Production Engineering

By
Ammar Abdul Huaasin
Oil And Gas Engineer
Topics of course:
1-Well planning & Engineering:
2-ESP
3-Process Operation
4- Surface Production Facilities
Well planning & Engineering

TYPES OF DIRECTIONAL WELLS

TYPE I: Build and Hold ( J Shape ).
TYPE II : Build Hold Drop ( S Shape ).
TYPE III: Deep Kick off Point and Build ( L shape )
TYPE I: Build and Hold ( J Shape) TYPE II : Build Hold Drop ( S Shape ) TYPE III: Deep Kick off Point and
Build ( L shape )
TYPE I: Build and Hold ( J Shape ).
Applications:

1-Deep wells with large horizontal displacements

2-Moderately deep wells with moderate horizontal

displacement, where intermediate casing is not required
TYPE II : Build Hold Drop ( S Shape ).
Applications:
•Multiple pay zones
•Reduces final angle in reservoir
•Lease or target limitations
•Well spacing requirements
•Deep wells with small horizontal displacements
Disadvantages:
•Increased torque & drag
•Logging problems due to inclination
•Risk of key seating
TYPE III: Deep Kick off Point and Build ( L
shape )
Applications:
•Appraisal wells to assess the extent of a newly discovered reservoir (A well
that is being drilled into a discovered hydrocarbon accumulation to further
understand the extent and size of the accumulation )
•Repositioning of the bottom part of the hole or re-drilling
•Salt dome drilling
Disadvantages:
•Formations are harder so the initial deflection may be more difficult to
achieve
•Harder to achieve desired tool face orientation with down hole motor
deflection assemblies (more reactive torque)
•Longer trip time for any BHA changes required
Petroleum engineers in oil companies answer tow fundamental questions:
1-What is the most efficient way to produce the reservoir?
What is the most efficient way to produce each well in the reservoir? 2-
 Well Completions
How do I design a high rate, low maintenance,
trouble-free, economical completion?

Well Completion Activities

Well completion activities include:

▪ Conducting drill stem test

• Setting production casing
• Running production tubing along with
downhole equipments
• Installing surface safety equipments
• Starting production flow

If it is decided that the well will not be

completed, then it will be plugged and
abandoned.
What are Completions?
A well can be defined as an interfacing
conduit between the oil and gas reservoir
• The individual well completion must be designed to yield maximum overall
profitability on a field basis
• Completions are the interface between the reservoir and surface production.
• The role of the completion designer is to take a well that has been drilled and
convert it into a safe and efficient production or injection conduit.
• This does not mean that the completion always has tubing, a Christmas tree or
any other piece of equipment. In some areas, it may, for example, be possible
to produce open hole and then up the casing.
• Completion design is a mix of physics, chemistry, mathematics, engineering,
geology, hydraulics, material science and practical hands-on well site
experience.
• The best completion engineers will be able to balance the theoretical with the
practical.
• Wells can be producers or injectors.
 FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLETION
A completion system must satisfy a great many functions required for safety, optimising
production, servicing, pressure monitoring and reservoir maintenance.
• The main function of a completion is to produce hydrocarbons to surface or
deliver injection fluids to formations.
• Protecting the production casing from formation pressure & corrosion attack
by well fluids.
• Achieve a desired (optimum) level of production or injection.
• Provide adequate maintenance and surveillance programmes.
• Be as simple as possible to increase reliability.
• Provide adequate safety in accordance with legislative or company
requirements and industry common practices.
• Be as flexible as possible for future operational changes in well function.
• In conjunction with other wells, effectively contribute to the whole
development plan reservoir plan.
• Achieve the optimum production rates reliably at the lowest capital and
operating costs.
• to hold back (control) reservoir pressure and fluids.
• to provide a communication between the reservoir and the well bore.
• to enable flow of the desired (optimum) production rates.
• to isolate the reservoir fluids from the casing-tubing annulus.
• to enable circulation between the tubing and the annulus.
• to enable monitoring of the Reservoir behaviour & performance.
• to enable pressure testing of the completion string.
• to ensure tubing free movement
• to ensure component long life
• to provide safety devices down-hole to enable control of fluids flow to surface
• to enable re-entry and intervention into the tubing string
KEY TOPICS WITHIN PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
A vertical well is the easiest to drill, but a high angle or
horizontal well may be beneficial for productivity.
 Factors Influencing Well Completion Design
• The ideal completion is the lowest cost completion (initial and operating costs)
• To design a well completion, a reasonable estimate of the producing characteristics
during the well life must be made. Both reservoir and mechanical considerations
must be evaluated.
1. Reservoir Considerations:
The reservoir considerations involve the location of various fluid in the formations
penetrated by the wellbore, the flow of these fluids through the reservoir rock, and
the characteristics of the rock itself.
• Producing rate to provide maximum economic recovery is the starting point for
well completion design
• Multiple reservoirs penetrated by wellbore pose the problem of multiple
completion in one drilled hole
• Reservoir drive mechanism may determine whither or not the completion interval
will have to be adjusted as gas-oil or water-oil contacts move
• Secondary recovery needs may require a completion method conductive to
selective injection or production
• Stimulation may require special perforating patterns to permit zone isolation,
perhaps adaptability to high injection rate
• Sand control problems alone may dictate the type of completion
method and maximum production rates
• Work-over frequency, probably high where several reservoirs must be
drained through one wellbore , often dictate a completion conductive
to wire-line or through-tubing type recompletion system
• Artificial lift may means single completions even where multiple zones
exist
Factors Influencing Well Completion Design
1. Mechanical Considerations
• The mechanical configuration or well hookup is often is the key to
being able to deplete the reservoir effectively, monitor down-hole
performance, and modify the well situation.

