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The waste generated historical data of two years and

nine months were used by the researchers for forecasting

and it is present in the modeling phase.

As part of the system deployment preparation, the

researchers examined and analyzed the technical debt

accumulated during early prototyping, making adjustments

to the implementation to ensure stability and

maintainability.
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CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Implementation

Generally, this research aims to develop an innovation, and

improvement of the manual process of waste collection and

management in a municipality. The system and applications can

provide features such as monitor waste generated, collection

points, QR code scanning, and others that complete the overall

waste collection and management process. Highlighting its

ability to optimize the route and schedule for waste collection

and forecast the waste generated by the clients in an efficient

and effective manner.

The web-based system implementation was deployed with the

minimum hardware requirements of at least Windows 10 64-bit,

x64-based processor, 8gb of ram, Any CPU (Intel/AMD), at least

1.10GHz, 5gb of storage, and any integrated graphics. While

during the implementation the highest hardware requirements that

run the web-based system testing is Intel(R) Core(TM) i3-6006U

CPU @ 2.00GHz processor, Windows 10 Pro 64-bit, x64-based

processor, 12gb of ram, Intel (HD) Graphics 520. For the mobile

application implementation was deployed with the minimum

requirements using the Android 6.0 version, CPU type of Quad-

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Core (or more), with at least CPU speed of Quad-core 1.2GHz, and

2.0 GB RAM, in the course of the implementation the highest

device specification that run the application testing is the

XIaomi Redmi Note 8 Pro, which contains a processor of Mediatek

Helio G90T (12nm), operating system of Android 11, MIUI 12.5,

GPU of Mali-G76 MC4 and a CPU of Octa-core (2x2.05 GHz Cortex-

A76 & 6x2.0 GHz Cortex-A55), it should be able to work with a

requirement of internet connection in either of the device’s Wi-

Fi or 4G data services.

The development process was performed using HTML, PHP and

Android SDK. The implementation of the system's database

is synced in real-time with the use of the PhpMyAdmin.

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Figure 14. Garbage Collector Mobile Application

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Figure 15. Garbage Collector Mobile Application

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Figure 16. Garbage Collector Mobile Application

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Figure 17. Garbage Collector Mobile Application

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Figure 18 Client Mobile Application

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Figure 19 Client Mobile Application

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Figure 20 Client Mobile Application

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Figure 21. Client Mobile Application

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Results Interpretation and Analysis

In this study, a total of 43 respondents were selected.

A group of 36 clients, 4 garbage collectors, 3 MENRO Officers

took part in the testing of the web-based system and mobile

applications. A questionnaire consisting of 9 questions for the

clients, 9 questions for the garbage collectors, __ questions

for the MENRO officers.

The respondents were fully informed about the study's

objective, the scope of its use of the results, and the purpose

of its future usage. The questionnaire was answered on the

MENRO Office of the Municipality of Leon. Each type of

respondent was given an opportunity to make use of the

applications and web-based system provided.

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Table 1 Client Questionnaire Results

Questions SD D U A SA Mean Description

Logging in the

application was 0 0 0 11 25 4.69 Strongly Agree

easy and smooth

The QR code of

the application

is working for 0 0 1 3 32 4.86 Strongly Agree

collecting

waste

The application

provides

information if
0 0 2 6 28 4.72 Strongly Agree
the waste was

collected or

not

The application

gives

information 0 0 2 22 12 4.28 Strongly Agree

about my

collected waste
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The

functionality

or features of
0 0 0 6 30 4.83 Strongly Agree
the application

is easy to

understand.

The application

runs smoothly 0 0 12 6 18 4.17 Agree

on my device

The application

provides

scheduled date,
0 0 3 4 29 4.72 Strongly Agree
time and type

of waste to be

collected

The application

provides waste
0 0 1 5 30 4.81 Strongly Agree
disposal

reminders

The

registration of
0 0 1 4 31 4.83 Strongly Agree
the application

for waste
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generators is

functional

The correspondence of the clients towards the

client mobile application was determined by using the

mean. The overall computed mean of the client’s

correspondence was 4.65 which is ruled as a strongly

agreed rate or has positive feedback. The researchers

concluded that the result of clients using the application

gained a positive response with its potential. Moreover,

no negative responses such as strongly disagree or

disagree from the clients shows that when taken as a

group, none of them are discontented with the application.

