HANOI UNIVERSITY OR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING PHYSICS

EXPERIMENTAL REPORT
Department of General Physics

Instructor: Prof. Dr. Dang Duc Dung

Name: Le Nguyen Vu
ID: 20237075
Group: 6
Class: 741014

Verification of the instructors

Hanoi, 2024
 Experimental Report 1
MEASUREMENT OF BASIC
LENGTH

Verification of the instructors

I. PURPOSE OF EXPERIMENT:
- To know how to use Vernier Caliper and Micrometer
- Understanding how to read a Vernier Caliper and a Micrometer.
II. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND:
1. Vernier Caliper:
• To read result with a Vernier caliper, we need to use this
equation: D = n.a + m.∆ (mm)
- n be the number of divisions on the main rule
- m be the number of divisions on the Vernier scale
- a is the value of a division on main rule
∆ is the Vernier precision ∆ = 1/N
 -
2. Micrometer:
• To read result with a micrometer, following
equations: D = n.a + m.∆ (mm) (1)
or D = n.a + m.∆ +0,5 (mm) (2)
- n be the number of division on the sleeve (top half)
- m be the number of division on thimble except the 0-mark
- a is the value of a division on sleeve- main rule

3
- ∆ is the Vernier precision and also corresponding to the value of division
on thimble

• If the distance between thimble and line on top half of main rule is
closer than bottom half then we use (1)
• If the distance between thimble and line on bottom half is closer than
top then we use (2)
3. Calculate the volume and density of the metal hollow cylinder and
the volume of the steel ball:
• To calculate volume of metal hollow cylinder we use the
following equation:

- V is the volume of metal hollow cylinder

- D is external diameter of metal hollow cylinder
- d is internal diameter of metal hollow cylinder
- h is the height of metal hollow cylinder
• To calculate density of metal hollow cylinder we use the
following equation:

- is the density of metal hollow cylinder

- M is the mass of metal hollow cylinder
- V is the volume of metal hollow cylinder
• To calculate the volume of steel ball we use the following equation:

- Vb is the volume of steel ball

- Db is the diameter of steel ball
III. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Metal hollow cylinder:

4
 - Step 1: Count the number of division (n) on the main rule – T, lying
to the left of the 0-mark on the vernier scale – T’
- Step 2: Look along the division mark on vernier scale and the
millimeter marks on the adjacent main rule, until you find the two
that most nearly line up. Then, count the number of divisions (m)
on the vernier scale except the 0-mark
- Step 3: Put the obtained values of n and m into eq. (2) to calculate the
measured dimension as shown
- Step 4: Write all the measurement results in the data sheet.
2. The small steel ball:
- Step 1: Count the number of division (n) on the sleeve - T (on top half), lying to the
left of the thimble edge.
- Step 2: Look at the thimble divisions mark – T’ to find the one that coincides
nearly a line with the referent one. Then, count the number of divisions (m) on the
thimble except the 0-mark.
- Step 3: Put the obtained values of n and m into eq. to calculate the measured
dimension. In case of that one additional 0.5 subdivision (on bottom half) between
the division n and thimble edge were visible, use the eq. instead to calculate the
measured dimension.
- Steap 4: Write all the measurement results in the data sheet.
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS:
1. Metal hollow cylinder:
∆= 0.02 mm
m= 52,1±0,1g

Trials Height Internal Diameter External diameter

h (mm) d (mm) D (mm)
1 10,06 34,92 45,10
2 10,08 34,94 45,10
3 10,06 35,00 45,20
4 10,08 34,94 45,14
5 10,04 34,90 45,13

h =10,06
d ̅ = 34,94 D̅ =45,13
 2. Steel ball:
= 0.01 mm

Trials Diameter
Db (mm)
1 9,98
2 9.98
3 10,01
4 9,99
5 10,00

Average D̅b = 9,99

value

V. Data processing:

1. Calculation average values and uncertainties:

a.) For the Metal hollow cylinder

√
2 2 2 2 2
( D−D1 ) + ( D−D2 ) + ( D−D3 ) + ( D−D 4 ) + ( D−D 5 )
Δ D=s . d .=
5

√
( 45 ,13−45 ,10 ) + ( 45 ,13−45 , 10 ) + ( 45 ,13−45 , 20 )2 + ( 45 ,13−45 , 14 )2+ ( 45 ,13−45 ,13 )2
2 2
¿
5
s.d .
≈ 0.02 ⇒ S . D .= ≈ 0.01 mm
√5

√
2 2 2 2 2
( d−d 1 ) + ( d−d 2) + ( d−d 3 ) + ( d−d 4 ) + ( d−d 5 )
Δ d=s . d .=
5