• Formation damage is related to the well hook-up, both minimizing

damage initially and relieving the effects of damage later
Completion Design
• There are many types of basic completion available; this choice must be made
before the details of tubing accessories, artificial lift etc. are contemplated.
Each completion satisfies different needs. The engineer should investigate all
the options before making his or her choice. Think of the life of the well; not
just the immediate future.
Completion Classification
Completions are categorised in several ways, common criteria include:
– Reservoir/Wellbore interface : Open hole or cased hole
– Production method:Natural flowing or pumped (artificial lift) production
– Number of producing zones : Single or multiple zone completion
 COMPLETION:
• RESERVOIR-WELLBORE INTERFACE
There are three reservoir-wellbore interface
options which can be further classified into seven
major alternatives in completion architecture:
1-Open hole completions (barefoot
completions)
2-Un cemented liner completions.
A-Slotted pipe
B-Wire wrapped screens
C-Open hole gravel packs
3-Perforated completions.
A-Standard perforated
B-Fracture Stimulation
C-Cased hole gravel packs
Each method has inherent advantages and limitations.
1- Open hole completions (barefoot completions)

• Their use is predominately in thick carbonate or hard

sandstone reservoirs that produce from fracture systems or
thin permeable streaks which are difficult to identify on logs
and are easily damaged by drilling and cementing operations.
• An open hole completions can subsequently be converted to a
liner completion to overcome the selectivity problem.
• the method of completion entails drilling down to a depth just
above the producing formation and setting the production
casing.
 Advantages:
• Cheap and simple (especially for long intervals)
• Saving in cost and time (No perforating expense)

• Full diameter opposite pay

• Good access to fractures

• Easily converted to liner or perforated completion

• Can be easily deepened

• Log interpretation is not critical since entire interval is open

Disadvantages:
• Mud filter cake will reduce productivity unless it cleans up
• Production has to pass through any damaged zone
• No protection against wellbore collapse
• Excessive gas or water production difficult to control
• Selective fracing or acidizing more difficult
 OPEN HOLE COMPLETION

Surface
Casing

Production Tubing
Casing

Packer

RESERVOIR
2-Un cemented liner completions.
A-Slotted pipe
B-Wire wrapped screens
C-Open hole gravel packs
•Un cemented liners are used to overcome production
problems associated with open hole completions and to
extend their application to other types of formations.
The formation is supported by a either a slotted liner, sand
screen or is gravel packed.
Although they have some advantages over open hole, they
still have the same selectivity and undesired fluid problems.
 Completion Design:
– The top of the liner is hung off in the previous casing.
– In most cases the previous string of casing would be set just
above the reservoir.
• Advantages:
– Relatively cheap - dependent on type of liner (especially

for long intervals)

– Slots/holes need only be opposite reservoir

– Radial flow into well through 360°

– Good access to fractures
– slot sizes may afford some degree of sand control

– Tubing shoe can be placed closer to reservoir –

Protection against hole collapse
• Disadvantages:
– Mud filter cake will reduce productivity unless it fully
cleans up
– Production has to pass through any damaged zone –
No zonal isolation
 SURFACE TUBING

