SNIPERS

CHEMISTRY
PRACTICALS
BOOKLET

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
SNIPERS CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS GUIDE Page 1
 1. ADDING WATER TO A GIVEN SOLID

You expect the solid to dissolve in water.

(a) If it dissolves, colour of the solution formed must be stated.
Examples;
(i) You are provided with solid A. Put the solid in a boiling tube. Add about
10 cm3 of distilled water then shake.
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
Solid dissolves to form a -soluble substance
colourless solution -coloured ions absent
(ii) You are provided with solid B. Put the solid in a boiling tube. Add about 10
cm3 of distilled water then shake.
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
- Solid dissolve to form blue Cu2+ present
solution
(iii) You are provided with solid C. Put the solid in a boiling tube. Add about 10
cm3 of distilled water then shake.
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
-solid dissolve to form green Fe2+ present
solution
(iv) You are provided with solid D. Put the solid in a boiling tube. Add about 10
cm3 of distilled water then shake.

OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
-Solid dissolve to form brown Fe3+ present
solution

(b) When Solid is partially soluble; both colour of filtrate and residue should be
observed.
Example;
You are provided with solid E. Put the entire solid in a boiling tube then
add about 10 cm3 of distilled water and shake. Filter the mixture.

OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
-colourless filtrate -solid sparingly/slightly soluble
-white residue

N/B - The colour of filtrate must be stated.

- Nature and colour of residue must be stated.
(c) When the solid is suspected to be organic.
Example;

SNIPERS CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS GUIDE Page 2

You are provided with solid F. Use it to carry out the following tests;
(i) Put about one third of solid F on a metallic spatula and burn it using a
Bunsen burner.
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
Burns with yellow sooty/smoky flame =C = C= , -C ≡ C-
present

(ii) Place the remaining of solid F in a test tube. Add about 6cm 3 of distilled
water and shake the mixture well.
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
-solid dissolve to form a colourless Polar organic compound
solution.

N/B: The observation and inference above is based on part (i) which gives
some hint that solid F is organic.

2. USING SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTION

When adding sodium hydroxide solution you expect to observe a precipitate.

Examples;
(a) Water is added to Solid G. A colourless solution is formed.
A few drops of sodium hydroxide is added to the solution till in excess
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
White precipitate soluble in excess Pb2+ , Al3+ , Zn2+ present

(b) ) Water is added to Solid H. A colourless solution is formed.

A few drops of sodium hydroxide is added to the solution till in excess

OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
-White precipitate formed. Precipitate Ca2+ , Mg2+present
insoluble in excess

(c) Water is added to Solid J. A colourless solution is formed.

A few drops of sodium hydroxide is added to the solution till in excess
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
No white precipitate Ca , Mg , Al3+ , Zn2+ , Pb2+
2+ 2+

absent

(d) Water is added to Solid J. A blue solution is formed.

A few drops of sodium hydroxide is added to the solution till in excess
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
-Blue precipitate formed. Cu2+ present
-Precipitate insoluble in excess

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(e) Water is added to Solid K. A light green solution is formed.
A few drops of sodium hydroxide is added to the solution till in excess

OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
-green precipitate formed. Fe2+ present
-Precipitate insoluble in excess

(f) Water is added to Solid L. A solution is formed.

A few drops of sodium hydroxide is added to the solution till in excess

OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
-brown precipitate formed. Fe3+ present
-Precipitate insoluble in excess

3. USING AMMONIA SOLUTION - NH3(aq)

When adding ammonia solution you expect to observe a precipitate.

Examples;
(a) Water is added to Solid M. A colourless solution is formed.
A few drops of ammonia solution is added to the solution till in excess.
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
White precipitate formed insoluble in Pb , Al , Mg2+ present
2+ 3+

excess

(b) Water is added to Solid N. A colourless solution is formed.

A few drops of ammonia solution is added to the solution till in excess.
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
White precipitate formed. Zn 2+ present
Precipitate soluble in excess

(c ) Water is added to Solid P. A colourless solution is formed.

A few drops of ammonia solution is added to the solution till in excess.
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
No white precipitate Zn2+, Pb2+, Al3+, , Mg2+ , absent

(d) Water is added to Solid Q. A blue solution is formed.

A few drops of ammonia solution is added to the solution till in excess
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
-Blue precipitate formed. Cu present
2+

-Precipitate soluble in excess to form deep

blue solution

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(e) Water is added to Solid R. A light green solution is formed.
A few drops of is ammonia solution added to the solution till in excess

OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
Green precipitate formed. Fe2+ present
Precipitate insoluble in excess

(f) Water is added to Solid S. A solution is formed.

A few drops of ammonia solution is added to the solution till in excess

OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
-brown precipitate formed. Fe3+ present
-Precipitate insoluble in excess

3. USE OF BARIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION – BaCl2(aq)

When BaCl2(aq) is added to a solution you expect a white precipitate. If a white

precipitate is formed then it might be Ba 2+ combining with SO42- or CO32- or
SO32- to form insoluble BaSO4, BaCO3, and BaSO3 respectively i.e.
(white precipitates).
Examples;
(a) Water is added to Solid T. A colourless solution is formed.
A few drops of BaCl2(aq) added to the solution
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
-white precipitate formed. SO42- CO32- SO32- present

(b) Water is added to Solid U. A colourless solution is formed.

A few drops of BaCl2(aq) added to the solution
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
No white precipitate SO42- CO32- SO32- absent

(c ) Water is added to Solid V. A colourless solution is formed.

A few drops of BaCl2(aq) added to the solution followed by 2cm3 of HCl(aq)
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
- white precipitate CO3 SO32-,present
2-

-precipitate dissolve in HCl(aq)

-effervercence

(d) Water is added to Solid W. A colourless solution is formed.

A few drops of 2M HCl followed by a few drops of BaCl 2(aq)
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
- no effervescence SO4 present
2-

-white precipitate formed with BaCl2(aq)

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 4. USE OF BARIUM NITRATE SOLUTION – Ba(NO3)2(aq)

Used in testing for SO42-, SO32-, CO32-

(a) Water is added to Solid X. A colourless solution is formed.
A few drops of Ba(NO3)2(aq) added to the solution
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
-white precipitate formed. SO42- CO32- SO32- present

(b) Water is added to Solid Y. A colourless solution is formed.

A few drops of 2M HNO 3 added to the solution followed by a few drops of
Ba(NO3)2(aq)
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
- no effervescence with NHO3 SO42-present
-white precipitate formed with Ba(NO3)2(aq)

5. USE OF LEAD (II) NITRATE SOLUTION – Pb(NO3)2

Pb(NO3)2(aq) contains Pb2+

Pb(NO3)2(aq) is used to test for the presence of SO 42- CO32- SO32- Cl- these
ions form white precipitate with Pb2+
Examples;
(a) Water is added to Solid Z. A colourless solution is formed.
A few drops of Pb(NO 3)2(aq) is added to the solution.
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
White precipitate formed SO42- CO32- SO32- Cl-
present
N/B: The inferences above depend on the preliminary tests. If any of the
ions had not been previously inferred or mentioned absent, then it should
not be mentioned as present.

