MBBS 2nd YEAR HAQ

[2nd EDITION]

MICROBIOLOGY
QUESTIONS
DISCLAIMER : All the questions in this HAQ (Haji Ali Questions)
are purely based on daily tasks provided in the respective
telegram group.

Group Link : https://t.me/+5k43x-kuHNUwMDFl

INSTA Link : https://instagram.com/mbbs_haqs?igshid=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==

~by Haji Ali

1
 PAPER 1
IMMUNOLOGY
LAQs
1.a) Write about general features of Antigen-antibody reactions. 17

b) Write in detail about different types of Antigen-antibody reactions.

2. A) Define and Classify Hypersensitivity reactions.

Add a Note on : 2023

16 B) Type 1 Hypersensitivity reaction22

**** C) Type2 Hypersensitivity reaction ****.

D) Type3 Hypersensitivity reaction ****. E) Type4 Hypersensitivity reaction.**** 15

2022; 18

3.a) What is Graft Rejection & what are the types?

b) Mechanisms underlying it.

c) Add a Note on pretransplant investigations to be done before a transplant is

done. And How graft rejection can be prevented?

2
 SAQs
1. A)Define Immunity

B) properties and mediators(components) of Innate immunity (1+4)

16 and acquired Immunity.
2. Differences b/w innate 22. 17
15
3. Differences b/w active and passive immunity.22

4. ELISA ***** 2023 ,2022 2020,2015

5.Modes of transmission of Infection.*** 2023. 15

VSAQs
22
1. Describe Herd Immunity.

2. Write briefly about heterophile antigens .

3. What is adjuvant? Add a note on Mech of action and examples of it?

13
4. Short Note on SUPERANTIGENS. 19

5. Define and classify Immunoglobulins. Describe Ig A,G, M under the following :

a) neat labeled diagram b) structure c) functions 23 22 19 20

14
6. Add a note on Monoclonal antibodies and their applications.
2023 2022 2021
7. AGGLUTINATION REACTIONS*** - principle, types and applications.

8. What is a compliment? Add a note on Classical Complement pathway***.

9. Add a note on Alternative complement pathway***.

20 ;22. 15
10. Write a Short Note on complement deficiency Diseases.2022 2015

11. Add note on B cell & T cell. 17 (5+5)

3
12. Describe Major Histocompatibility Complex****. 2023

13. Add a note on TOLERANCE. (Central & Peripheral Tolerance-Anergy***).

16. 14
14. Define Autoimmunity. What are the various types of autoimmune disorders
and mechanisms involved in it?*****
2023 20
15. Classify Autoimmune diseases.

16. Add a Note on SCID***.

13 14
17. Add a Note on Immunodeficiency disorders associated with Phagocytosis.16

18. Add a Note on Graft - versus - host reaction ****.21 13 (5 marks)

19. Write a short note on the tumor Antigens.

20. Vaccine.(Live vs killed) **** (3 marks)

21. NATIONAL IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE + UNIVERSAL IMMUNIZATION

SCHEDULE****.

4
 GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY
LAQs
1. CULTURE MEDIA;
16
15
Simple media - Enrichment media (blood agar***) -17

Selective Media ****- Anaerobic culture media ***(RCM) 22 ;21

15

2. Describe briefly about;

a) Plasmid b)Bacterial Conjugation 20

c) Transduction d)Transferable Bacterial Resistance.

2022 16
16

SAQs
1. LOUIS PASTEUR*** & his contributions

2. Robert koch contributions***. 2022

3. KOCH POSTULATES****.22 ; 19

4. PAUL EHRLICH contributions***.

5. Edward Jenner. (3 marks)

6. Write a Short Note on GRAM STAINING.

7. Write Short note on acid-fast stain or Ziehl-Nehlsen staining***.

8. Add a note on PCR with its Applications. 19

9. Add a note on Mechanism of Antimicrobial resistance.

5
 10. Add a Note on Mutational and transferable Drug resistance. 22. 18

11. Write short note on Differences between endotoxins and exotoxins******.2023 20

16
12. Add a note on REPLICATION OF VIRUSES****. (positive and negative)

13. Add a note on viral cell line cultures****

16 14. Short Note on Interferons***. 18 14

15. Immunoprophylaxis for viral diseases(vaccines).

16. Write briefly about Stool Concentration techniques **** 20

VSAQs
1.IMViC test ****.

2.What are inclusion bodies?