√
( 34 , 94−34 , 92 ) + ( 34 , 94−34 , 94 )2 + ( 34 , 94−35 , 0 0 )2 + ( 34 , 94−3 4 , 94 )2 + ( 34 , 94−3 4 , 90 )2
2
¿
5
s.d .
≈ 0.02 ⇒ S . D .= ≈ 0.01 mm
√5

√
2 2 2 2 2
( h−h 1) + ( h−h2 ) + ( h−h3 ) + ( h−h4 ) + ( h−h5 )
Δ h=s . d .=
5

√
( 10 , 06−10 , 06 ) + ( 10 , 06−10 ,08 )2+ ( 10 , 06−10 , 06 )2 + ( 10 , 06−10 ,08 )2+ ( 10 , 06−10 , 04 )2
2
¿
5
s.d.
≈ 0. 02 ⇒ S . D .= ≈ 0. 01m m
√5
π 2 2 3 . 14
⇒ V = ( D −d ) h= ( 45 , 132−34 ,94 2 ) ×10 , 06 ≈ 6443 , 35 ( mm3 )
4 4
¿ 6 , 44 ×10−6 ( m3 )
m 52 , 1
≈ 8 . 09 ×10 g / ( mm )=8.09 × 10 kg/m
−3 2 3 3
⇒ ρ= =
V 6443 , 35

b.) For the steel ball

√
2 2 2 2 2
( D b−Db 1 ) + ( Db −Db 2 ) + ( Db−D b3 ) + ( Db−Db 4 ) + ( Db−D b 5 )
Δ D b=s . d .=
5

√
( 9 ,99−9 , 98 ) + ( 9 , 99−9 , 98 ) + ( 9 , 99−10 .01 )2 + ( 9 , 99−9 , 99 )2 + ( 9 , 99−10 .00 )2
2 2
¿ ≈ 0 .01 mm
5
1 1
⇒ V b= π Db = × 3 .14 × 9 , 99 ≈ 0 .52 ×10 ( m m )=0 . 52× 10 m
3 3 3 3 −6 3
6 6

2. Calculation the uncertainties of volume and density:

a, For metal hollow cylinder: with M = 52,1 g
Δ π 2 Δ ( D −d )
√( ) [ ]( )
2 2
π 2 2 Δh 2
V = ( D −d ) h⇒ Δ V =V + 2 2
+
4 π D −d h

√( ( √( ) ( ) )( )
2
Δπ 2
) ΔD 2 Δd 2 2
1 Δh
¿V + 2 + × 2 2 +
π D d D −d h

√( ) ( √( ) ( ) )( )
2
0 . 01 2 0 .01 2 0 .01 2 1 0 . 01 2
¿ 6443 , 35 × + 2 + × 2 2
+
3 .14 45 ,13 34 , 94 45 , 13 −34 , 94 10 , 06
≈ 22 , 34 ( m m3 ) =0.02 ×10−6 ( m3 )
Hence,
−6 3
V =(6 , 44 ±0.02) ×10 (m )
We have:

√( √( )
3 2

)
2
m ΔV −3 0.01× 10 −3 3
ρ= ⇒ Δ ρ=ρ =8.09× 10 × 3
≈ 0.01 ×10 g/m m
V V 6 , 44 ×10
3 3
¿ 0.01 ×10 kg /m
Hence,
3 3
ρ=(8.09 ± 0.01)×10 kg/m
b, For steel ball:

)( ) √(
2
1 3 Δπ Δ Db
2
V b = π D b ⇒ Δ V b=V b + 3×
6 π Db

√ 3.14 9 , 99 ) =2, 28 m m ≈ 0.00 ×10

¿ 0.52 ×10 ( ) + (3 ×
2 2
0.01
3 0.01 3 −6
m3
Hence,
−6 3
V b =( 0.52± 0.00 ) ×10 m
 Experimental Report 2
VERIFICATION OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM AND KINETIC
ENERGY USING AIR TRACK

Verification of the instructors

I. PURPOSE OF EXPERIMENT
- Understanding more about conservation of momentum and kinetic energy.
- Improving experimental skills.
II. THEORICAL BACKGROUND
1. Momentum and conservation of momentum:

Newton's Second Law of motion states that force acting on a mass causes it to
accelerate
in the direction of the force as follows,→
 F →m a
Equation (1) is also called the fundamental equation of dynamics of materials point. It
also can be applied for translational motion of the rigid body.
on the definition of acceleration, we have: →
Based
→ → dv d (mv )
 F  ma  m 
dt dt
A product of →the particle mass and velocity is called the momentum or linear momentum
→ dp
F 
dt
Keep in mind that momentum is a vector quantity with the same direction as the
particle's velocity.
→

In situations involving interactions between two or more bodies, the concept of momentum
is crucial. In a system, the forces that particles exert on each other are called internal forces.
Forces from outside the system are external forces. Internal forces cancel out due to Newton's
third law. If the sum of external forces is zero, the rate of change of total momentum is also
zero, thus the total momentum of the system remains constant.
→
dp →
F  0   p  const
 dt
This result is called the principle of conservation of momentum.