(b) Water is added to Solid A1. A colourless solution is formed.

A few drops of Pb(NO 3)2(aq) is added to the solution
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
No precipitate SO4 CO32- SO32- Cl-
2-

absent

(c ) Water is added to Solid A2. A colourless solution is formed.

Add a few drops of Pb(NO 3)2(aq) to the solution then heat to boiling
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
-white precipitate formed Cl- present
-precipitate soluble on boiling
N/B PbCl2 is soluble in hot water.

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(d) Water is added to Solid A3. A colourless solution is formed.
Add a few drops of Pb(NO3)2(aq) to the solution then heat to boiling
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
-white precipitate formed SO4 CO32- SO32-
2-

-precipitate insoluble on boiling present

(e) Water is added to Solid A4. A colourless solution is formed.

Add a few drops of Pb(NO 3)2(aq) to the solution followed with 5cm3 of HNO3 (
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
-white precipitate formed CO32- SO32- present
-precipitate soluble in HNO3 (aq)

(f) Water is added to Solid A5. A colourless solution is formed.

Add a few drops of Pb(NO 3)2(aq) to the solution followed with 5cm3 of HNO3
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
-white precipitate formed SO42- present
-precipitate insoluble in HNO3 (aq)

6. USE OF DILUTE SULPHURIC(VI) ACID – H2SO4 (aq)

When H2SO4 (aq) is added to a solution you expect effervescence and or

white precipitate.
It is used to test for the presence of Pb2+, Ca2+,Ba2+ because it contains SO42-
which can form white precipitate with the ions.
Examples;
(a) Water is added to Solid A6. A colourless solution is formed.
Add a few drops of H2SO4 (aq) to the solution.
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
-effervescence occurs HCO3- ,CO32- SO32-
Present

(b) Water is added to Solid A7. A colourless solution is formed.

Add a few drops of H2SO4 (aq) to the solution.
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
-no effervescence occurs HCO3 ,CO32- SO32-
-

-no white precipitate absent

Pb2+, Ca2+,Ba2+ absent

(b) Water is added to Solid A8. A colourless solution is formed.

Add a few drops of H2SO4 (aq) to the solution.
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
-White precipitate formed Pb2+, Ca2+,Ba2+ present
-No effervescence HCO3- ,CO32- SO32-absent

SNIPERS CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS GUIDE Page 7

 7. USE OF DILUTE HYDROCHLORIC ACID – HCl (aq)

When HCl (aq) is added to a solution you expect effervescence and or white
precipitate.
It is used to test for the presence of Pb2+, Ag+ because it contains Cl- which
can form white precipitate with the ions.

Examples;
(a) Water is added to Solid A9. A colourless solution is formed.
Add a few drops of HCl (aq) is added to the solution.
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
-effervescence occurs HCO3- ,CO32- SO32-
Present

(b) Water is added to Solid A10. A colourless solution is formed.

Add a few drops of HCl (aq) is added to the solution.
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
-no effervescence occurs HCO3- ,CO32- SO32-
-no white precipitate absent
Pb2+, Ag+ absent

(c) Water is added to Solid A11. A colourless solution is formed.

Add a few drops of HCl (aq) is added to the solution.
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
-White precipitate formed Pb , Ag+ present
2+

-No effervescence HCO3- ,CO32- SO32-

absent

(d) Water is added to Solid A12. A colourless solution is formed.

Add a few drops of HCl (aq) to the solution then heated to boiling.
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
-white precipitate
-precipitate soluble on boiling Pb2+, present

9. USE OF ACIDIFIED POTASSIUM MANGANATE(VII) (KMnO4/H+)

(a) If the substance/solution tested is inorganic then KMnO4/H+ is used to
test for the presence of SO32-
Example;
(i) Water is added to Solid A13. A colourless solution is formed.
Add three drops of KMnO4/H+ to the solution.
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
KMnO4/H+ is decolourised SO32- present

SNIPERS CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS GUIDE Page 8

 (ii) Water is added to Solid A14. A colourless solution is formed.
Add three drops of KMnO4/H+ to the solution.
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
Purple colour of KMnO4/H persists
+ SO3 absent
2-

(b) If the substance/solution tested is organic for example the solid burns with
sooty luminous flame then KMnO4/H+ is used to confirm the presence of
= c = c= , -c ≡ c- , R -OH
Example;
(i) Water is added to Solid A15. A colourless solution is formed.
Add three drops of KMnO4/H+ to the solution.
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
KMnO4/H is decolourised
+ = c = c= , -c ≡ c- , R –OH
present

(ii) Water is added to Solid A16. A colourless solution is formed.

Add three drops of KMnO4/H+ to the solution.
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
Purple colour of KMnO4/H persists
+ =c = c= , -c ≡ c- R –OH
absent

10. USE OF ACIDIFIED POTASSIUM DICHROMATE (K 2Cr2O7/H+)

(a) If the substance/solution tested is inorganic then K2Cr2O7/H+ is used to

test for the presence of SO32-
Example;
(i) Water is added to Solid A17. A colourless solution is formed.
Add three drops of K2Cr2O7/H+to the solution.
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
Orange colour of K2Cr2O7/H turns green
+ SO3 present
2-

(ii) Water is added to Solid A18. A colourless solution is formed.

Add three drops of K2Cr2O7/H+to the solution.
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
Orange colour of K2Cr2O7/H persists
+ SO3 absent
2-

(b) If the substance/solution tested is organic then K 2Cr2O7/H+ is used to test

for the presence of R - OH
Example;
(i) Water is added to Solid B1. A colourless solution is formed.
Add three drops of K 2Cr2O7/H+ to the solution.
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
Orange colour of K2Cr2O7/H+ turns green R – OH present

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(ii) Water is added to Solid B2. A colourless solution is formed.
Add three drops of K 2Cr2O7/H+ to the solution.
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
Orange colour of K2Cr2O7/H persists
+ R – OH absent

11. USE OF BROMINE WATER

(a) Used in testing for the presence of =c = c= , -c ≡ c-

Example;
Water is added to Solid B3. A colourless solution is formed.
Add three drops of bromine water to the solution.
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
Bromine water decolourised = c = c= , -c ≡ c-
present

(b) Bromine water can also be used to test for the presence iodide ions (I -)
Example;
Water is added to Solid B4. A colourless solution is formed.
Add three drops of bromine water to the solution.
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
Brown solution formed/black precipitate formed I- present

11. USE OF CHLORINE WATER

Used to test for the presence of Br- , I-
Example;
To about 3 cm3 of solution B5 in a test tube add drop wise all the chlorine
water provided.
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
Brown solution / yellow solution formed Br , I present
- -

12. USE OF BLUE AND RED LITMUS PAPERS

Used to test whether a substance is acidic, basic or neutral
Example;
(a) Place all of solid B6 in a boiling tube. Add 10 cm 3 of distilled water and
shake well.
To about 2 cm3 of the solution test with both blue and red litmus papers;
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
-blue litmus paper turns red H present
+