CASING

PACKER

PRODUCTION LINER HANGER

CASING
SLOTTED,PERFORATED OR
SCREEN LINER

RESERVOIR
 OPEN HOLE COMPLETION WITH SLOTTED,
PERFORATED OR SCREEN LINER

SURFACE TUBING
CASING
PACKER
PRODUCTION LINER HANGER
CASING SLOTTED,PERFORATED OR
SCREEN LINER

RESERVOIR
OPEN HOLE GRAVEL PACK COMPLETION:
A sand-control method used to prevent production of formation sand. In
gravel pack operations, a steel screen is placed in the wellbore and the
surrounding annulus packed with prepared gravel of a specific size
designed to prevent the passage of formation sand. The primary
objective is to stabilize the formation while causing minimal impairment
to well productivity.
The machining consists of cutting rectangular openings with small rotary
saws. Routine slot widths are 0.030 in. or larger. The minimum slot
width that can be achieved is about 0.012 in. Slots that cut less than
0.020 in. in width involve high costs because of excessive machine
downtime to replace broken saw blades that overheat, warp, and break.
 Perforated Completions :Casing cemented through
producing zone and perforated.

− Standard perforated
− Fracture Stimulation
− Cased hole gravel packs

• This type of completions are the most common world-wide

due to the selectivity, flexibility, lower costs, increased
safety and convenience that they provide.
• There are three subdivisions, standard, fracture stimulation
and cased hole gravel pack
 The key issues in cased hole completion design are:
• Perforated interval selection, gun type, shot density, underbalance or
overbalance, and perforating method, i.e. casing guns, through tubing guns.
Completion fluids programme selection with regard to fluid quality and
formation damage.
• Type of formation and if special perforating techniques are required, e.g. high
shot density, ultra deep penetration or stimulation treatments.
• Effective zonal isolation due to cement quality and distance between zones.
• Modern perforating charges and techniques are designed to provide a clear
perforation tunnel through the damaged zone surrounding the wellbore.
– It provides access to undamaged formation allowing the reservoir to be
produced to its full capability.
Multiple zone completions are often used in reservoirs with complex structures
and unusual production characteristics
 Standard perforated
SINGLE COMPLETION WITH CEMENTED AND PERFORATED
CASING
Surface
Casing

Production Tubing
Casing

Packer

Perforated
Interval
RESERVOIR
 FRAC AND PACK COMPLETION

Tubing

Packer
Liner Hanger

Production Casing
Slotted, Perforated
or Screen Liner Perforations

RESERVOIR
 CASED HOLE GRAVEL PACK COMPLETION

Tubing

Packer
Liner Hanger

Production Casing
Slotted, Perforated
or Screen Liner Perforations

RESERVOIR
Advantages:
• Excessive gas or water production can be controlled more easily
• Perforations by-pass the damaged zone (if engineered correctly)
• Good zonal isolation
• Multiple/selective completions possible
• Protection against hole collapse
• Can be selectively stimulated
• Logs and formation samples available to assist in decision to set casing or
abandon
• Full diameter opposite pay
• Will control most sands, and is adaptable to special sand control techniques
• Adaptable to multiple completion techniques
• Minimum rig time on completion • No need to clean up filter cake
Limitations:
• Cost of perforating long zones may be significant
• Not adaptable to special drilling techniques to minimize formation damage
Completion Strategy
– Open Hole Simple

– Slotted Liner

– Pre-packed Screen

– Gravel Pack

– External Casing Packers

– Cemented Casing
Complex
Completion Classification
1-Production method : Natural flowing or pumped (artificial
lift) production
In most fields, the new wells flow under it’s natural pressure
until such time that the reservoir pressure is reduced to the
point that the well can no longer flow under it’s natural
pressure. The well now becomes a prime candidate for
artificial lift. The fluid production resulting from reservoir
development will normally lead to
• a reduction in the reservoir pressure,

• increase in the fraction of water being produced together

• decrease in the produced gas fraction.

