CONTENT

SL.NO HEADINGS PAGE NO.

HISTORY
1 SOURCES 1

2 GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES AND PRE HISTORIC INDIA 2

3 ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS OF INDIA 3

4 ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS OF THE WORLD 6

5 GREEK, ROMAN AND AMERICAN CIVILIZATIONS 8

6 THE BIRTH OF NEW RELIGIONS 12

POLITICAL SCIENCE
1 MEANING AND IMPORTANCE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE 13

2 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 13

SOCIOLOGY
1 INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY 15

2 CULTURE 16

GEOGRAPHY
1 THE EARTH-OUR LIVING PLANT 16

2 LITHOSPHERE 17

3 ATMOSPHERE 19

ECONOMICS
1 INTRODUCTION TO ECONOMICS 19

2 MEANING AND TYPES OF ECONOMY 20

BUSINESS STUDIES
1 COMPONENTS OF BUSINESS STUDIES 20

2 BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY 21

 HISTORY Hiuen Tsang‟s Si-yu-ki
LESSON – 1 .SOURCES Tolemy‟s Geography
1. A systematic study of the past History Ferishta‟s Tarikh-i-Ferishtha
2. the stance of history „There Is No
Source No History‟ Babar‟s Tuzk-e-Babri
3. If the things used by human beings in 15.The drawbacks of native literatures
the past have remained, then they are Are Exaggeration, hyperbole, loyalty to
called as Sources. one‟s master.
4. the agricultural tools left by the earlier 16.The drawbacks of foreign literatures
people, forts, coins, inscriptions, arms,
1. due to lack of local knowledge
temples and other religious buildings are
considered as sources to writehistory. 2. many misgivings are recorded
5.Tthe main source of history the written 17. The folk story, folk songs, folk
documents and literary works legends, ballads, and others that
6. The materials needed for the writing of pass on from One person to another
history are the primary sources.
by word of mouth is called as Oral
7. Types of sources are a)Literary Sources
b) Archaeological sources. literature.
8. Types of literatry sources are 18.Legends:Legends mean the local myth
1) Written Literature 2) Oral Literature -ological stories.
9.The main source of literary sources 19. Archaeological sources are divided
Written literature. into four types :
10. Types of written literatures are 1. Inscription 2. Coins.
1)Nativ Literature 2)Foreign Literature 3. Monuments. 4. Other ruins
11. The literature created by Indians in 20. The hidden things in the earth are
native languages is called as the dug out by using scientific methods.
Native Literature. This process is called as excavation.
12.IMPOTANT NATIVE LITERARY 21.During excavation, ruins of buildings,
WORKS ARE: inscriptions, coins, terracotta pieces,
Kautilya‟s Arthashastra bangles, seals, beads, bone pieces,
KingHala‟s Gathaspathasathi metal and others have been found.
Vishaka Dutta‟s Mudrarakshas 22. Inscriptions mean engraved writing.
23.Inscriptions are written on stone,
Kalhana‟s Rajatarangini
rock, metal, ivory, terracotta and
Banabhatta‟s Harsha Charitha
other materials that last longer.
ChandBhardayi‟s Prithiviraja Raso
24.Ashoka‟s inscriptions are the earliest
Pampa‟s Vikramarjunavijaya inscriptions found in India.
13. Many foreigners who visited India as 25.Most of Ashoka‟s inscriptions are in
travellers, ambassadors, businessmen, Bhramhi script.
officials and missionaries have rec- -orded 26. Thousands of inscriptions are found
their observations and exper- -iences in the in Kannada, Telugu, Tamil,Sanskrit,
considered as Foreign Literature. Prakrit languages.
14. Impotant foreign literary 27. The inscriptions which portray the
works are: military achievements of then rulers
Megasthanese‟s Indica are:
Fa-hien‟s Gho-ko-ki Samudra Gupta‟s Allahabad

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 inscription, ImmadiPulukeshi‟s Aihole 2. There is an intimate
inscription,Kharavela‟s Hathigumpa relationship between human
inscription. life and the environment.
28. Coins are helpful in understanding, 3.India is a sub-continent
1. Geographical extent of the ruler‟s occupying a huge area in the
kingdom. southern part of the Asian
2. language of administration. Continent.
3. titles that the kings possessed their 4. India shares its boundaries
religion. with Pakistan, Afghanistan,
4.economic conditions of the times. China, Nepal, Bhutan,
5. metal technology in vogue of the Bangladesh and Myanmar.
particular kingdoms. 5. India consists of 29 states
29.Gouthamiputra Shathakarani‟s title and 6 union territories and
was „thriasamudra toya pithavahana‟. one national capital region
30.Palaces, temples, forts and pillars (Delhi).
etc,. are the monuments. 6. the Himalayan mountains
31.Meharuli‟s iron pillar was the Exa- and Indo-Gangetic plain
-mple for Gupta‟s maturity in science. occurs in the Northern part of
32.Vijayapura‟s whispering Golgumbuz Inida
is the evidences of the maturity of 7. The Deccan Plateau and the
bijapur Adilshahi‟s Science and Tech-
Coastal region occurs in the
-nical knowledge.
Southern part of India.
33. The cave pictures and engravings of
8. In ancient India The attacks
Elephanta, Ellora and Ajanta narrate
have been mainly from the
The mastery over painting and scu-
north- western side through
-lpture during their time.
the valleys of Bolan and
34. The monuments of Nalanda and the
architecture of Madrasas built by Khyber passes.
Gawan in Bidar narrate the importa- 9. The Narmada river separates
-nce given to education during those India into two - Malwa plateau
times. or (Central Highlands) and
35.By applying carbon-14 dating the Deccan Plateau, in the
procedure on biological ruins (dead south.
animals, birds and trees) found in these 10.Indian Coastline is vast and
sites, one can arrive at the accurate period stretches over 6,100 kms.
of the ruins. 11.The eastern coastline is called
36. C - 14 - Radio active carbon: This the Coromandel Coast.
should be done only to the biological fossils 12.The western coastline is
(tree, birds, plants, and animals). referred as Konkan and
********************************** Malabar coast.
CHAPTER–2 13.Unity in diversity is the
GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES essence of Indian culture.
14.The period before the
AND PRE - HISTORIC INDIA
discovery of the art of writing
is called the Prehistoric age.
1. Geographically, India is a
peninsula.