Out of the 9 questions, 8 of which resulted

strongly agree while only 1 agree were recorded. Item no.

2 “The QR code of the application is working for

collecting waste.” had the highest mean of 4.86 which

achieves the pivotal functionality of the mobile

application for collecting the waste of the clients

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therefore, satisfies the first objective “Develop a mobile

application that registers waste generators (i.e.

households, commercial, industrial, institutional) of a

local government unit using QR codes.”. The clients’

positive response and astonishment while using the mobile

application was seen by the researchers, wherein various

clients commended the impact of such tool that results to

diverse information that little did they know they gained.

Both item no. 5 and item no. 9 attained the second

highest mean value of 4.83. On item no. 9 “The

registration of the application for waste generators is

functional” pertains to the accounts of the clients able

to function after the registration, reflecting to the 3rd

objective of the study fulfilled. The registration serves

as the basis of garnering data for the collection of

client’s waste. Meanwhile item no. 5. “The functionality

or features of the application is easy to understand”

shows the application being user friendly for clients with

its usability enables clients to learn how to use the app

with effectiveness and its operability, easy to operate,

control and appropriate to use.

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Table 2. Garbage Collector

Questions SD D U A SA Mean Description

Logging in the

application was 0 0 0 1 3 4.75 Strongly Agree

easy and smooth

The application

provides schedule
0 0 0 0 4 5 Strongly Agree
and type of waste

to be collected

The functionality

or features of

the application 0 0 1 0 3 4.5 Strongly Agree

is easy to

understand.

The application

runs smoothly on 0 0 2 0 2 4 Strongly Agree

the device

Scanning for QR

Codes is 0 0 0 1 3 4.75 Strongly Agree

functional
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The application

provides map with

a defined route 0 0 0 0 4 5 Strongly Agree

of truck and

collection points

The application

provides a

feedback on waste
0 0 0 0 4 5 Strongly Agree
characterization

and collection

details

The application

provides history
0 0 0 1 3 4.75 Strongly Agree
of waste

collected

The application

provides waste
0 0 0 1 3 4.75 Strongly Agree
disposal

reminders
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The response of the garbage collectors towards the

Collector’s application was calculated using mean. The

overall computed mean of the garbage collector’s feedback

was 4.77 which indicates that it is strongly agreed with

the application. As a result, the garbage collectors

admired the application and had a favorable response in

its capability and usage. Findings show that out of the 9

questions, garbage collector’s had an overall

correspondence of strongly agree in all items. Moreover,

findings of the study reveals that 3 out of the 9

questions are item no. 2 “The application provides

schedule and type of waste to be collected” and item no. 6

“The application provides map with a defined route of

truck and collection points” and item no. 7 “The

application provides a feedback on waste characterization

and collection details ” gained the highest mean of 5

indicates that the objectives 2,3,4 respectively which a

system that manages waste collection schedules based on

waste classification and route, guides garbage collectors

on the designated collection points of waste generators

using Google Maps API and enables garbage collectors to

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provide feedback on waste characterization and collection

details is perfectly fulfilled and strongly agreed by the

respondents. The results showed the impact towards the

garbage collectors where they utilized fully the

application starting from the checking of collection

route, collection points, through collecting of waste via

QR code, and the feed backing of waste characterization

and collection details if it has been collected or not to

the clients. The application showed great importance to

the garbage collectors as it can be used for future

optimization opportunities and innovation of processes.

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System Evaluation Results

The system evaluation was conducted to the two experts.

The researchers sent a letter with them and the data was

collected through ISO 25010 evaluation form with the attached

application.

ISO 25010 - Functional Stability

V
Indicators G F P V P Mean
G

The set of

instructions all

the specified
Completeness 0 1 1 0 0 3.5
task

and user

objectives.

