ANATOMY

flowering
of plant

↳ By

RAKSHIASINGH
 structure plant.
Anatomy - Internal of
plant
- cells - issues organs.
-

Group"of cells with common

o inually performing same fun?

origin
becomes 8
FANT TISSUES structurally
functionally
<
- -> 1
specialized.
permanent
meristmatic
Tissue
Tissue
1s
↓( cells loose ability
(e) can divide to divide.

↓
un-differentiated 6 ↓C

Differentiated.
permanent mature cells.
 MATIC specialised
↑ST A regions active
of
cell division
-
< location
origin
①Apical
primary-meristem
①

secondary meristem
meristem ·
②
② Intercalary

meristem
of
↑
Omlateral ocean
 OG(N C
indrical
meristems.
lateral.
-condam
An
<
c
or

meristem
mesistem -

primary
- later
in early
->
appear
->
appear than primary
life of a
-> produces woody
axis

plant in
->
mature region.
eg. 8 interfasticular

1
meristem
eg. Apical
A
meristi & (osk
② Intercalary cambium
③ gutra-fascicular (D1C0 + STCM).
cambium noncicular
② vascular cambium

produces secondary/ a cook cambium

tissues. CDICOT SEED)
 -
LOCATION -
lateral
Apical intercalary primary I
(primary I
*
cprimary)
-
- -
secondary)
④

-> b/w mature lateral

at
-> the + Ou
tissues
tips of side of
shoot
root a eg.gn
->

plant.

Root 8 Grasses M
->

eg. 11/
shoot thickness
Regenerate gioth.
Apical which
parts
meristem removed
are

by arazing
Herbivores.
 leaven formation of sten
During
*

↓ elongation
left behind from
some cells
meristem
Shoot Apical
↓/
Bud.
constitute Axillary
↓
forms Branch or Hower

Cat axis
of leaves)
↑
 PERMANENT TISSUE
=
c -
simple complex.
similar in more than 1
have cells
+

->
function cells.
structure of
types of

xyle' phloem
&elevenchy
/
pavenchyma
ma.

Collenchyma
 living to youngstem/petiole of leaf.
SIDE

forms
->
↑
PARENCHYMA
-

major
<

+msTENCHTMne
1 ing,RENCHYMA
↑ + dead or
protoplast
-> without

component. is provides support -> mechanical

-> cells isodiametric - occurs below tissue
4 support
epidemic (gulayen)
cell wall this
->

made of cellulose
- as

layer
homogenous
or in patches
-> CB1S
↓ ↑
lignified
-

①
-> Cells-cloSPly L -> Intercellular
absent ② Thick, long
packed, small space
few Numerous pits
Intercellular -> call shape-oxall
I ③ without
space. spherical
-> fur? - photosynthesis polygonal Protoplast
thickened at
-> cell
storage, secretion corners due to
Aemicellulose
fibredeeids
5
+ cell shape -> sphericall sellulose

oval/ Round 1
pectin deposition.
polygonal.
-> may contain chloroplast
 ↳
Fibres
/ scheveids
① spherical loxall
Thick walled
⑦ cylindrical
② elongated cells
② Highly
thickened
③ pointed (811S
③ very narrow lumen
④ cells are

present in ④ seen in t

① Tea leaves
groups
② seed coat
of legumes
Nut
③ Fruitwalls of
Guava,
④ Unit pulp of
rea & Sapota.
 more than
TISSUE
COMPLEX -
one time of
c911s.
1/ ->
phloem
xylem (living)
sieve
① Tube
Tracheich (dead)
①
② companion cell
② vessels (dead) cliving)
③ sytem Fibre (dead) onloem Fibve
(dead)
④ xylem (living)
④ phloem citing)
pavenchyma parenchyma
1)
minerals conduction 1/
+ water a
(Tracheids & Vessels) food conduction

storage)xylemenyma)
Food from leaves
+
to other parts.
mechanical
->
(Fibres
strength
 ② vessels
① Tracheids
indrical o
- .

long
-..

tube like
-> M
->
elongated, tu be like.