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 15.The scholars who study the 6.Harappa civilization cities are said to be
Prehistoric period are called 4600 years. Old.
Archaeologists. 7.We can see two or more parts in the cities
16.Signs of ashes have been
of Harappa.
obtained in the caves of
Kurnool 8. The western part is narrow and at an
17.cave-drawings can be seen in elevated place.
Madhya Pradesh, Uttar 9. The eastern part is wide and at a lower
Pradesh and Karnataka. level.
There are beautiful drawings
10. Mohenjo-Daro, one of the cities, had a
of wild animals and hunting.
18. It is believed that water tank.
12,000 years ago a major 11.Scholars have called this as the bathtank.
change took place in the 12.The Bath tank has steps on either sides to
Earth’s environment. go down, and has rooms all around.
19.The period from 12,000 years 13. The water was supplied to the tank by a
to around 10,000 years is
well, and used water was let out.
called the Middle Stone Age.
20.The New Stone Age began 14. very important people used to take bath
after 10,000 years. in this pool on special occasions.
21. The age that prevailed 2 15. Fire alters have been discovered in
million years ago is the oldest other cities like Kalibangan and Lothal.
age and is called the Old
16. Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa and Lothal
Stone Age
22. Old Stone Age has been had constructed systematic granaries.
classified into three stages 17. The lower town in the low lying area of
namely - the Early, Middle the city was the place of habitation of
and Late Old Stone Ages. the people.
18. Almost every person lived in either one
CHAPTER-3
or two-storied house.
ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS OF INDIA
1. There is a site named Mehrgarh near 19. The cities had a neatly laid-out undergr
the fertile plain of Bolan pass which -ound sewage system.
leads to Iran. 20. The layout of the town reveals the
2. The people of Mehrgarh were the first existence of administrative class.
ones to have learnt the cultivation of 21. The people of Harappan culture had
Barley and Wheat crops and the rear- depended on agriculture and trade.
- ing of goat and sheep. 22.Wheat,Barley,pulses and mustard were
3. Mehargarh is the first village that has their main crops.
come to our notice. 23.They had learnt to grow cotton and
4.The peopl of Mehrgarh lived in houses. weave cloth from it.
Some houses had four or more rooms. 24.Oxen were used to carry heavy loads.
5.The ancient sites of Harappa were disco 25.Trade and commerce had assumed pri -
-vered by the engineers 150 years ago. mary importance along withagriculture.

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26. The towns carried on business with Yajur-Veda and Atharva-Veda are
rural areas. the four Vedas.
27.Baluchistan, Saurashtra and the 37.Vedas are mainly a compilation of
Deccan were some of these areas. nature worship, Yaga and process of
28. The seals obtained at Mesopotamia yagas; and balck magic. These are also
establish the fact that the Indus Valley called as „Samhithe‟.
Civilization had trade relations with it. 38.Every „Samhithe‟ has a text called
29. Reasons for decline of the Harappa „Brahmana‟.
civilization: 39.Every Brahmana has an „Aranyaka‟
A)Some feel the dried rivers as the reason, and an „Upanishad‟.
and others feel that changed course of 40.Aranyakas have necessary supra-
rivers was the reason. -sensory instructions to hermits who
B) The destruction of forests as the cause. were living in the forest.
41.Upanishads are the reflective disco –
C)Probably inundation by floods could be -urses on philosophy.
the reason.
42.Upanishads are the evidence of intel
D) People living in Indus valley and some
-lectual maturity of Indians during
sites of West Punjab might have deser -
ted the area and migrated to new areas Veda period.
in the east and south. 43.Rig–Veda isthe first among all theVedas.
30. Aryans complied the Vedas. 44. Rig–Veda has 1028 sukthas or prayer
31.Aryans belonged to the early Indo-Eur songs.
opean tribe of southern Russia Eural
45. They are grouped under 10 Mandalas.
mountain slopes.
46. There was a gap of five hundred years
32. According B.K. Ghosh, many of the
groups of this tribe through Central between the initial text and the last
Asia came to Iran plateau and from text of Rig-Veda.
there migrated to Punjab area via 47.The language used in Rig-Veda belon –
Afghanistan. -gs to Indo-European family of
33. The vedic period is identified as languages.
the period between1500BCE and
48.The geography discussed in Rig-veda
700BCE.
extends from Afghanistan‟s Hindu
34. This is divided into two periods.
First part is the Rig-Veda period or kush mountain to doab of Ganga and
the beginning Vedic period. This Yamuna rivers (Doab is the area bet
period is between 1500BCE to 1000 BCE. -ween two rivers – the western part of
35.The second part is the post Rig-Veda present Uttar Pradesh state) and from
period or post Vedic period. This peri Kashmir to Sindh in the northern
-od is between 1000BCE and 700BCE.
boundaries.
36.Four Vedas : Rig-Veda, Sama-Veda,

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 50.There is no mention of the word Varna people around the King.
here. 69. The people who ruled over common
51.In the later Vedas the word „Varna people are called as „Kashatra‟.
appears. 70. The one who fights or a soldier was
called as „Yodha‟.
52. The first three „Varnas‟ performed the
71. The priest who conducted the Yagna
roles in rituals, administration and busi- -
was called as „Hothru‟.
ness and had the right for property.
72.Dur- ing Yagna, the reciting of slokas
53. The fourth Varna „Shudhra‟ comes duri
and consumption of Soma (a drink) was
-ng the last stage of Rig-Veda. done.
54. The local tribal groups; Dasyu, Paani, 73. More prominence was given to Fire
and Dasa form this shudra varna. (Agni) in Rig-Veda period.
55. Rig-Vedic people were basically into 74. There are around 200 shlokas on Fire.
animal husbandry. 75. Mahayagas were preformed by the rulers
56.They were not aware ofthe usage of iron and heads of various tribes, and were led
57.But, they were using „mature and by priests.
processed plants‟ as charcoal to melt 76. During the early Rig-Veda period
metals. references to minor God of cultivation –
58.The brass, an alloy was called as „Ayas‟. „Kshetrasya Pathi‟, God of plough „Devi
Sita‟, and minor house deity „Vasutosh-
59. The word „Pani‟ is referred to in Rig-Veda
pathi‟ are found.
many times. This was used to refer to a
local rich tribe. 77. The people of Rig-Vedic time did not
know the art of writing.
60. In Rig-Veda the cultivable land is called
as „Kshetra‟ and cultivation is called as 78. The language was based on phonetics.
„Krushi‟. only spoken
61. Oxen were used to pull carts and ploughs. 79. Sama-Veda has taken much from the
They were used to pull water Rig-Veda and with few alterations
62. „Yava‟ is identified as Barely. consisted of the slokas (mantras) that are
63. Tribes were living in gramas (Villages). recited at the time of Yagna.