-red litmus paper remains red

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(b) Place all of solid B7 in a boiling tube. Add 10 cm 3 of distilled water and
shake well. To about 2 cm3 of the solution test with both blue and red litmus
papers;
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
-blue litmus paper remains blue Basic substance OR
-red litmus paper turns blue OH- present

13. USE OF UNIVERSAL INDICATOR SOLUTION/PAPER

Used to determine the pH of a solution;
Example;
Determine the pH of solution B8
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
-if pH = 1 or 2 or 3 -strongly acidic
-if pH = 4 or 5 or 6 -weakly acidic
-if pH = 7 -neutral solution
-if pH = 8 or 9 or 10 -weakly base
-if pH = 11 or 12 or 13 or 14 -strongly base

14. ACTION OF HEAT ON SUBSTANCES

Examples;
(a) Place the solid provided in a clean dry test tube. Heat it gently then
strongly. Test for any gas (es) using blue and red litmus papers
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
-Colourless vapour condenses on -hydrated salt/water of
the cooler parts of the test tube crystallization
-blue litmus paper remains blue present
-red litmus paper remains red
-white residue left -neutral substance

REJECT : Colourless liquid condenses on cooler parts of the test tube

(b) Heat a small amount of solid provided in a clean dry test tube and test for
any gas(es) given out.
OBSERVATION(S) INFERENCE
Colourles gas that forms white precipitate with CO32-, HCO3- , C2O42-
lime water present
Colourless gas that relights a glowing splint NO3- present
Reddish brown gas which turns moist blue NO3- present
litmus paper to red
-colourless pungent smelling gas produced NH4+ present
-the gas turns red litmus paper to blue

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(c) Put the substance provided in a clean metallic spatula and heat on a non
luminous Bunsen flame;
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
-solid melts into a colourless liquid =c = c= , -c ≡ c- present
-burns with a sooty luminous flame

15. FLAME TEST

EXAMPLE;
Clean one end of a glass rod. Dip it into the solution. Remove the end and heat
it in the non luminous flame. Note the colour of the flame;
POSSIBLE RESULTS
COLOUR OF THE FLAME INFERENCE
Lilac or purple flame K+
Golden yellow flame Na+
Crimson flame Li+
Brick red flame Ca2+
Green flame Ba2+
Greenish blue flame Cu2+

16. USE OF CARBONATES AND HYDROGEN CARBONATES

Used to test for the presence of H+, -COOH

When a carbonate is added to a solution you expect effervescence.
Example;
(a) Place all of solid provided in a boiling tube. Add 10 cm 3 of distilled
water and shake well. To about 2 cm3 of the solution add all the sodium
carbonate provided.
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
Effervescence/bubbles produced H+ , -COOH present

(a) Place all of solid provided in a boiling tube. Add 10 cm 3 of distilled water
and shake well. To about 2 cm3 of the solution add all the sodium carbonate
provided.
OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
No effervescence/No bubbles produced H+ , -COOH absent

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17. TESTING FOR PRESENCE OF NITRATE IONS (NO3-)

To 2 cm3 of the solution in a test tube, add 5 drops of aqueous sodium

hydroxide. Add a piece of aluminium foil to the mixture and shake. Warm
the mixture and test any gas produced with both blue and red litmus
papers.

OBSERVATIONS INFERENCES
-
Effervescence NO present
3
Red litmus paper turns blue
Blue litmus paper remains blue

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 COMMON GRAPHS
EXAMPLE 1 – KCSE 2010

You are provided with:

Acid A labeled solution A;
2.0 M sodium hydroxide solution labeled solution B;
You are required to determine the reaction ratio between sodium hydroxide and acid A.

Procedure
Place 5 cm3 of solution A into a 100 ml beaker.
Measure the initial temperature of solution A in the beaker and record it in the table 1 below.
Using a 10 ml or a 100 ml measuring cylinder, measure 25 cm3 of solution B. add it to solution A in
the beaker and immediately stir the mixture with the thermometer. Record the maximum
temperature reached in table below. Repeat the experiment with other sets of volumes of solutions
A and B and complete the table.

Table 1
Volume of solution A (cm3) 5 9 13 17 21 25
Volume of solution B (cm3) 25 21 17 13 9 5
Maximum temperature (oC) 30.5 33.5 36.5 36.5 34.0 31.0
Initial temperature (oC) 26.5 26.5 26.5 26.5 26.5 26.5
Change in temperature, 4.0 7.0 10.0 10.0 7.5 4.5

N/B: USE OF DECIMALS (Tied to 3rd and 4th Rows only)

Temperature readings should be to whole numbers or 1 d.p (0.0 or 0.5)
used consistently.

QUESTIONS
(a) On the grid provided, plot a graph of ∆ T (vertical axis) against the volume of solution A.
N/B: (i) axes: Both Axes must be correctly labeled.
(ii) Scale: Area covered by correct plots must be at least half of the total number of the
total number of squares provided ; both in the X – axis and the Y – axis.

(b) From the graph, determine the volume of solution A which gave the maximum change in
temperature. ( Ans: 15.0cm3)
N/B: The temperature reading is accepted only if it is from a correctly extrapolated graph. The
reading should be shown on the graph.

(c) Determine the volume of solution B that reacted with the volume of solution A in (b) above.
( 30 – Ans(b) above = correct Ans. i.e 30 – 15 = 15cm3)

(d) Calculate the;

(i) Ratio between the volumes of solutions A and B that neutralized one another.
= Ans(b) : Ans(c) = 15 : 15 = 1 : 1

(ii) Concentration in moles per litre of the acid in solution A.

(Assume the volume ratio is the same as the mole ratio)

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 Moles of acid used (soln. A) =

Molarity of solution A = = correct Ans

N/B: FOR TEACHERS ONLY – Solution A is 2M HCl

13
∆T
12

11

10

5 10 15 20 25 Volume of A

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EXAMPLE 2 – KCSE 2007

You are provided with:

(i) 0.92M Sulphuric(VI) acid labeled solution A
(ii) An aqueous solution of substance C labeled solution C
You are required to determine the enthalpy of reaction between Sulphuric(VI) acid and substance
C.

PROCEDURE
Label six test tubes as 1, 2,3,4,5 and 6. Fill the burette with solution A. From the burette, place 2cm 3
of solution A in test tube number 1. From the same burette, place 4 cm3 of solution A in test tube
number 2. Repeat the process for test tube numbers 3, 4, 5 and 6 as shown in table 2.
Clean the burette with solution C. From the burette, place 14 cm3 of solution C into a boiling tube.
Measure the initial temperature of solution C to the nearest 0.5oC and record it in table 1 (b). Add
the contents of test tube number 1 to the boiling tube containing solution C. stir the mixture with
the thermometer. Note and record the highest temperature reached in table 2. Repeat the process
with the other volumes of solution C given in
table 2 and complete the table.