2. Elastic and inelastic collision

2.1 Elastic collision

In collisions where internal forces dominate over external ones, we can consider the bodies
as an isolated system. Here, total system momentum remains constant, thereby conserving
momentum. If these forces are conservative, the total kinetic energy also remains unchanged,
characterizing the event as an elastic collision. An example is two gliders on a frictionless
surface, each with a steel spring bumper, colliding as shown in Fig 1.

(a) (b) (c)

Fig.1. Before collision (a), elastic collision (b) and after collision (c)

2.2 Inelasticcollision
A collision in which the total kinetic energy after the collision is less than before the
collision is called an inelastic collision. An inelastic collision in which the colliding
bodies stick together and move as one body after the collision is often called a
completely inelastic collision. The phenomenon is represented in Fig.2.

(a) (b) (c)

Fig.2. Before collision (a), completely inelastic collision (b) and after collision (c)

Conservation of momentum gives the relationship:

→ 
m1v1  m1v2  m1  m2 v '
Suppose, for example, that a body with mass m A and initial x-component of velocity
vA1 collides inelastically with a body with mass m B and initially at rest (v2 = 0). Velocity
of both bodies after the collision is:
v' m1
v 1
m1  m2
II. EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE
1. Preparation
 In this lab, you will use the air tracks to perform several collisions between two gliders
attached with “flag”. The moving time before and after a collision through the
respective gates is measured allowing you to calculate the corresponding velocities if the
length of the “flag” for that gate is known. In this case, the equipments are setup so that
the glide 2 will be stationary in the center of the track between the gates, that is, its initial
velocity v2 = 0 and the glide 1 is placed in the right as shown in Fig.3. Make several trial
runs of the collision before doing any measurements.

Fig.3. Experimental setup for examination of elastic and completely inelastic collision

2. Elastic collision

- Step 1: Gently push the glide 1, from one end to make it moving to the right
(direction of the arrow) toward the steel spring fixed onto the air track (Fig. 4a). Glide 1
will move to the left due to the elastic force exerted by the spring (Fig 4b) and pass
through the photogate 1 (Fig.4c). Quickly record the moving time t1 displayed on the
first digital timer. The glide 1 will collide with the glide 2 in the middle. Two glides
bounce apart, and go through the photogates (Fig. 4d) once again before you catch
them to ensure that they do not go through the photogates a third time. Then, record
both the time t’2 displayed on the second timer and the total time t1 + t’1 on the first
timer. The moving time of the glide 1 after collision (t’1) is determined by subtract t1
from the total time t1 + t’1.
- Step2: Repeat the measurement procedure for more 9 times and record all the
measurement results in a data sheet.

(a)
 (b)

(c)

(d)
Fig.4. Experimental procedure to investigate the elastic collision

3. Inelastic collision

- Step 1: Attach a piece of clay on one end of glide 2 facing to glide 1 to make them
stick together after collision.
- Step 2: Perform measurement procedure and record the moving time of two glides
before and after collision as illustrated in Fig5.
- Step3: Repeat the measurement procedure for more 9 times and record all the
measurement results in a data sheet.

(a)
 (b)

(c)

(d)
Fig.4. Experimental procedure to investigate the elastic colli
III. Experimental result
1. Elastic collision

m1 = 398.54g, m2 = 797.89g
Trial t1 (s) t’1 (s) t’2 (s)
1 0.169 0.896 0.276
2 0.168 1.191 0.281
3 0.169 1.018 0.281
4 0.168 0.912 0.279
5 0.167 0.902 0.279
6 0.167 0.953 0.279
7 0.168 0.934 0.280
8 0.167 0.825 0.273
9 0.168 1.209 0.285
10 0.167 0.789 0.272
Average 0.167 0.963 0.279
Uncertai
√∑ ( √∑ ( √∑ (
10 10 10
2 2
t 2 i−t ' 2 ) t 1 i−t ' 1 )
2 ' '
t 1 i−t 1 )
nty i=1 i=1 i=1
¿ =0.001¿ =0.132 ¿ =0.004
√10 √10 √ 10