64. Rajan or Raja was the head of the tribes. 80. Yajur-Veda has two different types of
text called „Black‟ (Krishna) and White
65. The names of Rajas were related to
(Shukla).
their specific tribes.
81. There is a reference to Iron in White
66.The position of Raja was hereditary.
Yajur-veda.
67. „Trukshi‟ of Puru clan and „Sudhas‟ of
82. Atharva-Veda has taken much from the
Bharatha clan are the examples for this.
tenth Mandala of Rig-Veda.
68. The words „Sabha‟ and „samithi‟ were
83.It is in prose form.
used to denote the assembly of common

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84. It has used the language of „Ashwamedha Yaga‟ gained importants.
„Brahamanas‟ rather than the ancient 101. During post Rig-Vedic period. „Rudra‟
language. and „Vishnu‟ had gained a significant
85. Some of the early food collecting tribes postiton.
like „Nishaada‟ and „Chaandala‟ were 102. In „Upnishads‟, new concepts like
„Karma‟ and „rebirth of the soul‟ were
grouped as untouchables.
created.
86. Women were placed at the lowest
CHAPTER – 4
position in the social hierarchy. ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS OF THE
87. There is a reference to „Dowry‟ in WORLD
Athrava-Veda. 1.Ancient civilizations of the world –
Egyptian civilization, mesapotamian
88. There was no practice of child marriage. Civilization, Chinese civilization.
89.Polygamy was prevalent among the rich 2 „The gift of nile river‟-Egypt
and powerful. civilization.
3. Egyptians They knew a lot about
90. The widow could remarry.
irrigation.
91. The following crops find reference in the 4. Egyptians invented the calendar which
text of Vedas :1. Paddy. 2. Barely. 3. has helped us to measure time.
Black gram. 4. Green Gram 5. Hieroglyphics: consists of small Draw-
5. Sesame. 6. Horse gram. 7. Foxtail -ings and has beencalled hieroglyphics.
millet. 8. Common Finger millet. 9. 6. Hieroglyphics wasa symbolic language.
Poor‟s Finger millet. 10. Kaadu 7. The Egyptians were expert farmers.
Nellu. 11. Wheat. 12. Masoor. 8. The priests were scholars and shoul-
92. There is a reference to metals like gold, -dered the responsibility of protecting
copper, iron, lead, brass and tin in vedas.
written documents.
93. Silver is also referred to in the vedic texts
9. Egyptians believed in life after death.
As per the archaeological evidences
10. The most powerful God of Life and
94. There is no indication of iron mining and
preparation before 1000BCE. Death of Egyptians Osiris.
95. The technology of converting iron to 11. Mummy: The dead body would be
steel was first found in west Asia smeared with various chemicals and
96.The iron artecrafts that were found in wrapped with a thin cloth.The entire
Athranjikhera (West Uttar Pradesh) body was in this way preserved. The
support this observation.
bodyprotected thuswas called‟mummy‟
97. The present Kurukshetra was the habitat
of Kuru tribe. 12. It would be kept in a specially desig-
98.Kosala and Videha tribes were present at -ned coffin.
the east end of Aryan‟s settlement. 13. The Greeks called these structures
99. A coronation ceremony to mark the „Pyramids‟.
ascendance to the throne by the King 14. The kings of Egypt were called
called „Rajasooya‟ came into existence.
„Pharaohs‟.
100. As a symbol of king‟s power

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15. „Pharaoh‟ means „a person who lives called Ziggurat.
in a palatial house‟. 32. The codes of Justice were formed by
16. In 1700 B.C.E. the people of Hammurabi.
Thebes rose in revolt against the 33. The main source of the law codes of
foreigners. Hammurabi are the rock edicts found
17. The Persian Emperor Cambyses occ- in 1901 C.E.
-upied Egypt inthe 6th Century B.C.E. 34.Today this has been kept in „The Louvre‟
18. Alexander occupied Persia in the 4th museum of Paris.
Century B.C.E. Egypt became a provi 35. Hammurabi‟s law enforced the logic
-nce of Macedonia. of „An eye for an eye and a tooth for a
19.Alexander founded the city of tooth‟.
Alexandria. 36. The Sumerians had entered Mesop
20. The last Egyptian queen, Cleopatra. -otamia in 4000 B.C.E. Later they
21. In 30 B.C.E., Augustus Caesar defeat were overpowered by the Akkadians.
ed her army. 37.After a thousand years, these Akkadians
22. From then onwards, Egypt became a came to be ruled over by theAmorites,
another Semitic tribe.
province of Rome.
23. Mesopotamia is an area that lies 38. The most famous king of the Amorites
in a valley between Euphrates and was Hammurabi.
Tigris rivers. 39. The Hittites who came later, occupied
24. The land which inspires awe and fasc the valley and destroyed all that they
-ination is called the „Land between the
rivers‟ or „Mesopotamia‟ by the Greeks. could not carry away.
25. The Sumerians were the first ones to 40. The Chaldeans, re-established Babylo
evolve asystem of writing called -nia in the 7th Century B.C.E. and dev
Cuniform in Mesopotamia. -eloped it into a prominent capital of
26. The central area of the Euphrates
that time.
and Tigris rivers had been referred
to as Babylonia. 41. Nebuchadnezzar was the greatest king
27. The northern part of Babylonia was among the Chaldeans.
called Akhad. 42. But the Chaldeans came under the
27(A). The southern part Sumer.
attack of the Persians in the 6th century
27(B). The northern part of Mesopotamia
was known as Assyria. B.C.E.
43. After the rulers of the Romans and
28. The history of Mesopotamia is a story
Turks who followed Alexander, this
of end less hatred and conflict. civilization declined and turned into a
29. The Sumerians, the hilly tribe from the wilderness.
north, were the first to arrive here. 44. „The sorrow of China‟ -- Hwang Ho
30. The Hanging Gardens of Babylonia river.
was created by Nebuchadnezzar 2. 45. The Chinese civilization was establi –
31. The Sumerians places of worship were
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 -shed beside the bank of river Hwang
Ho.
46. The first ruling family of the Chin – CHAPTER -5
-ese civilization was the Shang dynasty. GREEK, ROMAN AND AMERICAN
47. The Shang dynasty was overpowered CIVILIZATION
by the neighbouring Chau dynasty. 1. Greece is a peninsula in Mediter-
- anean Sea.
48. The Great Wall of China was establi – 2. Aegean Sea separates Greece from
-shed by Emperor Qin Shihuangti Asia Minor.
49. It is one of the seven wonders of the 3. Since the Balkan mountain range pass
world. -es through the middle of Greece, small
50. porcelain originated in China. hills and valleys divide Greece.
4.The Greeks belongto IndoEuropean race.
51.The ancient Chinese used to bury
5.The ancient Greek was called as
their dead along with porcelain pots, Hellen‟s. Because their forefather was
animals and the objects loved most Hellen this name had come.
6. Later, the Italians called Hellenes as the
during their lives.
Greek.
52. The Chinese used to wear thin cotton 7. There were many tribes communities like
dresses. Ayoulian, Ayonian and Dorius among the
53. They used silk too, and engaged in ancient Greeks.
silkworm-rearing. 8. The city states are called as „Polis‟ in
54. Silk- manufacturing was a prominent Greek language.
industry. 9. The Greek language, Homer‟s epic
55. Procelian was a custom of the Chinese poetry, Olympic games, and Greek Gods
to worship their ancestors. were able to knit Greeks together.
10. Athens and Sparta were the two
56. They believed that a dead man became
important city states of Greece.
a spirit and that the spirit had special
11. Athens is the capital of Attica state.
powers.
12. Athens was an ideal democratic city
57. The dead body was buried along with state in Greece.
various wooden articles, pots, bronze 13. The rich were electing an administrator
vessels and other objects. named „Archon‟.
58. The Chinese tradition of writing 14. A person by name Draco enforced
began with pictures and got transf- inhuman laws in Athens.
15.These were later modified and made
-ormed into an ideographic script.
human friendly by Solaan.
59. Writers used to write on silk and bam 16. After Solaan, anarchy set in Athens.
-boo slips. 17.The king Pericles period is called as „the
60.Porcelain and the Great Wall are the Golden Age of Athens‟.
exceptional contributions of this culture. 18. During the time of Pericles, art,litera
-ture, science, philosophy and other