The system

Correctness provides correct 2 0 0 0 0 5

results with the

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needed degree of

precision.

The system

provides the

Appropriaten accomplishment
2 0 0 0 0 5
ess of specified

tasks and

objectives.

ISO 25010

Reliabiity

V
Indicators G F P V P Mean
G

A system,

product or

component meets
Maturity 1 0 1 0 0 4
for reliability

under normal

operation.
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A product or

system is

operational and
Availability 0 1 1 0 0 3.5
accessible when

required for

use.

A system,

product or

component

operates as

intended despite
Fault tolerance 1 1 0 0 0 4.5
the presence of

hardware or

software results

software

results.

In the event of

an interruption
Recoverability 0 0 2 0 0 3
or a failure, a

product or
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system can

recover the data

and establish

the desired

state of the

system.
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ISO 25010 - Portability

V
G F P V P Mean
G
Indicators

A product or

system can

effectively and

efficiently be

adapted for

different or

Adaptability evolving 2 0 0 0 0 5

hardware,

software or

other

operational or

usage

environments
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A product or

system can

withstand

technology

evolution and
Durability 1 1 0 0 0 4.5
changes without

costly

redesign,

reconfiguration

or recoding.

A product or

system can be

successfully

installed
Installability 0 1 1 0 0 3.5
and/or

uninstalled in

a specified

environment.

A product can

Replaceability replace another 0 0 2 0 0 3

specified
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software

product for the

same purpose

in the same

environment.

A product or

system can

increase

efficiency

and

productivity by
Affordability 1 1 0 0 0 4.5
reducing the

time and

costs involved

in delivering

instruction.
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ISO 25010 - Usability

V V
G F P Mean
G P
Indicators

Users can

recognize
Appropriate-
whether a
ness
product or the 1 0 1 0 0 4
Recognizabi-
system is
lity
appropriate for

their needs.

A product or

system enables

the user to

learn

how to use it
Learnability 1 1 0 0 0 4.5
with

effectiveness,

efficiency in

emergency

situations
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A product or

system is easy

to operate,
Operability 2 0 0 0 0 5
control and

appropriate to

use.

A product or

User error system protects

0 2 0 0 0 4
protection users against

making errors.

A user

interface

User enables

interface pleasing and 0 2 0 0 0 4

aesthetics satisfying

interactions

for the user.

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A product or

system can be

used by people

with the widest

range of

Accessibilit characteristics 4.
1 1 0 0 0
y and 5

capabilities to

achieve a

specified goal

in aspecified

context of use.
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ISO 25010 - Performance Efficiency

V
V G G F P Mean
P
Indicators

The response

and processing

times and

throughput

rates of a
Time-
product or 0 1 1 0 0 3.5
behavior
system,

whenperforming

its functions,

meet

requirements.

The amounts
Resource
and types of 0 1 1 0 0 3.5
utilization
resources used
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by a product

or system,

when

performing its

functions meet

requirements.

The maximum

limits of the

product or

Capacity system 2 0 0 0 0 5

parameters

meet

requirements.
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ISO 25010 - SECURITY

V G G F P V P Mean

Indicators

The

prototype

ensures that

data are

Confidential accessible
1 1 0 0 0 4.5
ity only to

those

authorized

to have

access.
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A system,

product, or

component

prevents

unauthorized

Integrity access to, 1 1 0 0 0 4.5

or

modification

of, computer

programs or

data.

Actions or

events can

be proven to

have taken

Non- place so
0 0 2 0 0 3
repudiation that the

events or

actions

cannot be

repudiated
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later.

The actions

of an entity

Accountabili can be
1 1 0 0 0 4.5
ty traced

uniquely to

the entity.

