Assessment

in
Language
Teaching

Edited by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ekrem SOLAK

pelikan
 Chapter XII

National and International

Language Exams

Servet Çelik
Karadeniz Technical University
pelikan
Chapter

XII COMMON NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE EXAMS

Learning Objectives

On completing this chapter, students will:

➢ Discuss the various reasons for taking an English language proiciency exam;
➢ Identify the most common national and international exams;
➢ Explain, in a general way, the language skills that are tested in each of these exams and
the types of questions that are included;
➢ Choose the most appropriate test in terms of speciic needs (e.g., study, work, travel);
➢ Locate resources for additional information on the various English language proiciency
exams.

Introduction
Many learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) will need to take a language proiciency
exam at some point, whether for academic, professional or even personal aims. One of the
primary reasons for taking an English language proiciency test is as a requirement for university
admission and placement. Furthermore, for students who plan to study abroad in an English-
speaking country, foreign institutions typically stipulate that applicants must achieve satisfactory
scores on a speciic English language exam as a condition of acceptance. Many businesses and
government institutions also refer to standardized exam scores during the recruitment process as
an objective measure of a candidate’s ability to communicate effectively in English, as individuals
who have high-level English skills are often viewed as more valuable employees. On the other
hand, some language learners may opt to take a standardized exam for personal reasons; for
instance, as a means to evaluate their own achievement and identify any problem areas.

A large number of standardized English language exams exist; these may focus either on
overall achievement or on a speciic set of language skills (e.g., listening, speaking, reading,
writing). Each exam differs at least somewhat in terms of the competences measured, as well as
the context in which it is administered and in how the scores are used. The goal of this chapter
is to support Turkish EFL students and English Language Teaching (ELT) teacher candidates in
understanding the testing types that are available, and, in the cases where testing is optional,
what to consider when deciding which exam(s) to take. With this in mind, in the following sections,
some of the most common national and international language proiciency exams are discussed
in terms of their purposes, the institutions that recognize them, and the competences they are
designed to assess.

National Language Proiciency Exams in Turkey

The main English language proiciency exams offered in Turkey include the Foreign Language
Proiency Test (Yabancı Dil Bilgisi Seviye Tespit Sınavı, or YDS), which is administered during the
recruitment process for academics, civil servants and military personnel; and the more recently

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introduced Foreign Language Exam for Higher Education Institutions (YÖKDİL), which may be
taken by candidates seeking positions in Turkish universities.

Figure 1: Testing (Pexels, n.d.).

Foreign Language Proiency Test (“Yabancı Dil Bilgisi Seviye Tespit Sınavı“) (YDS)
Purpose and focus of the exam. The YDS (Yabancı Dil Bilgisi Seviye Tespit Sınavı) is
a language proiciency test administered by the Measuring, Placement and Selection Center
(Ölçme, Seçme ve Yerleştirme Merkezi, or ÖSYM) to measure the foreign language proiciency
levels of prospective government employees and of those planning to pursue graduate studies
or seeking an academic position. Scores on the exam are used to determine eligibility for
employment and pay grades. Individuals with higher scores may also be given preference in job
placement in some cases.
The YDS focuses heavily on grammar, vocabulary, reading comprehension and translation;
speaking, listening and writing are not considered. Because of this, the exam has been frequently
criticized (Külekçi, 2016) as inadequate for measuring true language proiciency. Currently, the
exam is given twice yearly, in the spring and fall. In the spring, candidates can register for testing
in more than twenty foreign languages, including Chinese, English, French, Greek, German,
Japanese, Persian and Spanish, among others. In the fall, only Arabic, French, German and
Russian are offered in addition to English.
Who takes the YDS? Candidates who are seeking government employment in Turkey,
whether for civil or military service, will need to take the YDS. This includes prospective teachers
and individuals who are applying for academic positions at state-run universities for graduate
(masters or doctoral) study or research assistantships, as well as promotion from the level of
assistant to associate professor (Külekçi¸ 2016).
Exam format. The YDS consists of eighty items relating to grammar, vocabulary, reading

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comprehension and translation. Question types generally include reading passages and
accompanying comprehension questions; Cloze sentences and paragraphs; translation; dialogue
completion; and so on. Candidates take the YDS in a designated testing center; both paper and
electronic versions of the exam may be given.
How to register. Test-takers may register for the YDS at either an application center or on
the ÖSYM website at http://www.osym.gov.tr/. Those completing registration on the internet will
be required to submit a photograph with the application.