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 fields of knowledge flourished. 37. Demosthenes was a great orator.
19. As result of this Athens was called as 38. Homer, the blind poet, wrote two
„The School of Hellas‟ by Pericles. great epics „Iliad‟ and „Odyssey‟.
20.Philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and
39. Iliad narrates the victory of Greeks
Aristotle belonged to Athens.
21. Sparta, the city state of Darien tribe, over Troy city.
was the military state of Greek. 40. Odyssey narrates the journey and
22. Athens and Sparta had successfully adventures of Greek hero Odysseus
encountered the invasion of Persian while coming back home from the
King Darius united and defeated the
victorious battle of Troy.
Persian forces in the marathon battle.
23. Later, Athens state organized a federat 41.Herodotus is called „the father of history
-ion of city states called „Confederacy 42. Sophocles wrote the plays „Oedipus
of Delos‟. the King‟ and „Antigone‟.
24. Two Peloponnesian wars were fought 43. Slavery was universal in Greeks
against by Athens and Sparta. 44. Greeks sang using a string instr-
25. The Greek Gods like human beings
-ument called „Lyre‟
had desires and aspirations.
45. The Parthenon temple was built by
26.Greeks believed that these Gods
Pericles.
resided on the Olympus mountain. 46.The most famous painter of that anci –
27. Zeus is the most important God. Hera -ent Greece – Polygnatus
is his wife. 47. Pythagoras and Thales were the two
28. Apart from them, Greeks worshipped stalwarts in mathematics.
48. Democritus who presented Atom theo
Apollo, Aphrodite, Ares and other gods. -ry vaguely.
29. Athena was the patron goddess of the 49. Hippocrates, called as the „father of
Athens city. Medicine‟.
50. Greeks had given equal importance
30. Zeus temple is located at Olympia. to both physical growth and psycho
31.All the ancient city states participated -logical growth.
in Olympic Games held at Olympia. 51.Olympics Games stands unique amo-
32. Socrates was the teacher of Plato. -ng these regular sports events.
52. It started 2759 years back in Olym- -
33. Plato was the teacher of Aristotle.
-pia. Olympics Games stands unique
34. Alexander, the King of Macedonia,
among these regular sports events.
was the illustrious student of
53. Greeks won the marathon battle agai-
Aristotle.
-nst Persians.
35. Plato had founded a learning 54. The Olympic Games began in Greece
institution named „Academy‟. in 776 BCE.
36. Aristotle founded a learning centre by 55.Greeks used tobe arranged in Olymp
name „Lyceum‟. -ia in Illis area as part of the Olympic

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 festival. institutions.
56. This festival was celebrated in honour 74. The Assembly was made up of all the
of the peace pact between Illis and middle-aged men, whereas the Senate
Pisa city-states. was an elite institution which was
57. The Olympic game came to an end
very influential.
when the Christian Emperor of
75. The Senate had the power to reject
Byzantine Theodossus banned them
in the 4th century C.E. the proposals of the Assembly and the
58. The Olympic Games were revived in king.
the 19th century under the initiative 76. In the 6th century B.C.E., republic was
of France.
established in Rome.
59. Even today olympic games are condu
-cted once in 4 years. 77. There were two classes in the Roman
60. Alexander died at Babilonia. society: the Patricians and the
61.Alexander built a city called Alexa- Plebians.
-ndria in Egypt. 78. The Patricians were the elite in the
62. Hemlock : The poison which given to society.
Socrates. 79. They were land-owners and formed
63. Plato was the architect of the idea of the upper class.
„Ideal Republic‟. 80 The Plebians were the common people.
64. Plato started the school „Academy‟ in 81. They were the ordinary workers, small
land-owners, artisans, small traders
Athens.
and soldiers.
65.Thefirst university of Europe Academy. 82. The „Punic Wars‟ : The Romans fought
66.Plato‟s scholorly works are with Carthage for 118 years.
„The Republic‟ and „The Text and 83. The wrestlers of ancient Rome were
History‟ called Gladiators.
67.Alpines mountain range passes 84. These fights which were fought betwe
through the centre of Italy. -en human beings, and sometimes
between human beings and animals,
68. Rome is on the banks of river Tiber.
ended in gruesome deaths of the par
69.The ancient people of Rome were -ticipants.
called as „Patricians‟. 85. The place where gladiators fought
were called as „Amphitheatre‟ and
70. The word Patrician originates from
„Colosseum‟.
the latin word „Pater‟ which means 86. The rule of the first triumvirate consis
'father.' -ting of Crassus, Pompey and Julius
71. Romans beleived Romuls and Remus Caesar started in Rome.
87. Julius Caesar won France and england.
as their forefathers. 88. Pompey won Syria and Turkey.
72. Rome was under the rule of a 89. Crassus died while wining Parthia.
monarchy. 90. Julius Caesar defeated and killed his
rival Pompey.
73. The Romans had „Assembly‟ and a 91 The Julian calendar was implemented
„Senate‟, as two political advisory by Julius Caesar.