All these factors reduce, or may even stop, the flow of fluids from
the well.
THE NEED FOR ARTIFICIAL LIFT : Artificial lift is required when a
well will no longer flow or when the production rate is too low
to be economic. the reservoir pressure is so low that the static
fluid level is below the wellhead.
Artificial lift is a method used to lower the producing
bottomhole pressure (BHP) on the formation to obtain a higher
production rate from the well. This can be achieved with:
➢ a positive displacement downhole pump, such as a beam
pump or a progressive cavity pump (PCP), to lower the
flowing pressure at the pump intake.
➢ a downhole centrifugal pump, which could be a part of
an electrical submersible pump (ESP) system.
➢ gas lift in which the density of the fluid in the tubing is
lowered and expanding gas helps to lift the fluids.
Completion Classification
Number of producing zones : Single or multiple zone completion
Wells can be completed on any number of zones within the same well by simply
Increasing the amount of completion equipment installed to provide isolation
and flow control capability.
The benefits of using the same wellbore for multizone production are
significant, but as the number of zones increases, the complexity and potential
formal function can negate the inherent advantage of the single wellbore
completion.
There are a number of ways in which completions can be
designed to produce two zones. Besides co-mingled flow and
individual well/zone completion there are:
1) Casing/Tubing Flow
In this case a single tubing string is run with a single packer
installed to provide isolation between zones. One zone will
produce up the tubing, whilst the other will produce up the
casing-tubing annulus.
Two alternative completion types
exist:
a-Upper zone annular flow -
applied where the upper zone
fluid is noncorrosive, non-
abrasive and where pressure
limitations of the casing would
not preclude stimulation.
b- lower zone annular flow- In
situations where the upper zone
would not be suitable for annular
flow, then a lower zone annular
flow system could be used
requiring one tubing string,two
packers and a crossover tool.
(2) Dual Tubing Flow
In this type of completion
a separate tubing string
for each zone is provided
with two packers, one to
isolate between zones
and the other to isolate
the upper zone from the
upper casing annulus.
Here the depletion of
each zone can be
accurately monitored and
controlled.
(3) Single String Selective Producer
In this completion, the well is completed over
two zones, utilising one tubing string designed
to selectively allow the production of either or
both of the zones. The completion requires two
packers, one to isolate between zones and the
other to isolate the annulus. In addition, an
entry point for fluid from the upper zone to
enter the string must be provided which can be
opened and closed as desired, e.g. a sliding side
door. Finally, when producing the upper zone
into the tubing, closure of the lower zone may
be accomplished by setting a plug in a nipple at
the base of the tailpipe.
 Conventional tubular Configuration
The reasons for tubing are:
1. Better flow efficiency

2. Permit circulation of kill fluids, corrosion inhibitors, or

paraffin solvents
3. Provide multiple flow paths for artificial lift system
4. Protect casing from corrosion, abrasion, or pressure
5.Provide means of monitoring bottom-hole flowing pressure
Tubing should be run open-ended and set above highest
alternate completion interval to permit thru-tubing wire-
line survey and remedial work.
The objective of run a Packer are:
1. Improve or stabilize flow
2. Protect casing from well fluids or pressure, however, it
should be recognized that use a packer may increase
pressure on casing in the event of a tubing leak.
3. Contain pressure on conjunction with an artificial lift
system or safety shut-in system
4. 4. Hold an annular well-killing fluid
 Types of completion configurations:
1. Single-zone completion

2. Multiple zone completion

• Single String – Single packer

• Single String – Duel Packer

• Single String – multiple Packer – Selective Zone

3. Parallel String – multiple Packer

Sizing production Tubulars
The size of the production string casing depends upon
• The diameter of flow conduit needed to produce the
desired flow stream,
• The method of artificial lift, if required or
• Specialized completion problems such as sand control.