Table 2
Test-tube number 1 2 3 4 5 6
Volume of solution A (cm3) 2 4 6 8 10 12
Volume of solution C (cm3) 14 12 10 8 6 4
Initial temperature of solution C (oC) 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5
Highest temperature of mixture (oC) 23.0 25.5 28.0 28.0 27.5 26.5
Change in temperature, Δ T 2.5 5.0 7.5 7.5 7.0 6.0

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ΔT

10

2 4 6 8 10 12
Volume of A

QUESTIONS
(i) On the grid provided, draw a graph of ∆T(vertical axis) against volume of solution A used.
N/B: The graph consist of a line of best fit for the continuous rise and the line of best fit for
continuous drop.
(ii) From the graph, determine:
I. The maximum change in temperature.( Ans. 8.2 oC)
II. The volume of solution A required giving the maximum change in temperature (Ans. 6.5 cm3)
(iii) Calculate the:
I. Number of moles of sulphuric acid required to give the maximum change in temperature.

= 0.00598 moles
II. Molar enthalpy of reaction between sulphuric acid and substance C in kJ/mole.
(Assume the specific heat capacity of the solution is 4.2 kJ/kg/K and density of the
solution is 1.0 g/cm3)
∆H = = - 92.147 kJ/mole

N/B: FOR TEACHERS ONLY – Solution C is 1.5M NaOH

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 EXAMPLE 3 (ENDOTHERMIC REACTION) – KCSE 2008

You are provided with:

 Solid A
 2.0M hydrochloric acid, solution B.
You are required to determine the enthalpy change Δ H, for the reaction between solid A and one
mole of hydrochloric acid.

PROCEDURE
Using burette, place 20.0 cm3 of 2.0M hydrochloric acid, solution B in a 100ml. beaker.
Measure the temperature of the solution after every half minute and record the values in the table
3 below. At exactly 2 ½ minutes, add all of solid A to the acid. Stir the mixture gently with the
thermometer. Measure the temperature of the solution after every half minute and record the
values in table 3.

Table 3
Time
0 ½ 1 1½ 2 2½ 3 3½ 4 4½ 5
(min)
Temp.
18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0
(oC)

NOTE: USE OF DECIMALS

Temperature readings should be to whole numbers or 1 d.p (0.0 or 0.5) used consistently.

QUESTIONS
(i) On the grid provided, plot a graph of temperature(vertical axis) against time. See graph.

NOTE;
Since no reading is recorded at T = 2 ½ minutes, the line joining the first set of co0nstant
temperatures should be extrapolated to meet the vertical grid from the point T = 2 ½ minutes as
shown.
The line joining the points showing a continuous rise after the sharp drop should also be
extrapolated to meet the vertical grid from the point T = 2 ½ minutes as shown.

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 22

20
Temperature

18

16 ∆T

14

12

1 2 3 4 5 6

Time

(ii) Using the graph, determine the change in temperature ∆T.

The ∆T should be shown on the graph.
∆T = 18.0 – 12.6 = 5.4 oC
(iii) Calculate heat change for the reaction.
Heat change = mC∆T = 20.0 x 4.2 x 5.4 = + 453.6 J

N/B: FOR TEACHERS ONLY – Solid A is sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3)

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 EXAMPLE 4 (EXOTHERMIC REACTION) – KCSE 1995

You are provided with:

 1.0g magnesium carbonate, solid K.
 2.0M hydrochloric acid.
You are required to determine the enthalpy change Δ H, for the reaction between solid K and one
mole of hydrochloric acid.

PROCEDURE
Using burette, place 25.0 cm3 of 2.0M hydrochloric acid in a 100cm3 beaker. Stir gently and take the
temperature of the acid at every half minute. Record your readings in table below. At exactly 2 ½
minutes add all of solid K to the acid, stir gently and continue taking the temperature every half
minute to minute 5. Record your readings in table below.
Table 4
Time
0 ½ 1 1½ 2 2½ 3 3½ 4 4½ 5
(min)
Temp.
21.0 21.0 21.0 21.0 24.0 25.0 26.0 26.0 25.0 24.0
(oC)
Temperature

33

31

29

27

∆T

25

23

21

1 2 3 4 5 6
Time
SNIPERS CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS GUIDE Page 20
QUESTIONS
(i) On the grid provided, plot a graph of temperature (vertical axis) against time. See graph.
(ii) Using the graph, determine the change in temperature ∆T.
The ∆T should be shown on the graph.
∆T = 30.2 – 21.0 = 9.2 oC
(iii) Calculate heat change for the reaction.
Heat change = mc∆T = 25.0 x 4.2 x 9.2 = - 966 J

EXAMPLE 5 (ENTHALPY OF REACTION) – KCSE 2004

You are provided with:
 0.06 g Magnesium ribbon, solid A (3cm long)
 0.7 M hydrochloric acid, solution B
 Distilled water
You are required to determine the molar heat of reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric
acid.
Procedure
Using a burette, measure 50 cm3 of solution B and place it in a 100 ml beaker. Measure the
temperature of solution B in the 100 ml. beaker and record the value in table 5. Put the magnesium
ribbon in the 50 cm3 of solution B in the 100 ml. beaker and immediately start a stop watch/clock.
Stir the mixture continuously with the thermometer making sure that the magnesium ribbon
remains inside the solution as it reacts. Measure the temperature after every 30 seconds and
record the values in table 5. Continue stirring and measuring the temperature to complete table 5.
Table 5
Time
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300
(sec)
Temp.
22.0 23.0 24.0 26.0 27.0 27.0 26.0 25.0 24.0 23.0 22.0
(oC)

QUESTIONS
(i) On the grid provided, plot a graph of temperature (vertical axis) against time. See graph.
(ii) Using the graph, determine the change in temperature ∆T.
The ∆T should be shown on the graph.
∆T = 26.5 – 22.0 = 4.5 oC
(iii) Determine the number of moles of magnesium that reacted with hydrochloric acid. (Mg = 24)
= 0.0025
(iii) Using your answer in (iii) above, calculate the molar heat of reaction between magnesium and
hydrochloric acid..
(Assume the specific heat capacity of the solution is 4.2 kJ/kg/K and density of the
solution is 1.0 g/cm3)
= - 378,000 J/mole

SNIPERS CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS GUIDE Page 21

Temperature

28

26

24

22

50 100 150 200 250 300 Time

EXAMPLE 6 (COOLING CURVE) – KCSE 2005

You are provided with solid M in a test tube.

You are required to determine the freezing point of solid M.

PROCEDURE
Place 150 cm3 of tap water in a 200 ml. or 250 ml. beaker. Heat the water to near boiling. Using a
test tube holder, immerse the test tube containing solid M into the hot water (Ensure that half of
the test tube is immersed). Continue heating the water until the solid starts to melt. Insert a
thermometer into the liquid being formed in the test tube and note the temperature when all the
solid has just melted. Record the temperature in table 6. Remove the test tube from the water and
immediately start a stop watch/clock and record the temperature of the contents of the test tube
after every half minute and complete the table. Dip the thermometer into the hot bath to clean it
then wipe it with tissue paper.