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92.Augustus previous name was Octavius. among the ancient American Indians.
93. He formed the Second Triumvirate 111.The ruins of cities built of stone have
with Mark Antony and Lepidus.
94. The title of „Imperator‟ belongs to been obtained in Yucutan of Mexico,
Augustus Caesar. Guatemala and Honduras.
95. The period of Augustus Caesar is 112.The noteworthy intellectual chieve
called as the „golden period‟ of Rome.
-ments of the Mayas can be seen in
96. Jesus Christ lived during his period.
their writing (the hieroglyphs), astro
97.„Pax Romana‟ was established by
-nomy and their use of the calendar.
Augustus caesar.
113. There is no evidence of the use of
98. Pax Romana means peaceful period of
metal among the Mayas.
Rome.
114. Even in early 16th century, copper
99. barbaric attack by Odoacer led to
and gold were rare.
the fall of the Ancient Roman empire.
115. Till the 9th century, they were not
100.Vergil is Rome‟s greatest poet. Aeneid
aware of the use of bow and arrow.
was his epic poetry.
116.They treated Rain, Soil, Wind, Sun,
101.Colosseum and Amphitheatre are the
Moon and the Maize itself as their gods.
two best examples of Roman‟s superi
117. Texcoco is a lake in Mexico.
-ior architecture.
118. Aztecs are called Tenochca, a name
102.Pantheon is the largest building of
derived from their legendary, ancestor,
Rome with the biggest dome.
Tenoch.
103.Pliny the Elder prepared an encycl-
119.Their city was called Tenochtitlan
-opaedia named „Natural History‟.
(the stone rising in the water).
104. The famous doctor of Roman period
120. The city has also been called Mexica,
was -- Galen.
and its inhabitants were also known
105. The laws of Romans are the base of
by the same name.
all the modern laws.
106. Maya, Aztec and Inca are the ancient 121.Their language was Nahua. Even
Columbian civilizations of America. today there are people who speak
107.The American-Indian aborigines of Nahua in Mexico.
Yucutan area of Mexico are called 122. Barring the Incas of Peru, there has
the Mayas. been no one in the New World who
108. Their language is called Yucutec. has had an Empire like the Aztecs.
109. Physically, the Mayas were short, 123.It is the incredible story of a small
brown complexioned, long-haired wandering tribe that built and ruled
and generally round- headed people. an empire within the span of only
110.The Mayas were the most advanced one century.
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 124.The Aztec oral literature has been the Moon, the Stars and lightning, and
translated by the Spanish historians prayed to other natural phenomena.
and Social scientists.
125.These have been called has the CHAPTER – 6
Indian codices. RISE OF JAINISM AND
BUDDHISM
126.Tenochtitlan, the capital ofthe Aztecs. 1. Jainism and Buddhism are the two
127.Tenochtitlan which had grown to important religions emerged during 6th
symbolize their wealth and power. century.
2. Brahmins were the priests conducting
128.The Aztecs were basically nomadic „Yagna‟.
people. 3. Brahmins had the rights to receive
gifts and payments.
129.„Chinampas‟ : The small islands 4. Vyshyas were also called „twice born‟
around the island-city had been (Dvija).
5. The Shudhras were considered as the
converted into agricultural land.
labour class.
130.The Inca empire spread in the areas 6. Jainasm and Buddhism rejected
of Peru,Ecuador, Chile and Argentina. animal sacrifice and advocated non-
violence.
131.Tupac was a prominent leader of the
7. The „Janapadas‟ and „Mahajanapadas‟
Incas. in the river Ganga plains were getting
132.He had fought the earlier tribe of transformed into kingships.
Chimus and overpowered them. 8. Jainism is one of the very ancient
133.Their empire had been divided into religions.
9. Jains believed in the existence of 24
four provinces. Tirthankaras.
134.Chiefs looked after the provinces. 10. Rishabha was the first Tirthankara.
11. Parswanatha was the 23 Tirthankara.
Above them was the king.
12. Parswanatha was born as the son of
135.The land was divided into three parts. 136. King Aswasena in the 8th century B.C.E.
One part was reserved for families. 13. Aparigraha means not to own property.
The other two parts were meant for 14. Astheya means not to steal.
15. The fifth principle of Bramhacharya
the Sun God and the king respectively. was taught by Vardhamana.
137. Their most important buildings are 16. Vardhamana was born in Kundala
in Peru. grama in Vaishali.
17. Vardhamana‟s father was Siddhartha ,
138.The Sun God was the most important the king of the Gnatrika tribe.
deity of the Incas. 18. Trishaladevi, the princess of the
139.They believed that God Veerakocha Republic of Licchavi.
19. Vardhamana‟s mother was
was responsible for all creation. Trishaladevi.
140.They worshipped objects of nature like 20. At the age of 30 Vardhamana renounced
his family.

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21. Vardhamana wandered for 12 years in
this quest, and meditated. POLITICAL SCIENCE
22. At the age of 42, Vardhamana achieved
LESSON – 1
enlightenment .
23. Kaivalya means enlightenment. MEANING AND IMPORTA-
24. Jina means one who had over come -NCE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
his senses. 1. Political science is one of the
25. Mahaveera attained nirvana in his 72nd
year in Pavapuri of Bihar. social sciences
26.Samyakgyan , Samyakdarshan and 2. The main subject matter of political
Samyakcharitra are known as Triratnas. science is state
27. Jainism does not reject the existence of 3. Who began the systematic study of
God completely. Political Science ? Greeks
28.Jainism places God at a lower level than 4. Politics was given the status of an
Jina. independent science by
29.The process of punishment of the body Greeks
through meditation and fasting is known as 5. The great political thinkers of Greece
sallekhana. _________ and ________.
30. The concept of Karma is a very Plato & Aristotle
important aspect of Jainism. 6. The book “Republic” was written by
31. Those saints and their followers who Plato
wear white clothes are called Swethambars. 7. The book “Politics” was written by
32. Those saints and their followers who do
not wear any clothes are called Digambars. Aristotle
33. The preachings of Mahaveer were 8. The book “Economics” was written by
compiled in 12 volumes are called Angas. Koutilya
34. Due to the famine in Bihar,Jains 9. „The Father of Political science‟
migrated to the South and settled down at Aristotle
Shravanabelagola. 10. The term „Politics‟ is derived from
35. Siddartha who later became known as _________ language Greek
Gautam Buddha. 11. The word „polis‟ which means
36. Gauthama‟s father Shuddodana was the „city-state‟
king of the Republic of Shakya.
37. After attaining enlightenment, Gauthama LESSON – 2
became Buddha. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
38. Buddha gave his first sermon Saranath 1. The „Father of Public Administration‟ is
near Banaras. Woodrow Wilson
39.The first sermon of Buddha has been 2. Who used the word „Public Admini- -
called Dharma Chakra Pravarthana. stration‟ for the first time in 1812
40. Buddha gave his messages in Prakrit
Alexander Hamilton
language. 3. According to Woodrow Wilson,
41.In his 80th year, Buddha‟s glorious life public administration is “The
came to an end at Kushinagar.
holistic and orderly implementation of
42. After Buddha‟s death, his followers
law is Public Administration.”
collected his teachings and tradition in the 4. According to Luther Gulick, Public
form of Tripitakas.
Administration is “related to the