3.Morphological classification of Fungi with examples. 17

4. What are Dimorphic fungi****? Give Examples.2023 19. 15. 13

5.Add a note SDA***(Sabouraud's dextrose agar).

6
HOSPITAL INFECTION CONTROL
LAQs
1.a) Define Sterilization.
22
b) Add a Note on Autoclave**** 17

c) Add a Note on Hot air oven****16

d) Eto*** & Plasma Sterilisation.(chemical methods)20

e)Controls used in Sterilisation.

SAQs
1.Write Short note on : a) Pasteurization 20 ; 19 b) Inspissation.20
15
2. Add a Note chemical disinfectant & its test.

3. Add a Note on Catheter-related Bloodstream infections****. (CRBSI).2022

4.What are chemical sterilants? Discuss their application in Healthcare

settings.(sporicidal agents imp)

5. Write a short note on Biomedical waste management. (Also include types of

containers for different biomedical wastes )2022 ; 19

6.Add a note on Management of NEEDLE STICK INJURY

7. SSI (Surgical Site Infection)*** 2023

8.Define Disinfection.***********

VSAQs
1. Write a brief note on cold sterilization.

7
 CARDIOVASCULAR AND
BLOODSTREAM INFECTIONS
LAQs
14
1.ACUTE RHEUMATIC FEVER*** (or) RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE under the
following headings :

a) Etiological agents b) Diagnostic criteria

c) its prevention**** (or) prevention of its recurrence episodes.

2. Describe ENTERIC FEVER**** Under the following headings :

a) Organisms causing b)Virulence Factors c) Pathogenesis

17 d) LAB DIAGNOSIS **** e) WIDAL TEST*** f) Prophylaxis***
2023
16 19

3. HIV**** under the following headings:

diagram 2022
a) Morphology/structure***
17
b) Pathogenesis ***13

c) Clinical stages n disease progression*****

d) NACO strategies / algorithms for HIV diagnosis 2023

13
e) Lab Diagnosis (Western blot Viral RNA detection***) [5 Marks****] 2023 ;22
f) Name six Opportunistic Infection.2023 ;22

8
4.a)Write a short Note on Arbo viral infections. ( General properties,

Classification, vectors).

DENGUE under the following headings :

b) Pathogenesis 15 c) Clinical classification**** & features****

d) Laboratory Diagnosis***
17

5. MALARIA**** under the following headings :

20 realpse 2022
a) Etiological agents [P.Falciparum,P.V ivax]

b) life cycle of etiological agents****

2023
c) Pathogenesis, clinical manifestations*** n complications(cerebral malaria)*** 2023
13 ***
d) Lab Diagnosis 20 ;19
e) Add a Note on Antimalarial Drugs ***and prevention.

6. KALA AZAR**** under the following headings :

a) Etiological agents

b) life cycle of etiological agents****

c) Pathogenesis, clinical manifestations***

d) Lab Diagnosis *** 22

e) Add a Note on its treatment.

9
7. FILARIASIS **** under the following headings :

a) Etiological agents

b) life cycle of etiological agents****

c) MORPHOLOGY ****

d) Pathogenesis, clinical manifestations*** / complications

e) Lab Diagnosis ***

f) Add a Note on its treatment and prevention

SAQs
1. Write briefly about INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS**** 2022

2. Write short note on Fever of unknown origin[FUO] (or) pyrexia of unknown

origin****
13
3. Lab Diagnosis of Rickettsiosis. (WEIL - FELIX TEST**** & Neil Mooser
reaction***).

4. Add a Note on Q fever.

5. Write Short note on Bartonellosis***.

5. Laboratory Diagnosis of BRUCELLOSIS (Milk ring test ****). 2022 17

6. Lab Diagnosis of syphilis***. 2023 ;22

7. Short Note on Borreliosis(Lyme disease***& relapsing fever***).

13
8. Treponema haemagglutination test***.

9. Add a note on KFD.

2023

10
10. Write Short note on Japanese Encephalitis****. 22

11.Add a note Babesiosis. 16

13 16
12. Add a note PKDL**** (post kala azar dermal leishmaniasis) .2022 19

13. Add a note on CHAGAS disease( T. Cruci) . 20

14. Write a Short Note on African Sleeping sickness(T. Brucei).

17Candidiasis****.(Risk Factors, Clinical manifestations, Lab
15. Describe Systemic
diagnosis***) 20. 18

16. Describe Histoplasmosis****.

17.WEIL’s disease.**

GIT
LAQs
1. FOOD POISONING under the following headings : [10+5]
20
a) Etiological agents***- pathogenesis and Clinical manifestation

b) Lab diagnosis & Treatment.