->
wall-thick alignified ↳ absent in
with tapering ench Gymnosperms.
lumen (Narrow)
->
-> made of venels
member.
-> dead -> walls-lignified.
central
O
with large
-> protoplasm cavity.
-> pits are present -> Protoplasm
-> perforation o
=> pits are present
-> perforations
↓
interconnect vessel
member.

-
in
Both Angiosper.
 xylefibre
xyem parenchyma
- >

thickened -> This

walled
-> Highly walls I made "of cellulose)
central lumen ->
obliterated
-> food storage.
be septate ↳ in form of
-> may
starch fat.
Aseptate.
08
stores substances
provide strength
or

tannins.
->

like

-
living
in radial
-> helps
conduction of
water.
 Hem ->
secondary
primar -> during
primar
-
during secondary growth
growth
↓/ -
protoxylem etavlem
-> foomed
-> formed later.
fiyt
↓
centre ④ t periphery I eg.
Endarch
④ at stems.

exarch
① periphery
at
at centre]
eg. ROOM.
 - .

-> - - .

- -
 PHLOC M Angiosperm.
Angiospere. ↑

&
<
associated with companion
-

Sieve Tubes + walls

cells by pits
on
common

!
1/
have Nucleu
No Nucleus
cells.
↓C
-> specialized parenchymtom
(so, will manage
Gymosperms
->

In
1/
sieve tubes).
↓/
sieve cells are
manages pressure.
Gradient
present. * In
Gymnosperms
+ long, tube like, arranged ↓
Albuminous cells.
longitudinally.
in
-) ends perforated lieve plates
sieve like manner-forms

I
vacuoles gn mature
-> large sieve
I have peripheral cytoplasm. Tubes.
No
->
Nucleus
 put Bat
Fibre. (dead)-protoplasm O.
cells.
-> made up of selevenchymatous
-> provider mechanical supportto cell.
unbranched, have needle
elongated,
-> like a
but
pices.
(usually)
↑

-> in
o primary phloem
present in secondary.
walls quite mick
-> (e11
fibres of
-> jute, Hax a hemp -> used commercially
phloem parenchyma. - -

cells
cylindrical
-

-> elongated, tapering, Nucleus. &

-> dense cytoplasm
wall-cellulose, has pit for plasmo-
cell
decimate connections.
-

food & other substances.

-> stores

eg. Resin, a
latex mucilage.
absent in mostly MONOCON
->
 phloem
c/
-
primary phloem secondary phloem

-first formed -I
↓/ later formed
Narrow
consist - 1
rubes sieve tubes
sieve
bigger
11
↓
protophloem metaphloem.

plant
↓ ↳
Angiosperms
Gymnosperie
↓71
Dicot Monocots.
->

-
 THE SYSTEM
cells on
on the Baris of location of
-plant body.
1/
c vacular on
&I -
conducting around
Epidermal
Tissue Tissue Tissue

system system system.

funda-
↓
7.
or
1)
Xcels ↓
mental
Epidermal stomata Radial
Tissue

system.
Trichomes
-> conjoint
Epidermal - fair.
Appendages
 GPIDERMAL CELLS coutermost)
①
4 forms ↑demis
-
-> parachy-
matous

① outermostlayer

elongated, compactly arranged

calls
②
o usually
forming continuous

single layer.
cuticle
covered by waxy, thisk
③ -

↓C
from outside prevent water
10ss 1/
in
absent ROH.
vacuole
④ cells have -> large
->
small cytoplasm.
② EPIDERMAL APPENBAGES
</ 11
unicellular multicellular
↓a
↓/
- RICHOMES
ROOT HAIRS
(Branched I
↓/
water a
unbranched)
Absooh
minerals (s0f+/ stiff)
be
-> may
secretory
↓//
prevents water
loss due to

Transpiration.
 ③ STOMATA

↓ ↓
DICOTS MONOCOTS
- -

Guard cells. Dumbell

-

+
Bean shaped -> shaped.