2. Inelastic collision

m’1 = 796.59g, m’2 = 403.89g, m’1 + m’2 = 1200.48g

Trial t’1 (s) t’2 (s)
t1 (s)
1 0.243 0.549 0.411
2 0.239 0.527 0.401
3 0.245 0.545 0.411
4 0.241 0.528 0.402
5 0.242 0.533 0.405
6 0.238 0.514 0.374
7 0.242 0.530 0.407
8 0.241 0.522 0.404
9 0.238 0.500 0.398
10 0.238 0.497 0.400
Average 0.241 0.525 0.401
Uncertainty
√ √ √
10 10 10

∑ ( t1 i−t )2 ∑ ( t' 1 i−t ' ) ∑ ( t' i−t ' )

2 2

i=1 i=1 i=1

¿ =0.002¿ =0.02 ¿ =0.009
√10 √ 10 √ 10
 III. Data processing

1. Elastic collision
- Quantities in Elastic collision experiment:
+ t1 = 0.167 ± 0.001 second = 0.167 ± 0.599% second
+ t’2 = 0.279 ± 0.004 second = 0.279 ± 1.434% second
+ t’1 = 0.963 ± 0.132 second = 0.963 ± 13.707% second
l ' ' l ' l
- Momentum: p=m1 t and p =m 1 t ' +m 2 t '
1 1 2

l
+ Before collision: p=m1 t
1

¿ 0.399∗( 0.1670.100
± 0.599 % )=0.239 ± 0.599 % (kg . )
m
s

' ' l ' l

+ After collision: p =m 1 t ' +m 2 t '
1 2

¿ 0.399∗( 0.9630.100
± 13.707 % )
+0.798∗(
0.279 ±1.434 % )
0.100

¿ 0.041 ±13.707 %+0.286 ± 1.434 %=0.327 ±15.141 % kg . ( m

s )
( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 l 1 l 1 l
- Kinetic: K E= 2 m1 ( t ) and K E= 2 m1 t ' + 2 m2 t '
1 1 2

2
1 l
+ Before collision: K E= 2 m1 ( t )
1

( )
2
1 0.100
¿ ∗0.399∗ =0.072 ±1.198 % (Joule)
2 0.167 ± 0.599 %

( ) ( )
2 2
1 l 1 l
+ After collision: K E= 2 m1 t ' + 2 m2 t '
1 2

( ) ( )
2 2
1 0.100 1 0.100
¿ ∗0.399∗ + ∗0.798∗
2 0.963 ±13.707 % 2 0.279 ± 1.434 %

¿ 0.002 ± 27.414 %+ 0.050 ±2.828 %=0.052 ± 30.242 %(Joule)

- Conclusion: After collision, Momentum increases while Kinetic energy reduces.
2. Inelastic collision

- Quantities in Elastic collision experiment:

+ t1 = 0.241 ± 0.002 second = 0.241 ± 0.830% second
+ t’2 = 0.401 ± 0.009 second = 0.401 ± 2.244% second
+ t’1 = 0.525 ± 0.02 second = 0.525 ± 3.810% second
l ' ' ' l
- Momentum: p=m1 t and p =(m 1 +m 2) t '
1

t ' 1 +t ' 2
with t ' = =0.463 ±3.027 % (s)
2
l
+ Before collision: p=m1 t
1
0.797∗0.100 m
¿ =0.331 ± 0.830 g % (kg . )
0.241± 0.830 % s
' ' ' l
+ After collision: p =(m 1 +m 2) t '
1.200∗0.100 m
¿ =0.259 ± 3.027 % (kg . )
0.463 ±3.027 % s
2 2
1 l 1 l
- Kinetic: K E= 2 m1 ( t ) and K E= (m ¿ ¿ 1+ m2 )( ) ¿
1 2 t'

t ' 1 +t ' 2
with t ' = =0.463 ±3.027 % (s)
2

()
2
1 l
+ Before collision: K E= 2 m1 t
1

1
¿ ∗0.797∗
2 (
0.100
0.241 ± 0.830 % )
=0.165 ± 0.830 %(Joule)

(t )
2
1 l
+ After collision: K E= 2 (m ¿ ¿ 1+ m2 ) ' ¿

1
¿ ∗1.200∗
2 (
0.100
0.463 ±3.027 % )
=0.130 ±3.027 %(Joule)

- Conclusion: After collision, Momentum reduces while Kinetic energy increases.