22
2. DIARRHEAGENIC E.COLI under the following headings :

a) Types***

b) Virulence Factors*** and pathogenesis

c) Lab Diagnosis*** and treatment.

20
11
 3. CHOLERA***** under the following headings;

a) Classification of V.cholerae.(classical vs El Tor***) 22

20 toxin***)
b) Pathogenesis of Cholera. (MOA of Cholera

c) Laboratory Diagnosis **** and prevention of cholera 2023

19
d) Treatment [3+4+5+2]

4. AMOEBIASIS**** under the following headings;

a) Life cycle of E. HISTOLYTICA***(diagram of Trophozoite***) 19

14
b) Pathogenesis ***

c) C/F

d) Laboratory diagnosis****

5.ASCARIASIS****: under the following headings;

a) Morphology***& life cycle ***17

b) Pathogenesis & Clinical features***

17
c) Lab Diagnosis ****

6.a) Life cycle of Hookworm. 20 (5)

b)Pathogenesis and Clinical features. (3+2)

c)Lab diagnosis (morphology of eggs) (5)

12
 SAQs
1. Write Short note on Traveller’s diarrhea.

2. Add a Note on Botulism*****(-pathogenesis, (MOA), -C/F, -types, -treatment)

18
3. Pathogenesis of Bacillary Dysentery***(shigellosis).

4. Write Short Note on Helicobacter pylori**** 2022. 15 17

(-pathogenesis ,-C/F,-lab diagnosis ***)

5. Add a note on Pseudomembranous colitis ***. (C.difficile infection)

6. Trophozoite and Cysts of Giardia lamblia****. (Diagrams) 2022

19 20

VSAQs
1. Enumerate Viruses causing diarrhea****. 2023

2. Add a note on Hydatid disease***. 20

3. Enumerate Bile stained and Non bile-stained eggs***.2022

22 20
4. Lab diagnosis of Schistosoma***.

5.Mycetism.(3/5 marks)

13
 HEPATOBILIARY SYSTEM
LAQs
1. HEPATITIS B***** under the following headings;
16
a) Morphology of virus***

b) Pathogenesis

c) Laboratory diagnosis***21

d) Prophylaxis of the infection 2022

e) Serological markers*** 20

13
192. ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA (AMOEBIC LIVER ABSCESS)*****. 17

under the following headings;

a) Morphology of organism20 17

b) Pathogenesis 20. 17

c) Clinical Manifestations

d) LAB DIAGNOSIS **** 2022

13 3. ECHINOCOCCUS GRANULOSUS: under the following headings;

a) Morphology of organism

b) Life Cycle
16
c) HYDATID CYST**** / HYDATID DISEASE. (5 marks) 2023 ;20

d) Lab Diagnosis ****

14
 SAQs
14
1.Add a note of Hepatitis C virus.16

2. YELLOW FEVER.

3. Write short note on LARVA MIGRANS***. 22

13 15 16

Name three ;
1.Antibiotic Inhibits Cell Wall Synthesis

2.Live Attenuated Vaccine

3.Difference B/W Microscopy Of P.Vivax And P.Falciparum

4.Advantages Of Rapid Diagnostic Kit

5.Anaerobic Culture Media 2022

6.Disease Due To Compliment Deficiency

7.Parasitic Eggs Float In Saturated Salt Solution

2022
8.Methods Of Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing 2022

9.Anaerobic Bacteria 2023

10.Organism Causing Space Occupying Lesion 2023

11.Parasites Causing Anaemia

12.Viruses Causing Diarrhoea

13.Dimorphic Fungi.

15
 PAPER 2
SKIN,SOFT TISSUE AND
MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
LAQs
1. STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS :(THE BIG BULL OF INFECTION$)

under the following headings;

a) Virulence Factors & Pathogenicity

b) Infections caused /Clinical Manifestations

c) Lab Diagnosis ****

d) Treatment.

2. STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES****:(CHOTA BULL)

under the following headings;

a) Classification of Streptococci

b) Virulence Factors

c) Clinical Manifestations. (Suppurative and Nonsuppurative)

d) Lab Diagnosis **** 20

16
3. GAS GANGRENE (CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS):2022 19

under the following headings;

a) Etiopathogenesis

b) Clinical Manifestations

c) Lab Diagnosis *** under the following headings;

2023 2022
4.B.ANTHRAX*** under the following headings;

a) Virulence Factors and Pathogenicity

b) Clinical Manifestations. (Agent of Bioterrorism***)

c) Lab Diagnosis ***(Mcfadyen reaction) 19

d) Treatment and prophylaxis.

22 15
5. HERPES INFECTION*** under the following headings;

a) Classify herpes viruses 20

b) Herpes simplex virus neat labeled diagram

c) pathogenicity

d) clinical features and lab diagnosis.

14 17 15
6.a)Classify DERMATOPHYTES. (5)************** 19 ;22

b) Lab diagnosis.
19
c) ID reaction. 21

17
 SAQs
1.TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME ***. 2119

2.COAGULASE TEST***.

3.MRSA( Methicillin Resistant Staph aureus)****. 17

4. Write short note streptococcus viridans.

5. Classification of Leprosy ***.

6. Lab Diagnosis of Leprosy*** (lepromin test)

7. Lab diagnosis of Actinomycosis***19

8. Pathogenicity, clinical features (Chicken Pox) and lab diagnosis

of Varicella Zoster virus .

9. Differences between smallpox and chickenpox

10. Short Note on Molluscum contagiosum 22 ;19

11. Clinical Features & lab diagnosis of MEASLES. + Measles Vaccine **** 18
14
12. Rubella and its clinical forms****

13. Life cycle, pathogenesis clinical features and lab diagnosis of

22 Dracunculus medinensis / GUINEA WORM ****

14. Add a note on Cutaneous Larva migrans

15. Add a brief note on SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES**** 20

16. Add a note on MYCETOMA****2022

17. Write briefly about RHINOSPORIDIOSIS**** 20. 18

14

18
 VSAQs
1.Nagler Reaction *** 19

2. Classify Mycoses

3. Classify DERMATOPHYTOSES***(Tinea Capitis , Corporis….)

4. Write Short Note on Id reaction****

5.Add a note on Sporotrichosis*** 21

17

RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS

LAQs

1. CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIA**** under the following headings;

18
a. Virulence Factor (Diphtheria toxin - 3 marks)***
b. pathogenesis and Clinical manifestations
c. Lab Diagnosis**** 20 (5 marks)
d.Management.22

22
2. H. INFLUENZA**** under the following headings;
a. Virulence Factors.
b. Pathogenesis.
2022 19 14
c. Lab Diagnosis (Satellitism-3 marks***) (Factor X and factor V - 3 marks***)
d. Prophylaxis.

19
3. M. TUBERCULOSIS**** under the following headings;
a. Classify Mycobacteria.
b. Pathogenesis.
c. LAB DIAGNOSIS OF PULMONARY TB***.21. 17
d. Treatment Regimen.
e. Drug resistance that can occur in the Etiological agent.
f. RNTCP (3)

4. INFLUENZA VIRUS*** under the following headings;

a. Classify influenza virus. d. Pathogenicity. ***
b. Draw and label influenza virus****. e. Clinical Manifestations.
c. Antigenic variations *****
20 ;19 f. Lab Diagnosis ****.
(Antigenic shift and Antigenic Drift)2023 2022
g. Prevention
15 18

5.COVID -19***/SARS -COV 2 under the following headings;

a.Morphology
b.Pathogenesis***
c.Clinical manifestations
d.Lab diagnosis22
e.Add a note on covid vaccines 2022
f.Preventive measures *** (5)
22

20
 SAQs
1.MUMPS : Pathogenesis, clinical manifestation,lab diagnosis.
16
2.Add anote on MMR Vaccine**** 22

3.Add a note on clinical manifestation and lab diagnosis of infectious

13
mononucleosis ***(Epstein barr virus ) 20

4.Add a note on morphology, clinical manifestation and lab diagnosis of

adenoviruses
19; 18
5.Add a note DPT VACCINE ****. ( For VIVA also)
21
6.schick Test***. (3 marks)
15
7. Add a note on Pneumococcal pneumoniae. (streptococcus pneumoniae***).
17
8.Mycoplasma and its Diagnosis. (cold agglutination test ****). 13

9.Add a note BCG VACCINE. **** 20

10.TUBERCULIN/MANTOUX TEST****. (3 MARKS)

11.Add a note on NTM (NON TUBERCULOUS MYCOBACTERIA). 20

12. Virulence factors, Clinical Manifestations *** and lab diagnosis of pertussis. 2023

13.Add a note on Pseudomonas Aeruginosa..