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 executive of the government”. service commissions The President
5 ____________ is the heart of a state 20. The tenure of the members of UPSC is
Public Administration Six years or attaining the age of sixty
five years, or which is earlier.
6. modern state is called as 21. The head office of UPSC presently it is
„Administrative State‟ based at New Delhi
7. Public administration supports 22. I.A.S., I.P.S., I.F.S., I.R.s exams conducts
________ & ___. Legislature, by Union public service commission
Executive (UPSC).
23. Karnataka Public Service Commission
8. Public Administration includes all the
(KPSC) was started on 18-05-1951
three pillars of administration: 24. Who appoints the Chairman and the
legislature, Judiciary and Executive. members of the state public Commissions
9. Luther Gulick explains the scope of Pu Governor
-blic Administration throug POSDCORB 25. The tenure of the members of KPSC is
10. The process of searching eligible Six years or attaining the age of sixty five
candidates for the civil services and years, or which is earlier.
26. „The nerve-centre of the government‟
motivating them to compete for the
Secretariat
civil services is called 27. Intelectual centre of government
Recruitment. schemes is Secretariat
11. Methods of recruitment 28. The administrative head of the
A. Direct Recruitment (External secretariat Chief
Recruitment) secretary
B. Internal Recruitment 29. The law and order are included as the
(Recruitment state subject under 17th schedule
by promotion) 30. The Central government has to protect the
12. Recruiting eligible candidates through states from external aggression. As per
competitive examinations in a fixed the Article 355
pattern is called Direct Recruitment‟ 31. As per the article 356, whenever there is
13. The training that an employee gains constitutional failure of state
while doing his duty Informal training government takes place, it should enforce
14. The example for Pre-Service training emergency or presidential rule in the state.
B.ed training 32. Expansion Of C.R.P.F:
15. The training is of four to six week Central Reserve Police
duration Short term training Force
16. The training is continuous in nature 33. Expansion of B.S.F:
and its duration would be of one to two Border Security Force
years long term training. 34. Expansion of R.P.F:
17. The example for long term training Railway Protection
upsc / kpsc trainings Force
18. According to the Article ______ of the 35. The responsibility of protects the property
constitution,Union Public Service com- of railways is Railway Protection
mission (UPSC) was started Article 315 Force
36. The responsibility of providingprotection
19. Who appoints the Chairman and the
to various big industries of the
members of the central and joint public
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 central Government is Central 20. KarlMarx was born on May 05, 1818
Industrial Security Force(CISF) in Trier of Germany.
37. The Police department comes under 21. Das Capital and The Holy Family are the
The Home Ministry. major works of Karl Marx.
22. Durkheim is called as the „father of the
development of Sociology‟.
SOCIOLOGY 23. Max Webber was born at Erfurt in
CHAPTER - I West Germany on April 1864.
INTRODUCTION TO 24. „The Protestant Ethics‟ and „The
Spirit of Capitalism‟are the major works of
SOCIOLOGY
Max Webber.
25. Dr B.R. Ambedkar full name was
1.Human beings are „intellectual‟beings. Bheemrao Ramji Ambedkar.
2. There is no society without individual. 26. Ambedkar fought against the
3. There is no individual without society. exploitations of Dalits in India.
4. human society is called as „a web of 27. B.R. Ambedkar was born in
social relationships‟. Ambawade village of Maharashtra on April
5. The word Sociology originates from 14, 1891.
„Socius‟ of Latin and „Logos‟ of Greek 28. B.R. Ambedkar started a fortnightly
language. magazine named „mookanayaka‟.
6. „Socius‟ means „companion‟. 29. Annihilation of caste was written by
7. „logos‟ means science or study. B.R. Ambedkar.
8. Sociology is the science of human 30. G.S Ghruye was born on December 12,
society. 1893 at Malvan of Maharastra.
9. “Sociology is study of Social Behaviour” 31. M.N.Srinivas popularised the „field
according to Max webber. based sociological studies‟ in India.
10. “Sociology is the science of social 32. 'Politics and Religion' are the major
institutions” according to Emile Durkheim. contribution of C.Parvatamma.
11. Sociology remains „neutral‟ in value 33. Iravati Karve was the student of
based aspects. G.S.Gurye.
12. Sociology is the youngest among all the 34. A.R.Desai was identified as „Marxist
social sciences. Sociologist‟.
13. August Comte is an important French 35. Human being is a social being.
philosopher.
14. August Comte is the first Social CHAPTER - 2
Philosopher. CULTURE
15. August Comte is called as „the father of 1. Human being is not only a social being
Sociology‟. but also a cultural being.
16. Comte used the word “Sociology‟ for the 2. Culture keeps human beings different
first time. from animals.
17. August Comte was born in Montpellier 3. Culture and society are two faces of the
of southern France on January 19, 1798. same coin.
18. Positive Philosophy and Positive Polity
are the major works of August Comte. 4. The word „Culture‟ is used in specific
19. Karl Marx is called as the founder of sense in Sociology and Anthropology.
„Class Struggle theory‟. 5. Culture means a life pattern of a group of
people.

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6. The word culture is derived from the 4. The Earth is flattened at the poles and
Latin word „Colere‟. bulges at the equator.
7. „Colere‟ means cultivate or tend in 5. The Equatorial diameter of the Earth
Latin. is 12756 kms.
8. Culture is divided into material culture 6. The land bodies of the Earth are known
and non-material culture. as Continents.
9. Ogburn divides culture into material and 7. The land bodies of the Earth are known
non-material culture. as Continents.
10. Compared to material culture, non 8. Australia is the smallest continent.
material culture undergoes slow change. 9. The large water bodies on the Earth are
11. Every social group has its own called oceans.
culture. 10. The Pacific is the largest and deepest
12. Culture is treasure of knowledge . ocean.
1 3 . Value is the tool that analyses the 11. The Arctic is the smallest and
attitudes, behaviour of a particular society. shallowest ocean.
14. Culture and Society are the two 12. The Northern Hemisphere is called the
face of the same coin. „Land Hemisphere‟.
15. The social controls define the human 13. The Southern Hemisphere is called the
behaviour. „Water Hemisphere‟.
16. Fairs are the most important cultural 14. The horizontal lines on the earth‟s
rituals of rural societies of India. surface are the lines of latitudes.
17. Every year, the Republic Day 15. The verticle lines on the earth‟s surface
celebrations showcase our unity in are the lines of longitudes.
diversity. 16. The Equator (00) is the longest line of
18. Non-material culture includes thoughts, latitude.
ideas, beliefs and values.
19. Material culture includes all those 17. There are 900 of latitudes on each side of
physical objects that are visible to eyes. the equator.
20. According to Malinowski, culture means 18. Including equator totally there are 181
“the tool created by human being to latitudes on the globe.
design his aims of life is called as 19. The ground distance between two
Culture”. degrees of latitudes is 110.4 kms.
21. Culture means the transfer of knowledge,
20. Lines of longitude are called Meridians.
experience, belief, value, behaviour, 21. „meri‟-means MID and „dian‟-DAY.
hierarchy, relationship from generation to 22. The Greenwich meridian (England)
generation. has been chosen as Prime Meridian.
************************************ 23. On the equator the distance between two
*** longitudes is 111 kms.
GEOGRAPHY 24. The earth takes to completes one
CHAPTER - I rotation in 24 hours.
THE EARTH–OUR LIVING PLANET 25. Every longitude has its own local time.
1. Earth is the third planet from the Sun. 26. In India, 82½0 East longitude is
2. The Earth is the fifth largest planet in the considered as the Standard Meridian.
Sun‟s family. 27. 82½0 East longitude passes through
3. Earth is approximately 4 times greater Allahabad of Uttar Pradesh.
than the Moon. 28. Russia has 11 time zones.