 Experimental Report 3
MOMENT OF INERTIA OF THE SYMMETRIC RIGID BODIES

Verification of the instructors

I. PURPOSE OF THE EXPERIMENT

- Calculating the moment of the inertia in the symmetric rigid bodies
- Gaining knowledge about the moment of the inertia in the symmetric rigid
bodies
II. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
- The moment of inertia of the body about the axis of rotation is determined
by
- For a long bar
- For a thin disk or solid cylinder
- For a hollow cylinder having very thin wall:
- For a solid sphere:
- The parallel-axis theorem relates the moment of inertia Icm about an axis
through the center of mass to the moment of inertia I about a parallel axis
through some other point
- The torque acting on angle is
- Theorem of angular momentum of a rigid body in rotary motion

- The oscillation is corresponds to a period

III. EXPERIMENT PROCEDUCE:
1. Measurement of the rod:
- Step 1: A mask is stuck on the rod to ensure the rod through the photogate
- Step 2: Press the button “Start” to turn on the counter
- Step 3: Push the rod to rotate with an angle of 180 then let it to oscillate
freely (5 trials)
- Step 4: Press the button “Reset” to turn the display of the counter being 0.
 2. Measurement of the solid disk:
- Step 1: Using the suitable screws to moment the solid disk
- Step 2: Perform the measurement procedure similar to that of the rod –
Record result period T (5 trials)
- Step 3: Press the button “Reset”

3. Measurement of the hollow cylinder:

- Step 1: Using the suitable screws to moment the hollow cylinder
- Step 2: Perform the measurement procedure similar to the rod of the disk.
Record result period T (5 trials)
- Step 3: Press the button “Reset”
 4. Measurement of the solid sphere:
- Step 1: Mount the solid sphere on the rotation axle of the spiral spring
- Step 2: Push the sphere to rotate with an angle of 270, then let it to oscillate
freely. Record the vibration period of the sphere (5 trials)
- Step 3: Uninstall the solid sphere and switch off the counter to finish the
measurements.
 IV. Experimental result

1) Measurement of the Rod:

Trial T (s)
1 1.634
2 1.612
3 1.654
4 1.591
5 1.637
T =1.626 (s)

√
5

∑ ( T i−T )2
i=1
ΔT = =0.022 s
5

2) Measurement of the Solid Disk:

Trial T (s)
1 2.130
2 2.090
3 2.118
4 2.116
5 2.047
T =2.100(s)

√
5

∑ ( T i−T )2
i=1
ΔT = =0.030 s
5

3) Measurement of the Hollow Cylinder:

a) Supported Disk:
Trial T (s)
1 0.321
2 0.332
3 0.318
4 0.321
5 0.318
T =0.322 (s)

√
5

∑ ( T i−T )2
i=1
ΔT = =0.005 s
5
b) Supported Disk + Hollow Cylinder:
Trial T (s)
1 1.152
2 1.149
3 1.144
4 1.150
5 1.143
T =1.148(s)

√
5

∑ ( T i−T )2
i=1
ΔT = =0.004 s
5

c) Supported Disk + Cylinder

Trial T (s)
1 0.889
2 0.885
3 0.895
4 0.890
5 0.889
T =0.890(s)

√
5

∑ ( T i−T )2
i=1
ΔT = =0.003 s
5

4) Measurement of the Solid Sphere:

Trial T (s)
1 2.172
2 2.031
3 2.154
4 2.084
5 2.020
T =2.092(s)

√
5

∑ ( T i−T )2
i=1
ΔT = =0.062 s
5
 V. Data Processing
1) The Rod:

a) Moment of inertia obtained by experiment:

( ) ( )
2 2
T 1.626 −3 2
I cm=D Z =0.044 =2.948 ×10 (kg . m /s)
2π 2 ×3.141

(√ 2 ΔTT ) +(−2 Δππ ) =(2.948 × 10 √( ) ( 3.141 )

2 2 2 2
⇒ Δ I cm =I cm −3
) 4 0.022 +4 0.001
1.626
−3 2
¿ 0.080 ×10 (kg . m /s)
Hence
−3 2
I cm= ( 2.948± 0.080 ) ×10 (kg . m /s )

b) Moment of inertia calculated by the theoretical formula

1 2 1 2 −3 2
I cmTH = m l = ×0.24 × 0.62 =7.688 ×10 (kg . m /s)
12 12
The difference between theoretical and experiment result:
| I cmTH−I cm| −3 ¿
%σ = %=¿ ( 7.688−2.948 ) × 10 ∨ −3
%=61.6 % ¿
I cmTH 7.688 ×10
2) Solid Disk:

a) Moment of inertia obtained by experiment

( ) ( )
2 2
T 2.100 −3 2
I cm=D Z =0.044 =4.917 ×10 (kg .m /s )
2π 2 ×3.141

(√ 2 ΔTT ) +(−2 Δππ ) =( 4.917 ×10 √( ) ( 3.141 )