SNIPERS CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS GUIDE Page 22

 Table 6
Time (min) 0 ½ 1 1½ 2 2½ 3 3½

Temp. (oC) 82.0 73.0 69.0 68.0 68.0 68.0 66.0 65.0
Temperature

84

80

76

72

68

64

60

½ 1 1½ 2 2½ 3 3½
Time

QUESTIONS
(i) On the grid provided, plot a graph of time (horizontal axis) against temperature. See graph.
Note that the plots are joined with a dropping curve joining a horizontal line followed by a
dropping curve.
(ii) From the graph, determine the freezing point of solid M. (Ans. 68.0 oC)

SNIPERS CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS GUIDE Page 23

 EXAMPLE 7 (RATE OF REACTION) – KCSE 2002

You are provided with the following:

 Hydrogen peroxide labeled solution A.
 Dilute sulphuric acid labeled solution B
 Sodium thiosulphate labeled solution C
 Potassium iodide labeled solution D
 Starch solution labeled solution E
 Distilled water in a wash bottle.
You are required to determine how the rate of reaction of hydrogen peroxide with potassium
iodide varies with the concentration of hydrogen peroxide.
PROCEDURE
Experiment 1
Label two 200 ml or 250 ml beakers as beaker 1 and beaker 2.
Using a burette, place 25.0 cm3 of solution A into beaker 1. Into the same beaker, add 20 cm3 of
solution B using a 50ml or 100ml measuring cylinder. Shake the contents of beaker 1.
Using a 10ml measuring cylinder, place 5cm3 of solution C into beaker 2 followed by 5cm3 of
solution D then 2cm3 of solution E. shake the contents of beaker 2. Pour the contents of beaker 2
into beaker 1 and start a stop watch/clock immediately. Swirl the mixture and let it stand. Note the
time taken for the blue colour to appear. Record the time in the space provided for experiment 1 in
the table below. Clean beaker 1. Repeat the procedure with the volumes of water, solutions A, B, C,
D and E as shown in the table for experiments 2 to 5.
(a)Complete the table by computing 1 /time
(b) Plot a graph of 1/time (Y-axis) against volume of hydrogen peroxide used solution A(X axis)
SEE GRAPH 7

Table 7
Experim Beaker1 Beaker 2
ent
Volume Volume of Volume of Volume of Volume of Volume 1
of water H2O2, dil. H2SO4, Na2S2O3, KI, of
Time time
(cm3) solution A solution B solution C solution Starch
(sec)
(cm3) (cm3) (cm3) D(cm3) solution
, E(cm3)
1 0 25 20 5 5 2 18.00 56.0x10-3
2 5 20 20 5 5 2 22.50 44.0x10-3
3 10 15 20 5 5 2 30.50 33.0x10-3
4 15 10 20 5 5 2 43.50 23.0x10-3
5 20 5 20 5 5 2 90.50 11.0 x1 0-3

QUESTIONS
(a) Complete the table by computing

(b) On the grid provided, plot a graph of (vertical axis) against volume of hydrogen peroxide
used, solution A. See graph.
Note that the straight line must pass through the origin, or if produced would pass through the
origin.

SNIPERS CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS GUIDE Page 24

 70

60
X 10 -3
𝐓𝐢𝐦𝐞
𝟏

50

40

30

20

10

5 10 15 20 25 30 Volume of A
QUESTIONS
(c) From your graph, determine the time that would be taken if the contents of beaker 1 were:
17.5 cm3 water, 7.5 cm3 solution A and 20 cm3 solution B.
= 16.5 x 10-3 = 0.0165 T= = 60.61 seconds
N/B: The straight line must pass through the origin. Or if produced would pass through the
origin.
CONFIDENTIAL FOR EXAMPLE 7 ABOVE
1. Solution A is prepared by adding 200 cm3 of fresh 20 volume hydrogen peroxide to about 600 cm3 of
distilled water and diluting to one litre of solution.
(Should be stored in a stopered container and used when still fresh)
2. Solution B is 2M H2SO4.
3. Solution C is prepared by dissolving 12g of solid sodium thiosulphate(Na 2SO3) in about 800 cm3
distilled water and diluting to one litre of solution.

SNIPERS CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS GUIDE Page 25

4. Solution D is prepared by dissolving 10g of potassium iodide in about 700 cm 3 of distilled water and
diluting to one litre of solution.
5. Solution E is prepared by dissolving 10g of starch (soluble) in about 600 cm 3 of hot (boiling) distilled
water and diluting with hot boiling water to one litre of solution.

EXAMPLE 8 – SOLUBILITY
You are provided with:
 4.5g of solid A in a boiling tube.
 Solution B, 0.06 M acidified potassium manganate (VII)

You are required to determine:

(1) the solubility of solid A at different temperatures.
(2) The number of moles of water of crystallization in solid A.

PROCEDURE
(a) Using a burette, add 4 cm3 of distilled water to solid A in the boiling tube.
Heat the mixture while stirring with the thermometer to about 70 oC. When
all the solid has dissolved, allow the solution to cool while stirring with the
thermometer. Note the temperature at which crystals of solid A first
appear. Record this temperature in table 8.
(b) Using the burette, add 2 cm3 of distilled water to the contents of the boiling
tube. Warm the mixture while stirring with the thermometer until all the
solid dissolves. Allow the mixture to cool while stirring. Note and record the
temperature at which crystals of solid A first appear.
(c) Repeat procedure (b) two more times and record the temperatures in the
table. Retain the contents of the boiling tube for use in procedure (e).
(d) (i) Complete table 8 by calculating the solubility of solid A the different
temperatures. N/B: Solubility =

Table 8
Volume of water in Temperature at which Solubility of solid A
the boiling tube(cm3) crystals of solid A (g/100g water)
first appear(oC)
4 67.0 112.5
6 56.0 75
8 49.0 56.25
10 44.0 45

(ii) On the grid provided plot a graph of the solubility of solid A (vertical axis)
against temperature.
(iii) Using your graph, determine the temperature at which 100g of solid A
would dissolve in 100 cm3 of water.

SNIPERS CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS GUIDE Page 26

 120
Solubility g/100gH2O

100

80

60

40

20

10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Temperature
(e) (i) Transfer the contents of the boiling tube into 250 ml volumetric flask.
Rinse both the boiling tube and the thermometer with distilled water and
add to the volumetric flask. Add more distilled water to make up to the
mark. Label this solution A. Fill the burette with solution B. Using a
pipette and a pipette filler place 25.0 cm3 of solution a into a conical
flask. Warm the mixture to about 60oC.
Titrate the hot solution A with solution B until a permanent pink colour
persists. Record your readings in table 2. Repeat the titration two more
times and complete table below.