14.Pathogenesis and lab diagnosis of burkholderia pseudomallei.16

16pneumonia.(lab diagnosis imp) ****
15.Add a note on pneumocystis 22
16.write short note on Zygomycosis (mucormycosis-pathogenesis, C/F, lab
15
diagnosis, Rx) *****

17.Add a note on Aspergillosis. *** 2023

14
21
 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
INFECTIONS
LAQs

1.PYOGENIC MENINGITIS*** under the following headings :

a) Etiological agents
b) Sample Collection
c)Pathogenesis
d)Clinical Features (Nuchal rigidity, kernig's,brudzinski's sign ) ***
e) Lab diagnosis(confirmation of etiological agents) 19

17 2.TETANUS(clostridium tetani) under the following headings;

a) Pathogenesis(MOA of Tetanus Toxin****)
b) Clinical Manifestation & Complications****
(Risus sardonicus & opisthotonus position)
c) Lab diagnosis**** (-morphology of C.Tetani , -RCBM***)
d) Add a note on its prophylaxis (tetanus toxoid,**** ,dpt vaccine****)
17 22 16

3.RABIES**** under the following headings;

a) Morphology of organism 14
b) Pathogenesis
c) Clinical manifestation
d) Lab diagnosis - (negri body detection****) 19
e) Prevention & Prophylaxis******(5)

22
 SAQs
1.Post exposure prophylaxis against Rabies***

2.Add a note: Vaccine prophylaxis of Japanese encephalitis.

3. Write short on toxoplasma encephalitis ( toxoplasma gondii) **** 22

13 22 : 21 15
4. Add a note on neurocysticercosis( taenia solium) ***

13 20
5.Lab diagnosis of Cryptococcal meningitis***( cryptococcus neoformans) 2022

6. Add a note on Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis(Naegleria fowleri) ***. 2023

7.Prophylaxis for Poliomyelitis. 2022

GENITO-URINARY TRACT
INFECTIONS
LAQs

1. SYPHILIS (Treponema pallidum) ******* under the following headings;

a) Pathogenesis
b) Clinical manifestation20
c) Lab diagnosis*
(DGM, Silver impregnation staining, STS*, VDRL*- VSAQ)
20. 17
23
 15
2. Gonococcal urethritis ( Neisseria gonorrhoeae) ****
under the following headings;
a) Virulence factors
b) Clinical manifestation22
c) Lab diagnosis *** 22

SAQs

1.Enumerate the etiological agents of UTI. Explain Significant Bacteriuria*** 2022

(viva k liye kiraak h)

2. C/F and lab diagnosis of schistosoma haematobium. (egg ****)

3.Add a note on Lymphogranuloma venereum( chlamydia trachomatis)***.

22

4.Write about Vulvovaginitis (5+5+5)

2022 16
a) Trichomoniasis****(morphology & lab Diagnosis)

b) Bacterial Vaginosis

c) Vaginal Candidiasis****

5.Add Note On Non Gonococcal Urethritis.******* 2023 19 22

(Etiology, Clinical Feature & Lab diagnosis)

24
 ZOONOTIC INFECTIONS
LAQs

1.PLAGUE( yersinia pestis) **** under the following headings;22

a) Mode Of transmission
b) Clinical Types
c) Lab Diagnosis
d) prophylaxis and prevention.

SAQs

1.Enumerate and classify zoonotic infections.******( imp for viva)

Miscellaneous
SAQs/VSAQs

1. Add a note on congenital rubella syndrome. 20

2.Add a note about Cytomegalovirus.

3.Enumerate oncogenic viruses.*** 21

25
 Name three:
A)Agents Of Bioterrorism 2023
16. 15
B)Oncogenic Viruses 22

C)Organism Causing Congenital Malformation Of Foetus

D)Parasite Infecting CNS

E)Bacteria Causing SSI

F)Bacteria Causing Pyogenic Meningitis2022

G)Agent Causing Meningoencephalitis

H) Agent Causing UTI 20

I) Agent Causing RTI

J)Opportunistic Fungi 2022 20 17 16

K)Zoonotic Disease & Their Sources 19

L) Stds & Their Agents

M)Device Associated Infection

*************************************

26
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