2 2 2 2
⇒ Δ I cm =I cm −3
) 4 0.030 + 4 0.001
2.100
−3 2
¿ 0.140 ×10 (kg . m / s)
Hence
−3 2
I cm= ( 4.917 ± 0.140 ) ×10 ( kg . m /s)

b) Moment of inertia calculated by the theoretical formula

( )
2
1 2 1 0.220 −3 2
I cmTH = m R = ×0.795 × =4.810 ×10 (kg . m /s)
12 12 2
The difference between theoretical and experiment result:
| I cmTH −I cm| −3 ¿
%σ = %=¿ ( 4.810−4.917 ) × 10 ∨ −3
%=2.2 % ¿
I cmTH 4.810 × 10
3) Hollow cylinder:

a) Moment of inertia obtained by experiment

+) Moment of inertia of the supported disk
( ) ( )
2 2
T 0.322 −3 2
I sp=D Z =0.044 =0.116×10 (kg . m /s)
2π 2 ×3.141

√ T π ) =(0.116× 10
=I ( 2 ) +(−2
√( ) ( 0.324 )
2 2 2 2
ΔT Δπ
⇒ Δ I sp sp
−3
) 4 0.001 + 4 0.001
3.141
−3 2
¿ 0.001 ×10 (kg . m /s)
Then I sp=( 0.116 ± 0.001 ) ×10−3 (kg .m2 /s )

+) Moment of inertia of the coupled object 1 (supported disk + hollow cylinder)

( ) (
)
2 2
T 1.148 −3 2
I co1=D Z =0.044 =1.469 ×10 (kg .m /s )
2π 2 ×3.141

(√ 2 ΔTT ) +(−2 Δππ ) =(1.469× 10 √( ) ( 3.141 )

2 2 2 2
⇒ Δ I co 1=I co 1 −3
) 4 0.001 +4 0.001
1.148
−3 2
¿ 0.003 ×10 (kg . m / s)
Then I co1=( 1.469 ± 0.003 ) ×10−3 (kg . m2 /s)

+) Moment of inertia of the coupled object 2 (supported disk + cylinder)

( ) ( )
2 2
T 0.890 −3 2
I co2=D Z =0.044 =0.883× 10 (kg . m / s)
2π 2 ×3.141
ΔT 2
√( Δπ 2
) ( )
0.003 2
√( ) ( )
2
0.001
⇒ Δ I co 2=I co + −2 2 =( 0.883 ×10−3 ) 4 +4
T π 0.890 3.141
−3 2
¿ 0.006 ×10 (kg .m /s )
Then I co2=( 0.883 ± 0.006 ) ×10−3 (kg . m2 /s )

⇒ Moment of inertia of the hollow cylinder

−3 −3 2
I cm=I co 1 −I sp=( 1.469−0.116 ) ×10 =1.353 ×10 (kg . m /s)
√
⇒ Δ I cm = ( Δ I co 1 ) + ( Δ I sp ) =√ ( 0.003 ) + ( 0.001 ) =0.003 × 10 (kg .m /s )Hence
2 2 2 2 −3 2

−3 2
I cm= (1.353 ± 0.003 ) ×10 (kg . m /s)

b) Moment of inertia calculated by the theoretical formula

( )
2
2 0.089 −3 2
I cmTH =m R =0.780× =1.545 ×10 (kg . m /s)
2
The difference between theoretical and experiment result:
| I cmTH −I cm| −3 ¿
%σ = %=¿ ( 1.545−1.353 ) × 10 ∨ −3
%=12.4 % ¿
I cmTH 1.545 ×10

4) Solid sphere:
a) Moment of inertia obtained by experiment
( ) ( )
2 2
T 2.092 −3 2
I cm=D Z =0.044 =4.880 ×10 (kg . m /s)
2π 2 ×3.141

(√ 2 ΔTT ) +(−2 Δππ ) =( 4.880 ×10 √( ) ( 3.141 )

2 2 2 2
⇒ Δ I cm =I cm −3
) 4 0.062 +4 0.001
2.092
−3 2
¿ 0.006 ×10 (kg .m /s )
Then I cm= ( 4.880 ± 0.006 ) ×10−3 ( kg . m2 /s)
Hence
−3 2
I cm= ( 4.880 ± 0.006 ) ×10 ( kg . m /s)

b) Moment of inertia calculated by the theoretical formula

( )
2
2 2 2 0.146 −3 2
I cmTH = m R = × 2.29 × =4.881×10 (kg .m /s )
5 5 2
The difference between theoretical and experiment result:
| I cmTH −I cm| −3 ¿
%σ = %=¿ ( 4.881−4.880 ) ×10 ∨ −3
%=0.02 % ¿
I cmTH 4.881 ×10
 Experimental Report 4
DETERMINATION OF GRAVITATIONAL ACCELERATION USING
SIMPLE PENDULUM OSCILLATION WITH PC INTERFACE
Verification of the instructors