SNIPERS CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS GUIDE Page 27

 I II III
Final burette reading(cm3) 24.1 24.2 24.3
Initial burette reading(cm3) 0.0 0.0 0.0

Volume of solution B used (cm3) 24.1 24.2 24.3

(ii) Calculate the:

I. Average volume of solution B used.

= 24.2 cm3

II. Number of moles of potassium manganate(VII) used.

= 0.001452 moles

III. Number of moles of A in 25 cm3 of solution A given that 2 moles of

potassium manganate (VII) react completely with 5 moles of A.
2 moles = 0.001452
5 moles = 0.00363 moles
IV. Relative formula mass of A.
25cm3 = 0.00363 moles
250cm3 = 0.0363 moles

RFM = = 123.97

N/B: FOR TEACHERS ONLY – Solid A is oxalic acid

SNIPERS CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS GUIDE Page 28

 PRACTICE EXERCISE ON VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1

You are provided with;

-solution P containing 4gdm-3 of NaOH.
-Solution Q, made by dissolving 0.9125g of a monobasic acid HX in distilled water
and the solution made up to 500cm3 of solution.
You are required to determine the relative atomic mass of X in HX.

PROCEDURE
Fill the burette to the mark with solution P. Pipette 25 cm3 of Q into a conical
flask and titrate using phenolphthalein indicator. Record the volume of solution P
used in table below.

TITRATION NUMBER I II III

Final Burette Reading (cm3) 12.3 12.4 12.5
Initial Burette Reading (cm3) 0.0 0.0 0.0
Volume of solution P used(cm3) 12.3 12.4 12.5

(a) Determine the average volume of solution P used.

(b) Calculate the concentration of solution P in moles per litre.

(c ) Calculate the number of moles of solution P used in the experiment.

(d) Determine the number of moles of solution Q used in the experiment.

(e) Calculate the concentration of solution Q

(i) in moles/litre

(ii) in g/litre

SNIPERS CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS GUIDE Page 29

 (f) (i) Determine the RFM of HX and hence

(ii) Determine the RAM of X

PRACTICE EXERCISE 2

You are provided with;

-0.5g of a divalent metal carbonate, MCO3, solid Q.
-0.5 M hydrochloric acid, solution R.
-1 M sodium hydroxide, solution T
You are required to
-determine the relative atomic mass of M in MCO 3

PROCEDURE
Fill the burette with solution T. put the entire solid Q in a conical flask. Add to it 30 cm 3 of 0.5 M
hydrochloric acid, solution R. swirl gently until effervescence stops. Add two drops of
phenolphthalein indicator. Titrate solution R against solution T. record your results in table below;

TITRATION NUMBER I II III

Final Burette Reading (cm3) 5.0 5.1 5.2
Initial Burette Reading (cm3) 0.0 0.0 0.0
Volume of solution T used(cm3) 5.0 5.1 5.2

(a) Determine the average volume of solution T used.

(b) Calculate the number of moles of solution T used in the experiment.
(c) Calculate the number of moles of the acid R that reacted with solution T in the titration.
(d) Calculate the number of moles of the acid present in the original 30 cm 3 of 0.5 M hydrochloric
acid solution R.
(e) Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid, solution R that reacted with solid Q.
(f) Write an equation for the reaction between solid Q and hydrochloric acid solution R
(g) Calculate the number of moles of solid Q that reacted with solution R.
(h) Calculate the RFM of MCO3
(i) Determine the RAM of M in MCO3 (C =2.0, O = 16.0)

SNIPERS CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS GUIDE Page 30

PRACTICE EXERCISE 3
You are provided with;
-solution R, which is ethanedioic acid (oxalic acid) H 2C2O4.nH2O made by dissolving 10.1 g and
diluting it to 1 litre of solution.
-0.2 moldm-3 NaOH solution X
You are required to
-standardize the acid R
-determine the value of n in H2C2O4.nH2O
PROCEDURE
Fill the burette with solution X. Pipette 25 cm 3 of solution R into a clean conical flask. Using
phenolphthalein indicator titrate solution X with solution R and complete table below;

TITRATION NUMBER I II III

Final Burette Reading (cm3) 20.4 20.5 20.6
Initial Burette Reading (cm3) 0.0 0.0 0.0
Volume of solution X used (cm3) 20.4 20.5 20.6

(a) Determine the average volume of solution X used.

(b) Calculate the number of moles of solution X used in the experiment.
(c) Write an equation for the reaction between solution R and solution X
(d) Calculate the number of moles of solution R used in the experiment.
(e) Calculate the molarity of solution R.
(f) Determine the RFM of H2C2O4.nH2O
(g) Determine the value of n. (H = 1, C = 12, O = 16)

PRACTICE EXERCISE 4
You are provided with;
-solution S, an acid HaX containing 0.05 mol dm-3 of solution.
-solution T, containing 1 g of NaOH in 0.5 dm 3 of solution.
You are required to determine
-the value of a
-basicity of acid HaX
PROCEDURE
Fill the burette with solution S. Pipette 25 cm 3 of solution T into a clean conical flask. Using
phenolphthalein indicator titrate solution S with solution T and complete table below;
TITRATION NUMBER I II III
Final Burette Reading (cm3) 12.7 12.80 12.9
Initial Burette Reading (cm3) 0.0 0.0 0.0
3
Volume of solution S used (cm ) 12.7 12.80 12.9

(a) Determine the average volume of solution S used.

(b) Calculate the number of moles of solution S used in the experiment.
(c) Calculate the concentration of solution T
(i) In g/ litre.
(ii) In moles/litre
(d) Calculate the number of moles of solution T used in the experiment.
(e) Calculate the number of moles of NaOH, solution T that reacts with 1 mole of H aX

SNIPERS CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS GUIDE Page 31

(f) State the value of a.
(g) What is the basicity of acid HaX ?

PRACTICE EXERCISE 5
You are provided with;
-solution M1 which is an alkali XOH containing 3.24g of the alkali in one litre of solution.
-solution M2 which is 0.045 M sulphuric(VI) acid solution.
You are required to determine the molarity of the alkali and then the R.A.M of X in XOH.
PROCEDURE;
Fill the burette to the mark with solution M2. Pipette 25 cm 3 of M1 into a conical flask and titrate
using phenolphthalein indicator.

TITRATION NUMBER I II III

Final Burette Reading (cm3) 22.4 22.5 22.6
Initial Burette Reading (cm3) 0.0 0.0 0.0
Volume of solution M2 used(cm3) 22.4 22.5 22.6

(a) What is the average volume of M2 used?

(b) Determine the number of moles of solution M2 used.
(c) Write an equation for the reaction between M1 and M2.
(d) Determine the number of moles of solution M1 used.
(e) Determine the concentration of solution M1 in moles per litre.
(f) Determine the relative molecular mass of XOH.
(g) Determine the RAM of X in XOH.

PRACTICE EXERCISE 6
You are provided with:
- Solution S1 containing 9.8 g of ferrous ammonium sulphate (RFM = 392) in 250 cm 3 of solution
- Solution S2 of potassium manganate (VII)
- Solution S3 of 1M sulphuric acid
- Solution S4 of hydrogen peroxide
You are required to:
(a) Standardize the potassium manganate (VII) solution S2.
(b) Determine the concentration of hydrogen peroxide solution S4.