14 chloroplasts
water
->

goes here eg. Gray.

& there
throug h outer walls thin
Stomatal pore. gnner walls thick
regularend
&

openinhave
 leaven.
* in
-
the epidemes of
transpiration 6 ganeous
-> regulates
exchange.
Near->Guard cells
some calls
->
1/
Become specialised
-//
cells.
subsidiary

Stomatal Apparatus.

I
-
Fatal
Grardsurroundingone
 IISUC-SysT
②LAR
xylem <-
phloem
Radial outer
side

·Air
7

in ROOT
,
+

same
posed
·ambium
copin
-

2c
monocol
1/
No second am ↓
growth secondom growth
④
 ③ GROUND TISSUE SYSTEM
-
.

↓c

everything except epidemic

vascular bundle.

->
have parenchyma, collenchyma a

schevenchyma.
in conex,
-> parenchyma usually
pericycle, with a medullary rays.
stems & RooK).
Can primary

-> inaves->
thin walled chloroplant
cells
containing
↓
MESOPHYIL CELLS.
 ROOT ↑

DICOT
-

MONOCOT
↑
-

hair
Epideomis single layered,
->
root

stomatic
-> While O,
piblema)

Hypodemis
coutex
absent

this
parenchymatous
with
walled

intercellular spaces.
cell
↓/
some

But
* Ne
Endodermis
+

Barcelshaped crispaul radial are

secondary
Canner -> casparian
-> on

tangential
walls arowth.
strips - suberin
made of
proof)
water
 7
endoderm
inside
as
D120T
-
mooT
wools

↓
lateral cambium
quitation of oncular
secondary growth
↑ (during
pericycle Thick walled parenchymatous

vasuilar 7 xylem o Ohloem poly arch

Bundles Bow
2

both a
(76)
parenchymation conjuctive
Tissue

cambium "ring blu both

8
pith small/inscouspicious. large
developed.
-> sunflower Root
-
 sTem Monocot
Dicot-
-
-

Epidemic outermost, protective

inlayerofa8resmata
Coutex layer blw pi. pericycle.
few layers of -> selevenchymatory
colsenchymatous cells.
->
Hypodermis
(provide strength
to
young stem)
TISSUE
GR
&

rounded, thin walled No differentiation

1 cells
General parenchymatous into cortex,
contex intercellular endodemis. &
(conspicuouspace.
all.
↓ it ij
rich in
endodemis -> innermost,
conspicious
starch grains (called
as STARCH SHEATH). parenchymation
 NO secondary
phloem
Pericycle
above
of semi- growth.
-

in form

↑
of
-
lunar
patches
Sclevenchyma.
-> radially large no.
f
In blu selevenchy-
vaswar - see covered by
Bundles
⑤
placed parenchyman matous bundle sheath.
/ 5 conjoint
constitute mLARTRAYS. -> closed.
arranged in ring
->
form
-> peripheral smaller
endanch
+> conjoint, open, than central.

parenchymatovn -> phloem parenchyma

pith -> rounded, ⑦
->
intercellular space
large -> water containing
portion. cavities
+ central
LEAF
-
① Doniventral or Dicot gobilateral ou

Epidemis Reticulate
moncotearation
leaf
-
- ->
&

venation
Adaxial Cupfer)
->

↳ Abaxial clower)
-

side equally thick on

I
cuticle thicken on
upper both side.
-

equal both
on lower side on
stomate move
side
chloroplant photosynthesis
->
differentiated into Not differentiated
messophyll -
--