The Foreign Language Exam for Higher Education Institutions (“Yükseköğretim

Kurumları Yabancı Dil Sınavı”) (YÖKDİL)
Purpose and focus of the exam. The Foreign Language Exam for Higher Education
Institutions (YÖKDİL) was irst introduced by the Council of Higher Education in January, 2017,
as part of an initiative to improve the quality of higher education in Turkey. Its intent is to ensure
that all academics, and particularly those who teach courses in a language other than Turkish,
meet acceptable standards for foreign language proiciency (CoHE, 2017). The YÖKDİL may be
applied as an alternative to the YDS. However, unlike the YDS, this exam focuses on academic
language skills and proiciency in speaking and listening, as well as reading comprehension.
The YÖKDİL was irst given in English in March 2017 and was then extended to include other
languages (German, French and Arabic) (CoHE, 2017).

Who takes the YÖKDİL? Candidates for the YÖKDİL are individuals who are either applying
to a doctoral program or seeking promotion to an associate professorship at a Turkish university.
Additionally, universities may consider scores on the YÖKDİL exam for undergraduate admission
and placement. For entrance to a doctoral program, a minimum score of 55 is required; while a
score of 65 or higher is needed when applying for associate professorship (CoHE, 2017).

How to register. The YÖKDİL exam is

offered twice per year, in the spring
and fall. Online registration is available
at http://yokdil.yok.gov.tr.

Figure 2: Travel Abroad (Pexels, n.d.).

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International English Language Proiciency Exams

There are a number of internationally recognized English language proiciency tests that are
administered in countries around the world. Scores on these exams are considered for purposes
such as university admission, study abroad, employment, travel visas and immigration. Before
registering to take a language proiciency exam, it is important to determine which test scores are
accepted by a particular institution, business or government agency.

Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)

Purpose and focus of the exam. The Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) is
developed and administered by the Educational Testing Service (a United States-based
organization). Over 10,000 institutions in 130 countries accept TOEFL scores, making it the most
widely recognized English language proiciency exam in the world (ETS, 2017a). Unlike many
other language proiciency exams, which typically focus on grammar and vocabulary knowledge,
the primary aim of the TOEFL is to assess a candidate’s ability to communicate effectively in an
English-speaking environment. As such, it tests all four language skills – listening, speaking,
reading and writing – with an emphasis on the language used in academic settings.

Who takes the TOEFL? Applicants to undergraduate, graduate and post-doctoral level programs
at universities in English-speaking countries such as Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom and
the United States, or at institutions where English is the medium of instruction, may be required
to provide TOEFL scores as a condition for acceptance. A satisfactory TOEFL score may also
be needed for approval of a student or travel visa in some instances; or, in countries such as
Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, as a condition for immigration (ETS, 2017a).

Exam format. Although a pencil and paper test is still available in some testing centers, the
majority of candidates will take an updated Internet version of the TOEFL, known as the TOEFL
iBT. This version of the exam was launched by the ETS in 2005 in order to simplify the process
of administering and scoring the exam, as well as allowing for simulation of a real communicative
environment (ETS, 2008).

The TOEFL iBT tests all four language skills via computer; for speaking and listening portions,
noise-canceling headphones and a microphone are used. Instructions are given on-screen before
each portion of the exam. Three basic question formats are included:
➢ Read, listen, and then speak in response to a question;
➢ Listen and then speak in response to a question;
➢ Read, listen, and then write in response to a question (ETS, 2008, p. 7).

For the reading sections of the test, candidates will be asked to demonstrate their ability to
comprehend academic texts through summarizing, paraphrasing, expressing the main idea of a
passage, identifying the organization type, and so on. Similarly, the listening portions examine
skills such as basic comprehension, recognizing a speaker’s attitude and purpose, synthesizing
information, and making connections between ideas (such as in a lecture).