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29. USA and Canada have 5 time zones. 20. The sedimentary rocks are called
30. Australia has 3 time zones. secondary rocks.
31. The 23½0 North latitude is called as 21. Sandstone and Shale are example for
Tropic of Cancer. Mechanically formed sedimentary rocks.
22. Rock salt, Gypsum example for
32. 23½0 South latitude is called as Chemically formed sedimentary rocks.
Tropic of Capricorn. 23. Metamorphic rocks are the hardest
33. 1800 meridian was adopted as the rocks on the earth.
Inernational date line. 24. Granite : Gneiss : : Sandstone :
*********************************** Quartzite.
CHAPTER – 2 25. The funnel-shaped hollow at the top
LITHOSPHERE of the cone of a volcano is called
1.The outer-most solid layer of the earth is „Crater‟.
known as the „Lithosphere‟. 26. Mt. Stromboli and Mt. Etna in Italy are
2. Litho means „ROCK‟. the example for Active Volcanoes.
3. Human beings have been able to get 27. Mt. Vesuvius in Italy, Mt. Fujiyama in
information about the inside the earth up to Japan are the example for Dormant
10 to 12 kms. Volcanoes.
4. Crust, Mantle and Core are the three 28. The point of origin of the earthquake in
layers of the earth. the earth‟s crust is called the Seismic focus.
5. The crust is the uppermost layer of the 29. The point on the earth‟s surface
earth. vertically above the seismic focus is called
6. The depth of Crust is around 60 kms from the Epicentre.
the surface. 30. The scientific study of earthquakes is
7. The upper part of the crust is called SIAL. called Seismology.
8. The lower part of the crust is 31. seismic waves are recorded by an
called SIMA. instrument known as Seismograph.
9. The Mantle is the second and the middle 32. Primary waves are also known as
layer of the earth. longitudinal waves.
10. The depth of Mantle is up to 2900 33. Praimary waves are the fastest
kms from the surface. earthquake waves.
11. The contact zone of the crust and the 34. Surface waves are also called long
mantle is called Moho. waves.
12. The Core is the innermost layer of 35. Surface waves are the slowest waves but
the earth. cause highest destruction.
13. The depth of Core is up to 6371 kms 36. In Japanese language „Tsunami‟ means
from the surface. „harbour waves‟.
14. The important materials of the core are 37. The river is a most prominent agent of
Nickel and Ferrous (NIFE). denudation.
15. The outer core is known as molten core. 38. The place where a river takes its birth is
16. The inner core known as solid core. called „Source‟.
17. The word „Igneous‟ means „fire‟ 39.The point where river meets sea or ocean
derived from the Latin word „Ignis‟. is called „Mouth‟.
18. The Igneous rocks are also called 40. The point where a tributary joins the
Primary rocks. main river is called „Confluence‟.
19.„Sedimentum‟, means „settling down‟.

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41. slowly moving, compacted masses of ice 15. Torrid zone is the zone of high
and snow is called Glaciers. temperature.
42. „Moraines‟ are the most important 16. Torrid zone region receives direct rays
landforms of the glaci- ated region. of the Sun.
43. A place where the underground water 17. Frigid zone is the coldest region.
comes out naturally is called Spring. 18. Air pressure is measured by an
44. Hot water springs are usually found near instrument called Barometer.
the volcanic regions. 19. Air is always very warm and hot in
45. Artesian wells are common in Australia. Equatorial low pressure belt.
46. Rock pedestals, Mushroom rock, 20. Wind is the horizontal movement of the
Inselberg are the important erosional work of air on the surface of the Earth.
the wind. 21. The direction of the wind is shown by an
*********************************** instrument called „wind vane‟
CHAPTER – 3 22. „Anemometer‟ is used to measure the
ATMOSPHERE speed of the wind.
23. Polar winds are also called Easterlies.
1.The thickness of the atmosphere is 24. Seasonal winds are also called
around 1000 kms. periodic winds.
2. Atmosphere is a thin layer of gases, 25. Cyclones and Anti-cyclones winds
dust particles and water vapour. blow due to great variation in pressure.
3. Dust particles in the atmosphere help us 26. Cyclones are very powerful and
in the formation of water droplets. disastrous wind.
4. Troposphere is the lowest layer of the 27. Cloud is a mass of small water drops or
atmosphere. ice crystals.
5. All weather changes occur in the 28. Cumulus are popularly called „wool
troposphere layer. packs‟.
6. Ozone is the most important gas in 29. Cumulus clouds are rain-bearing clouds.
Stratosphere layer. 30. Cirrus clouds resemble like„curls of
7. Ozone gas which absorbs „ultraviolet hair‟.
rays‟ of the sun. 31. Nimbus clouds are rain clouds which
8. Stratosphere layer provides ideal flying occur at low levels.
conditions for jet aircrafts. 32. The Nimbo-stratus are thick, heavy,
9. Mesosphere layer has the coldest rain bearing clouds.
temperature in the atmosphere. 33. Precipitation in the form of water
10. Thermosphere is also called droplets is called rainfall.
„Ionosphere‟. 34. The rain caused by the process of
11. The ions found in Thermosphere layer convection is called convectional rainfall.
help in reflecting radio waves. 35. Convectional rainfall is very common in
12. Exosphere is the top most layer of the equatorial regions.
atmosphere. 36. Convectional rainfall is called
13. Temperature is recorded by an „afternoon rain‟.
instrument called „Thermometer‟. 37. Convectional rainfall occurs mostly in
14. Centigrade and Fahrenheit are the the afternoon.
important thermometers used to measure 38. Orographic rainfall is also called
atmospheric temperature. „Mountain rainfall‟.
39. The scientific study of weather is
called „Meteorology‟.
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 40. The scientific study of climate is called 16. Wants are the basis for all economic
„Climatology‟. activities.
Economics 17. Kinds of economic activities are four:
CHAPTER-1 1. Production 2. Consumption
INTRODUCTION TO ECONOMICS 3. Exchange 4, Distribution.
1. We use various things in our daily life. 18. production: Production activities are
These are called „goods‟ and „services‟. those that produce goods and services.
2. Goods are the physical and tangible 19. For ex: agriculture, animal husbandry,
objects like food, clothes,book, bicycle, fishing, mining.
phone, TV, etc. 20. consumption: Goods and services are
3. services are intangible things that are also produced for consumption.
required for our use. 21. exchange: The producers produce
4. The common services used are goods for the consumers. There is a
electricity, transportation, education, marketing system to supply the produced
medical care, tailoring, music, mobile goods to the consumers.
and internet service, etc. 22. many activities which are not economic
in nature become economic activities. For
5. The people using goods and services are ex: when a teacher gives free tuitions at
called the „consumers‟. home to students is not an economic
6. people engaged in the production of the activity.
goods and services are called the 23. Types of economics:
„producers‟. 1.micro economics 2) macro economics
7. These goods andservices are made 24. The word micro means very small
available tous at our place Through
25. micro economics implies study of
transporters, traders and shop Keepers,
economics at a very small level.
who are called the Distributors‟.
8. we cannot have all the goods and services 26. The word macro means „total‟ or „large‟.
we wish, because the money to buy them is 27. The society or the country or the
limited or „scarce‟. economy is a very large entity compared
9. The classification of wants as more to an individual.
important or less is called as „prioritizing‟. 28. Micro economics studies individual
10. scarcity and choice are basic problems of buying and selling.
Economics. 29. Basic economic problems
11. “Economics is the study of wealth” -
A) What to produce?
Adam Smith (1776).
12. „Father of economics‟ - Adam smith. B) how to produce?
13. “Economics is the study of people in the C) For whom to produce?
ordinary business of life.” 30. when we add up incomes of all
- Alfred Marshall (1890) individuals in the society, it is called
14. The word “economics” comes from the National income.
Greek words “oikos,” meaning
“household,” and “nomos,” meaning CHAPTER - 2
“management”. MEANING AND TYPES OF
15.The study of Economics is not only enli -
ghtening but also profitable.–A.C.Pigou ECONOMY
1. Money i s n e e d e d f o r our wants.