I. PURPOSE OF THE EXPERIMENT:

- Understanding more about the harmonic oscillation.
- Verifying the value of gravity acceleration.
- Improving experimental skills.
II. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND:
- When pendulum mass m is deviated to a small angle γ, a retracting force
acts on it to the initial balanced position

- If one ensures that the amplitudes remain sufficiently small

while experimenting, the movement can be described by
 Pendulum with vertical oscillation plane:

- Pendulum with inclined oscillation plane:

- Based on equation , we would see how the gravitation and depends

on its length and the inclined angle.
III. EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE:
1. Preparation:
- Set up the experiment such that the oscillating plane runs vertically
- The electric connection of the movement sensor for the COBRA interface
- Start the MEASURE software written for COBRA interface
2. Investigation for various pendulum lengths
- Step1: Choose an arbitrary pendulum length (400mm)
- Step 2: Move the 1-g weight holder
 - Step 3: Set the pendulum in motion (small oscillation amplitude) and click
on the “Start measurement” icon.
- Step 4: After approximately 5 oscillations click on the “Stop measurement”
icon, a graph appears on the screen
- Step 5: Determine the period base on the graph. Record the measurement
result in a data sheet.
- Step 6: Repeat the measurement 5 times to get the average value of
the oscillation period
- Step 7: Repeat the measurement with different pendulum lengths (600mm
and 700mm).
3. Pendulum with inclined oscillation plan
- Step 1: Rebuild the experiment set up this oscillation plane is initially
vertical
- Step 2: Measurement with these following angles

- Step 3: Perform the measurement 5 times for each case of angles to get
the average value of oscillation period.
IV. Experimental result
1. Pendulum with vertical oscillation plane:
Tria L1= 500 (mm) L2= 600 (mm) L3= 700 (mm)
l T1 (s) T2 (s) T3 (s)
1 1.394 1.549 1.699

2 1.410 1.546 1.675

3 1.419 1.553 1.682

4 1.409 1.550 1.696

5 1.420 1.543 1.694

√∑ √∑ √∑
5 5 5
T 1=1.404(s) Δ T 1= ¿¿¿¿ T 2=1.548(s) Δ T 3= ¿¿¿¿ T 3=1.676(s) Δ T 3= ¿¿¿¿
i=1 i=1 i=1
 2. Pendulum with inclined oscillation plane:
L=120 mm= 0.120 m
θ θ1=0° θ2=10 ° θ3 =20°
Tria l T1 (s) T2 (s) T3 (s)
1 0.769 0.765 0.799

2 0.765 0.786 0.820

3 0.764 0.784 0.813

4 0.748 0.772 0.809
5 0.758 0.765 0.817

√∑ √∑ √∑
5 5 5
T 1=0.761(s) Δ T 1= ¿¿¿¿ T 2=0.774 (s ) Δ T 2= ¿¿¿¿ T 3=0.812(s) Δ T 3= ¿¿¿¿
i=1 i=1 i=1

θ θ 4=40° θ5 =60°
Tria l T4 (s) T5 (s)
1 0.872 0.937

2 0.875 0.939

3 0.871 0.938
4 0.875 0.941
5 0.878 0.940

√∑ √∑
5 5
T 4=0.872(s ) Δ T 4 = ¿¿¿¿ T 5=0.939(s) Δ T 5= ¿¿¿¿
i=1 i=1
 VI. Data Processing

1. Determination of the oscillation period of a thread pendulum as a function of the

pendulum length:

L1 =0.500(m)

( ) ( )
2 2
2π 2 ×3.141 2
g1=L1 =0.500 × =9.92(m/ s )
T̄ 1 1.410

√[ ][ ][ ] √(
2 2 2

)( ) ( )
ΔT1 Δ l1 Δπ 0.007 2 0.001 2 0.001 2
Δ g 1=g 1 × −2 + +2 =9.88 4 + +4
T1 l1 π 1.410 0.500 3.141
¿ 0.23
2
T h en , g1=9.92± 0.10 (m/s )

Typical pendulum oscillation at the length of 0.500 m

Hence
2
g1=9.92± 0.10( m/s )
L2=0.600 (m)

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2π 2× 3.141 m
g2=L2 =0.600 × =9.88 2
T̄ 2 1.54 8 s

[√ T ] [ l ] +[2 Δππ ] =9.75 √ 4( 1.54

2 2 2

8 ) ( 0.600 )
+4(
3.141 )
ΔT Δl 2 2 0.002 0.001 0.001 2 2 2
Δ g =g × −2
2 2 + + =0.03
2 2
2
T h en , g2 =9.88 ± 0.03(m/s )