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The speaking items on the TOEFL are designed to test an individual’s ability to answer
questions, express his or her ideas, participate in a class discussion, take part in a casual
conversation, and so on. In terms of writing skills, two separate writing tasks are given. One
asks test-takers to respond to information given in a reading and a lecture-type format; another
requires them to write an essay by drawing on their general knowledge.

Scores. Test takers must answer at least 1 question each in the Reading and Listening
sections, write at least 1 essay, and complete at least 1 Speaking task to receive an oficial score.
For the TOEFL iBT test, administered via the internet, you will receive 4 scaled section scores and
a total score. There is no passing or failing TOEFL score; individual higher education institutions
and agencies set their own score requirements. TOEFL scores are valid for 2 years after the test
date and there is no limit to the number of times you can take the test, but you cannot take it
more than once in a 12-day period. If you already have a test appointment, you cannot register
for another test within 12 days of your existing appointment (ETS, 2017b).

Although the score range for each of the 4 test sections (Reading, Listening, Speaking, and
Writing) is from 0 to 30, each section is a separate measure and each measure has its own scale.
Therefore, scores obtained on a section can be compared to other scores from the same section,
but it is not appropriate to compare scores across different sections. The Reading and Listening
sections are scored by computer with a score range from 0 to 30. The Reading section has 36–56
tasks based on reading passages from academic texts and answering questions. The Listening
section has 34–51 tasks based on listening to lectures, classroom discussions and conversati-
ons, then answering questions. In the Speaking section, each of 6 tasks is rated from 0 to 4. The
sum is converted to a scaled score of 0 to 30. In the Writing section, 2 tasks are rated from 0 to
5. The sum is converted to a scaled score of 0 to 30 (ETS, 2017c).

Skill Score Range Level

High (22–30)
Reading 0–30 Intermediate (15–21)
Low (0–14)
High (22–30)
Listening 0–30 Intermediate (14–21)
Low (0–13)
Good (26–30)
Fair (18–25)
Speaking 0–30
Limited (10–17)
Weak (0–9)
Good (24–30)
Fair (17–23)
Writing 0–30
Limited (1–16)
Score of zero (0)
Total Score 0–120

Available at https://www.ets.org/toel/ibt/scores/understand/

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How to register. Registration for the TOEFL must be completed online at https://www.ets.
org/toel/ibt/register at least seven days before the desired testing date. Walk-in registration at
a testing center is not permitted. Test-takers will be required to provide photographic identiication
during the registration process, as well as on the day of testing; payment for the exam is made
online using a credit card or PayPal.

International English Language Testing System (IELTS)

Purpose and focus of the exam. Like the TOEFL, the International English Language Testing
System (IELTS) is an English language proiciency exam that aims to measure the communicative
English ability of people who want to work or study in English-speaking countries. The IELTS is
available in two different versions: IELTS Academic and IELTS General Training. As with the
TOEFL, each version tests all four language skills of listening, speaking, reading and writing
through a series of task-based items. In both cases, the test accepts all versions of English (e.g.,
British, American, Australian, etc.) in order to avoid cultural bias (IELTS, 2017a).

Figure 3: IELTS (Pixabay, n.d.).

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Who takes the IELTS? Non-native speakers of English who are seeking university admission
or employment in an English-speaking country may take the IELTS as part of the application
process. Furthermore, some countries will request scores on the IELTS or another English
language proiciency exam for approval of travel, study or work visas. Additionally, in countries
such as Canada, Australia and the United Kingdom, where language ability is considered as part
of the immigration process, may accept IELTS scores as documentation of an applicant’s English
language proiciency level.

Exam format. The IELTS Academic and IELTS General Training exams each include four main
sections for listening, speaking, reading and writing, respectively. The listening, reading and
writing portions of the exam are taken on the same day. However, the speaking portion may be
scheduled on a different date, either before or after completing the other sections (IELTS, 2017a).
The listening and speaking portions are the same on both versions of the test; however, the
reading and writing sections vary between the Academic and General Training types.