The identity

of a subject

or resources

Authenticity can be 2 0 0 0 0 5

proved to be

the one

claimed.
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ISO 25010 - Compatibility

V G G F P V P Mean

Indicators

A product

can perform

its

required

functions

efficiently

Co-existence while 1 1 0 0 0 4.5

sharing a

common

environment

and

resources

with other
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products,

without

detrimental

impact on

anyother

product

Two or more

systems,

products or

components

can

Interoperabili exchange
2 0 0 0 0 5
ty information

and use the

information

that has

been

exchanged.
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ISO 25010 - Maintainability

V G G F P V P Mean

Indicators

The

application

is composed

of discrete

components

such that a
Modularity 0 0 2 0 0 3
change to one

component has

minimal

impact on

other

components.
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An asset can

be used in

more than one

Reusability 2 0 0 0 0 5
system, or in

building

other assets.

It is

possible to

assess the

impact on a

product or

system of an

intended

Analyzability change to one 1 1 0 0 0 4.5

or more of

its parts, or

to diagnose a

product for

deficiencies

or causes of

failures, or
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to identify

parts to be

modified.
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The

application

can be

effectively

and

efficiently

modified
Modifiability 0 0 2 0 0 3
without

introducing

defects

or degrading

existing

product

quality.
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Test criteria

can be

established

for an

application,

product or

component and
Testability 1 1 0 0 3.5
tests can be

performed to

determine

whether

thosecriteria

have been

met.
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CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary

The objective of this study is to develop a web-system

for the LGU’s MENRO that will monitor the generated waste.

The aim of this study is to provide the clients, the

truck drivers (garbage collectors), and the admin (MENRO)

with improved, effective, and innovative waste collection

and management web systems and mobile applications.

The main users of this system are the clients, truck

drivers, and MENRO, also known as the admin. As the client

starts their registration through the mobile application

and starts the waste disposal process, then it’s the

garbage collector’s job to collect. Through the mobile

application and using Google maps API, the garbage

collector will view the optimized schedule and navigate

the recommended route. Then the MENRO admin will be the

one to confirm the clients’ registration, monitor, and

forecast the data gathered from the daily waste collect

 West Visayas State University
COLLEGE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY
La Paz, Iloilo City
93

This study consists of: (1) Two mobile applications for

daily waste collection. One is for the clients and the

other is for the garbage collectors. On the client side,

this includes registration, generated QR code, schedule,

and waste generated graphs or charts. On the garbage

collectors side, this includes Google maps API for

navigation, scheduling, scanning QR codes, and forms for

submitting status and reports. (2) web-based system for

the admin that can store data, monitor, and forecast the

waste generated by the municipality. (3) Solid waste

management has aided for optimizing the schedule,

providing recommended routes, easier registration for

clients and monitoring the solid waste. The Local

Government Units (Municipal Energy and Natural Resources

Office) collect solid waste from clients every week

through the scheduled areas, paid clients and specific

types of waste. The app also shows the date and time of

collection as well as the history data of each collection.

 West Visayas State University
COLLEGE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY
La Paz, Iloilo City
94

Conclusion

The researchers were able to achieve the objectives

set for the study after the evaluation and certain

observations were done. The following conclusions were

drawn from the results of this study:

A system that manages waste collection schedules

based on waste classification and route. Mobile

applications that register waste generators of the Local

Government Unit using QR codes and guide for garbage

collection on designated collection points of waste

generators through the use of Google Maps API and can

provide feedback on Waste Characterization and collection

details.

A monitoring system that displays the dashboard on

waste collected data and analysis using forecasting

techniques. The system is evaluated through the ISO 25010

to determine the quality of the system in terms of its

usability, more particularly in effectiveness, efficiency,

and satisfaction in assessing and analyzing waste

generated information by developers and the target users

of the system.
 West Visayas State University
COLLEGE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY
La Paz, Iloilo City
95

The system will aid the Local Government Units (LGU)

specifically the Municipal Energy and Natural Resources

Office (MENRO) for pertaining to the environment and

natural resources and managing the collection of solid

wastes in the Municipality.

Recommendations

The following recommendations are suggested based on the

observations and conclusions presented:

1. To include to capture data of waste disposal in the

system

2. To explore various time series forecasting methods

3. To expand coverage of waste collection to the whole

Municipality

4. To expand coverage of identification of waste

generators, waste characterization

5. To explore various prescriptive analytic techniques