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2. According to A.J. Brown Economics 23. Government selling its shares of public
means “a system by which people get a sactor industries, which is called
living”. disinvestment.
3. Economy is a dynamic entity which is 24. NITI (National Institution for
continuously changing. Transforming India) Ayog was set – up in
4. Planning Commission was set up in India 2015.
in 1950. 25. Basic and heavy industries were under
5. Planning Commission was replaced by the public sector.
NITI Ayog in 2015. BUSINESS STUDIES
6. An individuals are both producers and CHAPTER - 1
consumers.
7. In a capitalist system, the means of COMPONENTS OF BUSINESS
production are owned by the individuals. STUDIES
8. consumer is a king in capitalist 1.The term business is derived from the
economy. word „busy‟
9. In a capitalist system, production is 2.Business is mainly concerned with the
guided by consumer‟s choices. production and exchange of goods and
10. USA and many countries of Europe are services.
more capitalist in nature. 3.Profession is mainly concerned with
11. All are co-workers in socialistic rendering of specialized technical and
society. personal services.
12. There is no class conflict in socialistic 4.Employme is the work undertaken by
society. the people under an employer for salary or
13. Socialism which was a prominent wages.
idealism after the second world war. 5.The distribution of goods and services is
14. A mixed economy combines both called exchange.
capitalism and socialism. 6. The market study, transportation, storage
15. Co-existence of public and private of goods, determination of price,
sectors is the main feature of Mixed advertisement,etc are included in the
economy. process of exchange
16. public sector is under the direct control
of the government. 7.All the economic activities of human
17. Indian economy is a classic example beings is considered „commerce‟.
of a mixed economy.
18. Developed countries have higher 8. The direct exchange of goods for goods or
national and per capita income. other things is called Barter system of
19. Developing countries are low on the Exchange.
ladder of development. 9.cheques, drafts, bills, credit card,debit card
20. The Planning Commission was set up etc.are called bank money.
in 1950. 10. Trade means buying and selling of
21. Today the role of public sector is goods.
declining and more space is provided to the 11. Commerce includes trade and also
private sector. aids to trade or auxiliaries to trade.
22. export-promotion and resource 12. transport, banks, warehouse facilities,
mobilization were the key objectives of advertisement agencies, insurance etc are
public sector promotion. aids of trade.

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 13. Columbus discovered America. 15.Entrepot Trade refers to buying of
14. Vasco-da-gama discovered the new sea goods from one country with a view to sell it
route to India. to other countries.
15.Megallan was a Portuguese navigator 16.Singapore and Middle East countries
16. 21st century is called the age of are the best examples for entreport trade.
information technology. 17.Industries produce goods by using the
*************************************** natural resources are called Primary
Industries
CHAPTER - 2 18.Genetic industries are engaged in
BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY reproduction of different crops, plants and
1.Stephenson defines business as, “The animals.
regular production or purchase and sale of 19.Extractive Industries are engaged in
goods undertaken with an objective of extracting different raw materials and ores
earning profit and acquiring wealth through from the earth.
the satisfaction of human wants.” 20.Horticulture, dairy farming, poultry
2.Business has two main objectives such as farming, etc.are examles of Genetic
Economic objectives and Social objectives. industries
3.Trade within the country is called home 21. Extraction of ores, drilling of oil
trade. wells etc are examples of Extractive
4.home trade. is carried through Industries
Retailers and Whole salers. 22.Secondary Industries are labor oriented
5.Retailers carry out their trade at places industries.
where consumers live. 23..Manufacturing Industries are
6.Retailers buy goods from the whole salers converting raw materials or semi finished
and sell them to the consumers. products into finished products.
7. Who They do not have a fixed place to 24.construction of roads, canals, bridges
carr y on their t rade are call ed etc. are coming under Construction
Itinerant or Mobile Traders Industries
8.Peddlers carry their goods on wheeled 25. Cottage industries are also called
carts and sell them to the consumers at house hold industries.
their doors. 26.Carpentry,smithy,carpetweaving,pottery,
9.Street traders or Foot path traders blanket making, stone carving etc. are some
display goods in busy street corners and examples. Cottage industries
sell them to the consumers. 27. ISI stands for: Institution-Bureau of
10.Wholesale traders buy goods in large Indian Standards
quantity from producers and sell them to the 28. charging excess or abnormal rates,
retailers in small quantities. using false weights and measures, creating
11.The trade between two countries is called artificial scarcity are unethical business
Foreign trade. practices.
12.Foreign trade can be classified into three 29. MRP stands for: Maximum retail price
types. Imports, Exports and Entrepot 30. Cottage industries are mainly
trade. concentrated in villages
13.Imports refer to a country buying goods 31. The manufacture of chemicals is carried
from other countries for its use. out in Small Scale Industries
14.Exports refer to a country selling its 32. The sole objective of business should be
goods to other countries for their use. earning reasonable profit.

21
th
8 SULALITHA Rajesh N Pradeep S N Prashantha T K