On the listening portion of the exam, test-takers are examined in terms of their ability to
understand the basic ideas in everyday conversations, as well as their comprehension of speciic
points. Items in the reading sections, whether on the Academic or General Training versions,
consist of reading passages that should be accessible to the average reader. The Academic
reading texts may be taken from journals, magazines, newspapers, and other informational
sources, while General Training texts may include notices, advertisements, employment ads,
and so on.

For the writing portion of the Academic test, candidates may be asked to summarize visual
information in writing, as well as to produce a short response to a prompt in an academic/formal
style. On the General Training version, test-takers may encounter items asking them to respond
to a request for information or to write a formal or informal letter or essay. Finally, in terms of
speaking skills, test-takers will work directly with an examiner, who may ask them personal or
general-knowledge questions. A general topic may also be given wherein the candidate will be
asked to talk for a given period of time (e.g., two minutes) on a particular subject and then to
support his/her views.

Figure 4: University Students (Pixabay, n.d.).

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How to register. The IELTS is administered at more than 1100 locations worldwide, in 140
different countries. Candidates can register and pay for the exam online by locating a testing
center at https://www.ielts.org/book-a-test/ind-a-test-location, and then completing the
online application; or as an alternative, downloading a registration form and submitting it directly
to the testing center. Photo identiication must be provided during the registration process, and
the same ID must be presented at the testing location on exam day.

Scores. The IELTS has a 9-band scoring scale.Test takers are given a score from 1 to 9 for
each part of the test – Listening, Reading, Writing and Speaking. The average produces the ove-
rall band score. Test takers can score whole (e.g., 5.0, 6.0, 7.0) or half (e.g., 5.5, 6.5, 7.5) bands
in each part of the test (IELTS, 2017b)

Bandscore Skill level Description

You have a full operational command of the language. Your

Band 9 Expert user use of English is appropriate, accurate and luent, and you
show complete understanding.
You have a fully operational command of the language with
only occasional unsystematic inaccuracies and inappropriate
Band 8 Very good user
usage. You may misunderstand some things in unfamiliar
situations. You handle complex detailed argumentation well.
You have an operational command of the language, though
with occasional inaccuracies, inappropriate usage and
Band 7 Good user
misunderstandings in some situations. Generally you handle
complex language well and understand detailed reasoning.
Generally you have an effective command of the language
Competent despite some inaccuracies, inappropriate usage and
Band 6
user misunderstandings. You can use and understand fairly
complex language, particularly in familiar situations.
You have a partial command of the language, and cope with
overall meaning in most situations, although you are likely
Band 5 Modest user
to make many mistakes. You should be able to handle basic
communication in your own ield.
Your basic competence is limited to familiar situations. You
Band 4 Limited user frequently show problems in understanding and expression.
You are not able to use complex language.
You convey and understand only general meaning in very
Extremely
Band 3 familiar situations. There are frequent breakdowns in
limited user
communication.
Intermittent You have great dificulty understanding spoken and written
Band 2
user English.
You have no ability to use the language except a few isolated
Band 1 Non-user
words.
Did not attempt You did not answer the questions.
Band 0
the test

Available at http://takeielts.britishcouncil.org/ind-out-about-results/understand-your-ielts-scores

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Test of English for International Communication (TOEIC)

Purpose and focus of the exam. As with the TOEFL, the Test of English for International
Communication (TOEIC) is designed and administered by the Educational Testing Service.
However, while the TOEFL focuses on academic English skills, the TOEIC aims to examine
workplace English skills. Companies around the world accept scores on this test as proof of an
applicant’s ability to communicate effectively in English in an international business environment.
The TOEIC offers two different exams types: public exams held at testing centers; or institutional
exams administered privately through entities such as universities, businesses who employ an
international workforce, or language schools (ETS, n.d.).

Who takes the TOEIC? Candidates for the TOEIC are generally individuals applying for positions
at companies who require employees to demonstrate their ability to communicate effectively in
English with co-workers, clients and other businesses on an international level.