PROCEDURE I
Pipette 25 cm3 of ferrous ammonium sulphate solution S1 into a conical flask.
Add 10 cm3 of sulphuric acid solution acid S3.
Titrate this mixture with potassium manganate (VII) solution S 2 until the first permanent pink colour
appears. Record your results in table 1 below and repeat the procedure to fill the table.
I II III
3
Final burette reading (cm ) 5.5 5.6 5.7
Initial burette reading (cm3) 0.0 0.0 0.0
Volume of S2 used (cm3) 5.5 5.6 5.7

(i) Calculate the average volume of potassium manganate (VII) solution S 2 used.

SNIPERS CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS GUIDE Page 32

(ii) Given that the equation for the reaction is
5Fe(2aq )  MnO 4( aq )  8H (aq)  
 5Fe3( aq 2
)  Mn ( aq )  4H 2 O ( l )

Calculate;
(a) The number of moles of ferrous ammonium sulphate S1 used.
(b) The number of moles of potassium manganate (VII) S2 that reacted.
(c) The concentration of the potassium manganate (VII) solution S2 in moles per litre.

PROCEDURE II
Pipette 25 cm3 of hydrogen peroxide, solution S4 into a conical flask and add 25 cm3 of sulphuric
acid solution – S3. Titrate the mixture with the standardized potassium manganate (VII) solution S 2
until the first permanent pink colour appears and record your results in the table II below. Repeat
the procedure to fill the table.
I II III
3
Final burette reading (cm ) 26.9 27.0 27.1
Initial burette reading (cm3) 0.0 0.0 0.0
3
Volume of S2 used (cm ) 26.9 27.0 27.1

(i) Calculate the average volume of potassium manganate (VII) solution S2 used.
(ii) Given that the equation for the reaction is
5H 2 O 2( aq )  2MnO 4( aq)  16H (aq ) 
 5O 2( g )  2Mn (2aq )  10H (aq )  8H 2 O ( l)
Calculate;
(a) The number of moles of potassium manganate (VII) S2 that reacted.
(b) The number of moles of hydrogen peroxide S4 that reacted.
(c) The concentration of hydrogen peroxide S4 in moles per litre.

PRACTICE EXERCISE 7
You are provided with:
- Solution A, containing 4.0gdm-3 of sodium hydroxide
- solution B, hydrochloric acid
- 2.5 g of a mixture of two salts, XCl (RFM 58.5) and X2CO 3 (RFM 106)
You are required to:
i ) Standardize solution B, hydrochloric acid.
ii) Determine the mass composition of the salt mixture
PROCEDURE 1
1. Fill the burette with solution B
2. Pipette solution A into a clean dry conical flask. Then add 2 -3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator.
3. Titrate solution A solution with solution B. Record your results in the table below.
4. Repeat the procedure two more times to retain concord and values.
TABLE 1
Titration number 1 2 3
3
Final burette reading (cm ) 24.4 24.5 24.6
3
Initial burette reading(cm ) 0.0 0.0 0.0
Volume of acid used (cm3) 24.4 24.5 24.6

SNIPERS CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS GUIDE Page 33

a) Calculate the average volume of solution B used.
b) Find; i) Moles of sodium hydroxide that reacted with the acid
ii) Moles of hydrochloric acid present in the average volume
iii) Molarity of the acid

PROCEDURE II
1. Put about 100cm3 of water in a 250ml volumetric flask. Add all the 2.5g of salt mixture. Shake the
mixture to dissolve. Top up the solution to the mark with distilled water Label this solution C
2. Fill this burette with solution B.
3. Pipette 25cm3 of solution C and put it into a clean conical flask. Add 3 drops of methyl orange
indicator.
4. Titrate solution C with solution B. Record your results in the table below.
5. Repeat the titration two more times
TABLE II
TITRATION 1 2 3
Final burette reading (cm3) 11.9 12.0 12.1
Initial burette reading (cm3) 0.0 0.0 0.0
3
Volume of solution B used (cm ) 11.9 12.0 12.1

c) Calculate the average volume of solution B

d) Calculate the number of moles in the hydrochloric acid used
e) The equation for the reaction of the acid with one of the salts in the mixture is;
2 HCl(aq )  X 2 CO3 ( s )  2 XCl(aq )  CO2 ( g )  H2 O(l )
Calculate;
i) Moles of X 2 CO3 that reacted with the acid in the experiment
ii) Molarity of X 2 CO3
f) Calculate the mass of the salt mixture in grammes dm3
g) Calculate the percentage of XCl in this mixture

KCSE 2017
Q2. You are provided with;
 Solid K
 Aqueous ammonia
 Aqueous sodium sulphate
 Dilute nitric(V) acid
 Wooden splint
Solid D is suspected to be Lead (II) carbonate
(a) From the reagents provided, select and describe three tests that could be carried out consecutively to
confirm if solid K is lead (II) carbonate. Write the tests and expected observations in the places provided.

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(i)
Test 1 Expected Observations
To solid K in a test tube add dilute nitric (V) - Effervescence/bubbles of a colourless gas or
acid. fizzing.
Test for a gas produced with a burning - colourless gas put off a burning splint.
splint. Accept
Divide the resulting solution into two Colourless gas puts off a burning splint without mention of
portions for tests (2) and (3) below. effervescence for ½ mark.
Reject
- Other colours of gas
- Fizzling/hissing/sizzling
- colourless gas on its own

(ii)
Test 2 Expected Observations
To the first portion add aqueous ammonia White precipitate/suspension/solid insoluble in excess.
drop wise till in excess Accept for ½ mark; white soluble precipitate
Accept; white precipitate
Reject; white solution

(iii)
Test 3 Expected Observations
To the second portion add aqueous sodium sulphate White precipitate/suspension/solid

N/B: - For tests (1) to (3) penalize ½ mark when a candidate uses wrong formula of reagents, otherwise
penalize fully for wrong reagents.
- Reject any other colour of precipitate in tests 2 and 3.
(b) Carry out the tests described in (a) using solid K and record the observations and inferences in the spaces
provided.
(i) Test 1
Observations Inferences
Effervescence/bubble/fizzing 2-
CO3 present
OR Colourless gas that puts off a burning splint Accept: ion given in words
Reject: (i) fizzling/hissing/fizzling Penalize fully for any contradictory ion
(ii) colourless gas on its own.

(ii) Test 2
Observations Inferences
2+ 2+
White precipitate/suspension/solid insoluble Pb , Mg present
in excess Accept: (i) ions in words
(ii) lead(II) ions
(iii) magnesium ion
Penalize ½ mark for each contradictory ion to a
maximum of 1 mark.

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(iii) Test 3
Observations Inferences
No white precipitate Pb2+ absent
Accept for ½ mark Mg2+ present if Pb2+ is not
inferred as absent
N/B: For Mg2+ and Pb2+ to score, they must be
correctly inferred in test 2 above.
N/B: where the tests in 2(a) were not given or are wrong, then 2(b) does not score.