② spongy palisade
parenchyma.
parenchyma ↓/
↓/
oval or round Adaxially
loosely arranged made
al
of
↓ cells.
below palisade elongated
↓s carranged vertically a
have large
cavities.
space, parallely).
 be seen in veins, midrib. equal size &

can
↓/
Farallel venation

③ ↑
van in size
11/ ↑
vascular Bundle monocot
->

vascular affect -

size too.
+/
Bundla
cReticulate venation)
-
Grasses
closed
conjoint, certain adaxial
secondary
110
Bundle cheath
growth epidermal cells.
surrounded by
*A - modify
colourless
BULLIFORM/Motor cells- large, empty ce11S.
↓
absorb water
↓/ -> flacid. (due to
he stress
are
are
turgid
↓
↓
leaves cust
resulting
in leaf ↓I

minimise H20 loss

surface exposure.
 GRONTH
-NDARY
Apical meristem * in Girth

↓ ↓a

Growth in length gn Dicots

mostly
Root a ↓
of stem

-/ secondary
Growth.
Growth
primar
↓
Tissues involved
①2 lateral meristems

vascular cambium
②
cambiune
③ corK
 CAMBION
"LAR
①
↓/
& phloem
meristmatic layer
blu xylem
+
vascular tissues
off the
helps in
cutting
in
I
*
in patcher as
single layer
Stem
young
↓
later forms a comp.
-
-
Ring.
①
DILOT STEM
-

..
⑩ I
cambium
gufor-

Fascicular
+ cambium

Rays
 #forms
Narrow band
certain
of ①
sells cutting
parenchyma at

·gi
offtowards

remains
spilrem -> infact

active)

gets
cutting 1 crushed
toward
gradually.
↳ periphem
1

moxmoveon than oncoem.

secondary
phloem.
↑
inmperates -> vascular cambium

< -
less active ⑲n
more active
in Autumn
spring results in
I results
in
↓
elements
element -> less xylany
-
more xylam cavities.
->
wider cavities ->
Narrower
-> dark colour
colour
-> light
-> high density
->

low density
called
called ↓
↓,
Autumnilate

-feauly wood.

ANNUAL
combined forms -
RIN

age
ax
helps in estimating of
tree.
 In old trees

secondary xylem
max.part)
- c 1/
central Region Igmes peripheral region
most.
↓I ↓
Dark brown lighter in colour
↓ ↓
due deposition
to
water conduction ↑

of tannins, resins, and minerals

oils, gums, tom to
Root leaf.
aromatic substances, ↓
essential oils.
↓/
sap 1Nood
hard, durable, resistant
to
- - >

of
microorganisms insect attack.
provides
↓ 7 support.
Harwood - havedead elemented wall
↑ Girth
oCambinreal a epidemal layers
broken
gen
↓
So, cook cambium/phollogen
develops.

C
C Cusually in contex).

couple of layers
thick

Narrow, thin-walled,
(made of
nearly rectangular cells)

have subevin
layer
simpervious t water).
 cuts cells on both side.

L/ ↳
gunec into
outer differentiate ↓-
into
Cook phellodeum/
hellom
secondary coutex
↓c
parenchymatous
<81/S.

⑭monellogen
phelode +

perides,
X-

pressuries
it other layers
those layers
ultimately will die.
 tissues
Bark regen
to

↳ NOU -> outside voncular

cambium
technically
1s
secondam
including
phloem.

/ 2/
Cany season End of secon
↓/

Early or soft Bask Hard

late or
Back.
* phellogen
↓c
at certain regions
↓I

arranged parenchymatom
off
out closely ole.

SOON ↓,
will rupture
the
epidemic
↓
ex
change
lenticles
permits < slens-shaped)
of ganee
atmosphere -
in
internal
occurs
blu
most woody
&
↓issue. tees.
ROOTS ampium -> completely second one

↓s tissue
originates
from a portion of pericycle
↓ -
above the
below
Just
the Bundles potoxylem.
phloem
-
1
forms comp. waxy ring
1/
later becomes circular

Growth
secory
* Also, in stems a rook
of gymnosperms
But not monocot