Exam format. The TOEIC offers two different exam types. The Listening and Reading version
tests candidates’ ability to listen effectively and to participate in meetings, teleconferencing,
telephone conversations, and so on; while the Speaking and Writing version involves skills such
as face-to-face communication, giving presentations and written correspondence.

How to register. For candidates who plan to take a public test, registration can be made online at
https://www.ets.org/toeic/test_takers/listening_reading/register. For individuals who will take an
institutional version of the exam, registration is arranged by the university, employer or language
school.

Pearson Test of English (PTE)

Purpose and focus of the exam. The Pearson Test of English (PTE) is an English language
proiciency exam developed by the Pearson PLC group, a British publishing company. The exam
encompasses all four language skills of listening, speaking, reading and writing. Two different
versions of the exam are offered, including PTE Academic and PTE General. The PTE Academic
exam is an electronic test that evaluates integrated language skills in a simulated academic
environment. The PTE General likewise focuses on the four language skills, but it is given as a
paper-and-pencil test, with the spoken portion given by an examiner.

The PTE Academic exam may be considered for university application or employment.
However, the PTE General is given mainly for personal assessment. It can be taken at various
levels corresponding to the CEFR levels A1-C2 and serves as a means for test-takers to evaluate
their progress.

Who takes the Pearson Test of English? Candidates for the PTE are primarily students applying
for study abroad and individuals seeking international employment. The PTE Academic version of
the test may also be used as a qualiier for visa approval in countries such as Australia and the
United Kingdom; however, the PTE General is not accepted for this purpose.

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Exam format. Administration of the PTE Academic test is provided electronically and consists
of three sections: speaking and writing; listening; and reading. The speaking and writing section
environment. The items such as introductions, reading aloud, describing an object, re-telling
a lecture, summarizing a written work, and so on. On the other hand, the reading section
environment. The reading a passage and then responding to items involving comprehension and
organization of the text. For the listening portion of the exam, test-takers are asked to respond to
questions concerning the content of a spoken text, to summarize the main ideas, and so on. The
PTE General exam involves similar question types. However, as previously mentioned, it is given
in person at speciied testing centers only.

Figure 5: Study (Pixabay, n.d.).

How to register. In order to register for the PTE Academic exam, it is necessary to open an
online account at environment. The and then follow the instructions for locating a testing center
and submitting a registration form. For the PTE General, candidates can register online by inding
a testing center at http://pearsonpte.com/test-takers/test-centres

Cambridge English Exams

Purpose and focus of the exams. The Cambridge English exams are a series of English
language proiciency tests that align with the proiciency descriptors deined in the Common
European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment (CEFR).
There are over thirty individual exams, falling under categories such as Young Learners; General
or School English; Academic or Professional English; and Business English. Several diagnostic
and teacher qualiication exams are also available.

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Successful completion of a Cambridge English proiciency exam may lead to certiication in

the corresponding CEFR level (e.g., A1, A2, B1, B2, and so on). As with the other proiciency
tests discussed in this chapter, scores on a qualifying Cambridge exam may be considered for
university acceptance or employment; while in many European countries, a School English exam
may also be administered as a school exit requirement (Cambridge English Exams, n.d.).

A detailed description of individual exams is beyond the scope of this chapter; however, an
overview of the most common is given here.

Key English Test (KET). The KET is an elementary-level exam for beginning learners of
English. It is administered in three sections, consisting of reading and writing; listening; and
speaking. Candidates who pass the KET will receive an A2-level certiicate according to the
CEFR. Individuals who do not pass, but who still perform fairly well, may be awarded

Preliminary English Test (PET). The PET test is given for intermediate, school-age learners. As
with the KET, it consists of three sections: reading and writing; listening; and speaking. Passing
this exam leads to B1 certiication.

First Certiicate in English (FCE). The FCE is the most important of the Cambridge English
exams, relating to the CEFR B2 proiciency level. The test consists of four sections: reading,
writing, listening, and speaking (generally carried out as an interview with another test-taker). An
A-level pass of the FCE is accepted for admission to some universities, particularly in the United
Kingdom.