Alternative 2(a) (ii)

Test 2(adding Na2SO4)
Test 2 Expected Observations
To the first portion add aqueous sodium sulphate White precipitate/suspension/solid

Test 3 Expected Observations

To the second portion add aqueous ammonia drop White precipitate/suspension/solid insoluble in
wise till in excess excess.

Alternative 2(b) Adding Na2SO4

Test 3 Expected Observations
To the second portion add aqueous sodium White precipitate/suspension/solid
sulphate
General note
Where in tests 2, the candidate uses sodium sulphate solution, followed by aqueous ammonia in test 3,
accept part (a) completely, part (b) test 1 and 2 but reject test 3 observation and inferences.

Q3. You are provided with an organic compound solid M. Carry out the following tests. Record the
observations and inferences in the spaces provided.
(a) Place all of solid M in a boiling tube. Add about 10 cm 3 of distilled water and shake. Retain the solution
for use in procedure (b) (i), (ii) and (iii).
Observations Inferences
Solid dissolves to form a colourless solution Soluble salt/compound
Accept: colourless solution formed OR: Polar compound

(b) Use about 2 cm3 portions of the mixture in a test tube for tests (i), (ii), and (iii).
(i) To the first portion, add all the solid sodium carbonate provided.

SNIPERS CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS GUIDE Page 36

 Observations Inferences
No effervescence/bubbles/fizzing O O
Reject: - No fizzling ǁ ǁ
- No hissing - COOH / RCOOH / R – C – OH / – C – OH absent
- No sizzling Accept for ½ mark
Ignore mention of sodium carbonate dissolves - carboxylic acid, alkanoic acid absent
- solution not acidic
- H+ , H3O+ absent
Reject: solution is not an acid

(ii) To the second portion, add two drops of acidified potassium manganate(VII) and warm the mixture.
Observations Inferences
KMnO4 decolourized/ purple KMnO4 turns colourless =C=C= , - C Ξ C - , R-OH present
Accept: purple colour changes to colourless Accept for ½ mk
Reject: - It turns colourless - Unsaturated organic compound
- The solution turns colourless - Alcohol/alkanol
- Forms a colourless solution - Carbon to carbon double or triple bonds
Ignore mention of reducing agents e.g SO32-
Reject – Alkenes/alkynes, C=C, C Ξ C, -OH

(iii) To the third portion, add about 2 cm3 of acidified potassium dichromate (VI). Heat the mixture to boiling
and allow to stand for about 2 minutes.
Observations Inferences
Orange K2Cr2O7 turns green R-OH
Accept for 1 mk Reject – OH
- colour changes from orange to green
- solution changes from orange to green N/B:
Reject Penalize fully for any contradictory
- solution turns green functional group from b(ii) to b(iii)
- Yellow/any other contradicting colour on initial or final colour.
- solution decolourized/decolourized from orange to green

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 ANSWERS TO PRACTICE EXERCISE ON VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1 PRACTICE EXERCISE 5

(a) 12.4cm3 (a) 22.50cm3
(b) 0.1M (b) 0.0010 moles
(c) 0.00124 moles (c) 2XOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) X2SO4(aq) + H2O(l)
(d) 0.00124 moles (d) 0.002 moles
(e) (i) 0.0496M (e) 0.08M moles
(ii) 1.825g/litre (f) 40.5
(f) (i) 36.79 (g) 23.5
(ii) 35.79

PRACTICE EXERCISE 2
(a) 5.1cm3
(b) 0.0051 moles
(c) 0.0051 moles PRACTICE EXERCISE 6
(d) 0.015 moles PROCEDURE I
(e) 0.0019 moles (i) 5.6cm3
(f) Write equation (ii)(a) 0.0025 moles
(g) 0.00495 (b) 0.0005 moles
(h) (i) 101.01 (c) 0.08929M
(ii) 41 PROCEDURE II
(i) 27.0cm3
PRACTICE EXERCISE 3 (ii) (a) 0.0024 moles
(a) 20.5cm3 (b) 0.006 moles
(b) 0.0041 moles (c) 0.24M
(c) H2C2O4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na2C2O4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
(d) 0.00205 moles PRACTICE EXERCISE 7
(e) 0.082M PROCEDURE I
(f) 123.17 (a) 24.5 cm3
(g) n = 2 (b)(i) 0.0025 moles
(ii) 0.0025 moles
PRACTICE EXERCISE 4 (iii) 0.102M
(a) 12.8cm3 PROCEDURE II
(b) 0.00064 moles (c) 12.0cm3
(c) (i) 2g/litre (d) 0.001224 moles
(ii) 0.05M (e)(i) 0.000616 moles
(d) 0.00125 moles (ii) 0.02448M
(e) 1.953 moles (f) 10g/litre
(f) a = 2 (g) 74.05%
(g) basicity = 2

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 CONFIDENTIALS FOR PRACTICE EXERCISE ON
VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
1. About 120 cm3 of solution P NOTES
2. About 120 cm3 solution P 1. Solution R is made by dissolving 43 cm3 of conc
3. Burette HCl(s.g 1.18) in about 600 cm3 of distilled water
4. Pipette and the solution made up to one litre.
5. Two conical flasks 2. Solid Q is CaCO3
6. Access to phenolphthalein indicator. 3. Solution T is 1M NaOH

NOTES PRACTICE EXERCISE 4

1. Solution Q is made by dissolving 4.3 cm3 of conc 1. About 120 cm3 of solution S
HCl(s.g 1.18) in about 600 cm3 of distilled water 2. About 120 cm3 solution T
and the solution made up to one litre. 3. Burette
2. Solution P is 0.1M NaOH 4. Pipette
5. Two conical flasks
PRACTICE EXERCISE 2 6. Access to phenolphthalein indicator.
1. About 120 cm3 of solution R
2. About 120 cm3 solution X NOTES
3. Burette 1. Solution S is made by dissolving 2.75g of conc
4. Pipette H2SO4 in about 800 cm3 of distilled water and
5. Two conical flasks the solution made up to one litre.
6. Access to phenolphthalein indicator. 2. Solution T is 0.05M NaOH

NOTES PRACTICE EXERCISE 5

1. Solution R is made by dissolving 10.1 cm3 of 1. About 120 cm3 of solution M1
oxalic acid in about 600 cm3 of distilled water 2. About 120 cm3 solution M2
and the solution made up to one litre. 3. Burette
2. Solution X is 0.2M NaOH 4. Pipette
5. Two conical flasks
PRACTICE EXERCISE 3 6. Access to phenolphthalein indicator.
1. About 120 cm3 of solution R
2. About 120 cm3 solution T NOTES
3. Burette 1. Solution M1 is 0.081M NaOH
4. Pipette 2. Solution M2 is made by dissolving 2.45cm3 of
5. Two conical flasks conc H2SO4 in about 800 cm3 of distilled water
6. Access to phenolphthalein indicator. and the solution made up to one litre.
7. 0.5g solid Q

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