Size of the production tubing depends primarily on the

desired production rate which depends upon:
➢ Static reservoir pressure
➢ Inflow performance relation
➢ Pressure drop in tubing
➢ Pressure drop through the well-head constrictions
➢ Pressure drop through flow line
➢ Pressure level in the surface separating facilities
 Cemented & Perforated
Production Liner/ Casing
• Commonest type of completion
• Inflow selectivity achieved by careful
positioning of perforations if cement
hydraulically seals casing annulus
• Multi-zone completions possible
• Liner is cheaper
Tubingless Completion Flow
Simple/cheap and fast
• Fluid superficial velocities are low
enough for phase separation and slip
to occur
• Fluid is in contact with the casing:
1. Casing corrosion, if H2S or CO2
present.
2. Casing erosion, if sand is produced.
3. Potential casing burst at the
wellhead if the well fluid changes from
liquid to gas
4. Corrosion/erosion can reduce the
original casing burst pressure
Casing and Tubing Flow
Used for high PI wells requiring a large flow area
•Provides deep circulation capability
•Annulus & Tubing contents displaced to surface (U-tube)
•Lower pressures required than for squeeze kill
•No need to inject into reservoir
Tubing Flow without annulus
isolation
• Closed annulus prevents annular flow
– Minimise phase slip with smaller flow
conduit
• Gas accumulation in annulus if FBHP<
BP
– Gas eventually fills the annulus
– Annulus heading: Gas slug flows up
the tubing at regular intervals
• Casing exposed to produced fluids –
Corrosion inhibitor can be continuously
injected into annulus if danger of
corrosion
Production Casing
 Packers
Packer What is it?
•A Packer is a sub-surface tool used to provide a seal between the Tubing and Casing (or wall)
of a well , thus preventing the movement of fluids past this sealing point.
Why Run a Packer?
– Production Control
– Well Testing
– Equipment Protection
– Well repair and stimulation
– Safety
It is required for Production Control!
In a Gaslift well
– To keep casing pressure of the formation.
– To facilitate kick-off.
– To prevent produced (abrasive?) fluids from passing through the Gaslift-Valves
In multiple zone completions
• incompatibility of pressures from different zones
• separate production from different zones
• control of an individual layer for HGOR or High Water
cut

In Steam Injection Wells

• to provide/maintain the annulus for heat loss control
 Why Run a Packer?
It is required for Well Testing!
– In Exploration Well Testing
• because of unknown properties of formation fluids and gasses
– In Production Well Testing
• to locate entry point of water or gas (if PLT is not available)

It is required for Protection of Equipment!

– To protect the casing from corrosive fluids / gasses
– To keep-off high formation pressures off the casing and wellhead
–
– It is required for Well Repair & Stimulation!
– Pressure testing of the Casing
– Detection of a casing leak
– To shut-off gas or water entry
– During squeeze cementation
– During fracturing, to keep high pressures off the casing
– During acidization as a diversion tool
Packers - Component
The packer consists of four key features:
•Slip, is a wedge-shaped device with wickers (or teeth)
on its face, which penetrate and grip the casing wall
when the packer is set.

•Cone, is beveled to match the back of the slip and

forms a ramp that drives the slip outward and into the
casing wall when setting force is applied to the packer.

•Packing-element system, a sealing element that can be

all rubber
•Body or mandrel. pipe which fluids flow

Packers – generic mechanism

Two actions must happen.
 Packers – generic mechanism
Two actions must happen.
• First, a cone must be driven behind tapered slips to force
the slip out and into the casing wall.
• Second, a sealing element must be compressed to effect a
seal against the casing wall.

Packers -
Two main types and typical application
Permanent the tubing and work string can detach from the packer after
it is set.
• production phase
Retrievable can be retrieved on the production tubing or on a work
string.
• production phase
• tool for: production / pressure testing
 Permanent Packers
Packer becomes an integral part of the Casing
• Tubing ran in separately
• Retrieved by milling and picking

➢ Permanent Packers Applications

– High pressure and temperature
– Exact location correlated by wireline (Casing Collar Locator)
– Deeper setting depths
– Trip times are faster, tubing run separately
– Deviated and extended reach wells
➢ Permanent packers run by:
– Wireline
– Tubing
– Coiled tubing

➢ Permanent packers set by:

– Hydraulic (tubing) pressure
– Mechanical mechanism
– Electric wireline
Retrievable Packer Systems
• The definition of a retrievable packer is that it is installed and retrieved
on the completion tubing.
• They have advantages in that they can be installed in high angle wells
although their operating differential pressure rating, temperature rating
and bore size are less than equivalent permanent packers.
• Retrievable packer setting mechanisms are by:
• Tubing tension
• Tubing compression
• Hydraulic pressure
• Tubing rotation.
Retrievable Packers Application Retrievable
packers preferred where:
– Completion life is relatively short
– Wellbore conditions are non-hostile
• e.g., temperature, pressure, H2S
– Setting depth shallow to medium
– Low to moderate differential pressures
– Straight wellbore or moderate deviation
– Multiple zones are to be produced
Method of setting retrievable packers:
➢ Hydraulically Set
• typical application as a production packer
➢ Mechanically set
• Typically used during well repair
• application: tool for pressure and production testing
– Compression-set
– Tension-set
– Rotational-set (outdated)
➢ Setting
• Pressurizing the tubing
Sub-Surface Safety Valves
Subsurface safety valves are f ail-safe valves that are designed to prevent an
uncontrolled release of hydrocarbons from the well if something catastrophic
occurs at surface.
Events that could lead to the required closure of a downhole safety valve include:
➢ A major platform incident such as an explosion or hurricane that could
cripple a Christmas tree.
➢ An impact with the tree, for example, a heavy truck colliding with a land well,
a dropped BOP or a submarine colliding with a subsea tree.
➢ Loss of integrity of the tree through structural failure, corrosion, fatigue,
improper use, incorrect design or installation or poor maintenance.
➢ Terrorist or act of war,
➢ Stealing of the Christmas tree for scrap or ransom.
Wellhead head and X-mas tree
Wellhead
• Surface equipment from which well is
constructed during drilling
operations
Xmas tree or valve array
• Used to control well during
production
• Mounted above wellhead
Wellhead Functions
• Primary functions of Wellhead
– Suspend wellbore tubulars (casing and tubing)
– Provide a hydraulic seal between casing strings
– Provide access port(s) to casing annuli
– Provide mounting for Xmas tree/surface flow control
devices
Xmas Trees Function
– Primary flow control system for well
once in production
– Features and access requirements
• Outflow from well - production
• Inflow to well - injection or killing
• Vertical access to tubing -
wireline, etc.
• Access for electrical cables or
hydraulic conduits e.g. ESP or
safety valve Tubing Hanger/Xmas
Tree Interface
Xmas Tree Components
•Pressure gauges
-allow well pressures to be monitored
-Gauge flange or tree cap
-provides seal for top of tree
•Swab valve (lubricator valve)
–isolate pressure, well access for intervention tools
•Flow tee
–used to direct flow, enable thru-tubing access
•Production wing valve
–used to isolate well for most routine operations
•Kill wing valve
–enables connection of pumping equipment
•Choke
-controls rate of flow from well
•Master valves (main isolation valves)
•Upper Master Valve (operational valve)
-hydraulically controlled Surface Safety Valve
• Lower Master Valve (back-up valve)
–manually operated
Xmas Tree
Wellhead Components
• Components of a typical
wellhead include
– Casing head
– Casing spool
– Casing hanger
– Crossover flange or
adapter
– Tubing head
– Tubing hanger
– Xmas tree
• Casing head
– Lowest part of wellhead assembly
– Almost always connected to the surface casing string
– Supports remaining parts of wellhead
• Functions
– Provide means of attaching surface casing string
– Enable next casing string to be suspended/packed off
– Support blowout preventers while hole drilled
– Provide outlets for fluid returns coming up annulus – Provide
means of testing BOPs while drilling.
• Casing spool
– Mounted on top of casing head or previous spool
– As many as four casing spools used
• Functions
– Provide load shoulder to support casing hanger
– Provide controlled bore for the casing hanger seal
– Provide seal to pack off previous casing
– Provide side outlets for fluid returns/fluid injection
– Provide port for pressure testing
Provide means of supporting/testing BOPs while drilling
 Casing hangers
– Transfer weight of casing string to casing head or spool
– Installed before or after casing cemented – Two major types
• slip type, installed around the casing after it is run
• mandrel type, made up into the string
• Functions
– Suspend casing load from casing head or spool
– Center casing string in head or spool
– Provide pressure-tight seal
• Tubing head
– Top spool on a surface wellhead assembly
• Functions of tubing head
– Provide load shoulder to support tubing
hangers/packoffs
– Provide controlled bore
– Second annulus seal around top of previous
casing string
– Provide access to annulus between tubing string
and production casing
– Provide means of supporting and testing BOPs
− should be rated to the maximum closed-in wellhead
pressure
− should be designed to accept shear loads imposed
during wireline, coiled tubing, and snubbing
operations (e.g. vibration, bending moments of the
lubricator, etc.
Tubing hanger:
– Used to suspend production tubing
– Allows installation of plug or check valve
➢The tree and tubing hanger are usually purchased from the
same supplier.
➢The wellhead may also be purchased from the same
supplier for easier management of interfaces.