Certiicate of Advanced English (CAE). Advanced learners of English who can communicate
with conidence in a variety of situations may be qualiied to take the CAE. This exam includes
four sections: reading and use of English; writing; listening; and speaking. A high-level pass on
this exam leads to C1-level certiication and may be accepted for university admission.

Certiicate of Proiciency in English (CPE). This exam is given for advanced learners who
are proicient enough to communicate luently on any subject in English, and to teach English to
others. The CPE includes ive main sections: reading; composition; use of English; listening; and
interview. Candidates who pass this exam with a high score will receive C2-level certiication.

Business English Certiicates (BEC). There are three Business English Certiicate tests,
corresponding to CEFR levels B1, B2 and C1. Each of these exams relates to candidates’ general
knowledge of business English, rather than specialized terminology relating to a particular sector.
All three exams include four sections for reading, writing, listening and speaking (Cambridge
English, n.d.).

How to register. All of the Cambridge English exams are held in testing centers; both paper
and computer-based tests are available, although some centers may only offer one version.
Registration should be made by locating a testing center online athttp://www.cambridgeenglish.
org/ind-a-centre/ and then following the process described for that center (Cambridge English, n.d.).

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Figure 6: International Views (Pixabay, n.d.).

Where to Find More Information

Because testing dates and fees, as well as details on the numbers and types of questions on a
given exam, are variable and subject to change, this information is not included in the discussion
above. More information on these can be found at the websites listed here, along with study
guides and links to practice exams.
YDS
➢ http://ydsweb.org/
➢ http://www.osym.gov.tr/

YÖKDİL
➢ http://yokdil.yok.gov.tr

TOEFL
➢ https://www.ets.org/toel
➢ https://www.ets.org/toel/ibt

IELTS
➢ https://www.ielts.org/
➢ http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/ielts

TOEIC
➢ https://www.ets.org/toeic/

PTE
➢ http://pearsonpte.com/

Cambridge English Exams

➢ http://www.examenglish.com/cambridge_esol.php
➢ http://www.cambridgeenglish.org/

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yokdil-exam-to-be-implemented

Educational Testing Service (ETS). (n.d.). TOEIC. Retrieved from https://www.ets.org/toeic/

Educational Testing Service (ETS). (2008). TOEFL iBT tips: How to prepare for the TOEFL iBT.
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cambridge_esol.php

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Pearson. (n.d.). Pearson test of English. Retrieved from http://pearsonpte.com/

Yükseköğretim Kurulu [Council of Higher Education] (YÖK). (n.d.). Yükseköğretim kurumları dil
sınavı [Foreign language exam for higher education institutions]. Retrieved from http://www.yok.
gov.tr/
Image Credits

Figure 1: Testing. (n.d.). Pexels. Retrived from https://www.pexels.com/photo/business-

businessmen-classroom-communication-267507/

Figure 2: International travel. (n.d.). Pexels. Retrieved from https://static.pexels.com/

photos/235209/pexels-photo-235209.jpeg

Figure 3: IELTS. (n.d.). Pixabay. Retrieved from https://pixabay.com/en/ielts-english-language-

pass-happy-1705198/

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Chapter XII COMMON NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE EXAMS

Figure 4: University Students. (n.d.). Pixabay. Retrieved from https://pixabay.com/en/people-

men-women-graduation-school-2562626/

Figure 5: Study. (n.d.). Pixabay. Retrieved from https://pixabay.com/en/books-library-alphabet-

reading-2253569/

Figure 6: International Views (n.d.). Retrieved from https://pixabay.com/en/lags-country-

nationalities-2048218/

About the Author

Dr. Servet Çelik is an assistant professor and chair of the Department of Foreign Language
Education at Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey. He holds a bachelor’s degree in ELT
from Gazi University, Turkey; a master of education degree in TESOL from the University of
Pennsylvania, USA, and a doctoral degree in Literacy, Culture, and Language Education
from Indiana University-Bloomington, USA. Dr. Çelik has extensive experience as an English
language teacher educator and has participated in national and international projects relating to
curriculum design and teacher professional development. Some of his research interests include
teaching for diversity; intercultural awareness; and the issues surrounding multilingualism and
multiculturalism in pluralistic societies.

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