Typical pendulum oscillation at the length of 0.600 m

Hence
2
g2=9.88± 0.03 (m/s )
L3=0.700 (m)

( ) ( )
2 2
2π 2× 3.141 2
g3=L3 =0.700 × =9.68 (m/s )
T̄ 3 1.689

√[ ][ ][ ] √(
2 2 2

)( ) ( )
Δ T3 Δ l3 Δπ 0.012
2
0.001
2
0.001
2
Δ g 3=g3 × −2 + + 2 =9.68 4 + +4 =0.08
T3 l3 π 1.689 0.700 3.141
2
T h en , g3 =9.68 ± 0.08(m/s )

Typical pendulum oscillation at the length of 0.700 m

Hence
2
g3=9.68 ±0.08 (m/s )
 2. Determination of the gravitational acceleration as a function of the inclination of
the pendulum force:

A , θ1=0 °

( ) ( )
2 2
l 2π 0.140 2 ×3.141 2
g1 = = =9.54 (m/s )
cos θ 1 T 1 cos 0 0.761

√[ ][ ][ ][ ]
2 22
ΔT1 Δ l1 Δπ Δ cos θ1
Δ g 1=g 1 × −2 + +2 +
T1 l1 π cos θ 1

¿ 9.54 × 4 ×
√ ( 0.761)(
0.021 2 0.001 2
+
0.140
+4× )
3.141
+ ( )(
0.001 2 0.001 2
1.000 ) 2
=0.26T h en , g1=9.54 ± 0.26(m/ s )

Typical pendulum with inclined oscillation plan at the angle of 0°

Hence
2
g1=9.54 ± 0.26(m/ s )
B,θ2 =10 °

( ) ( )
2 2
l 2π 0.140 2 ×3.141 2
g2 = = =9.22(m/ s )
cos θ 2 T 2 cos 1 0 0.774

√[ ][ ][ ][ ]
2 2 2
ΔT2 Δl Δπ Δ cos θ 2
Δ g 2=g2 × −2 + + 2 +
T2 l π cos θ2

√
¿ 9.22 × 4 × ( 0.774)(
0.021 2 0.001 2

T h en , g2 =9.22 ±0.25 (m/s )

+
0.140
2
)
+4×
3.141 (+ )(
0.001 2 0.001 2
0.985 )
=0 .25

Typical pendulum with inclined oscillation plan at the angle of 10°

Hence
2
g2=9.22± 0.25( m/s )

C,θ3 =20°
 ( ) ( )
2 2
l 2π 0.140 2×3.141 2
g3 = = =8.92(m/ s )
cos θ 3 T 3 cos 2 0 0.812

√[ ][ ][ ][ ]
2 2 2
Δ T3 Δl Δπ Δ cos θ 3
Δ g 3=g3 × −2 + +2 +
T3 l π cos θ 3

√
¿ 8.92 × 4 × ( 0.812
+

T h en , g3 =8.92 ±0.17 (m/s )

)(
0.025 2 0.001 2
0.140
+4×
2
)
3.141
+ ( )(
0.001 2 0.001 2
0.940
=0.17 )

Typical pendulum with inclined oscillation plan at the angle of 20°

Hence
2
g3=8.92± 0.17 (m/s )

D , θ4 =40 °
 ( ) ( )
2 2
l 2π 0.140 2 ×3.141 2
g4 = = =9.48( m/s )
cos θ4 T 4 cos 4 0 0.872

√[ ][ ][ ][ ]
2 2 2
Δ T4 Δl Δπ Δ cos θ 4
Δ g 4=g 4 × −2 + + 2 +
T4 l π cos θ4

√
¿ 9.80 × 4 × ( 0.872
+

T h en , g2 =9.48 ± 0.11(m/ s )
)(
0.016 2 0.001 2
0.140
+4×
2
)
3.141
+ (
0.766)(
0.001 2 0.001 2
=0.11 )

Typical pendulum with inclined oscillation plan at the angle of 40°

Hence
2
g4 =9.48 ± 0.11( m/s )

E , θ5=60 °

( ) ( )
2 2
l 2π 0.140 2× 3.141 2
g5 = = =12.53 (m/s )
cos θ 5 T 5 cos 6 0 0.939
 √[ ][ ][ ][ ]
2 2 2
Δ T5 Δl Δπ Δ cos θ 5
Δ g 5=g5 × −2 + +2 +
T5 l π cos θ 5

√
¿ 12.53 × 4 × ( 0.939)(
0.018 2 0.001 2
+

T h en , g5 =12.53 ±0.49 (m/s )

0.140
2
)+4× (
3.141
+)(
0.001 2 0.001 2
0.500 )
=0.49

Typical pendulum with inclined oscillation plan at the angle of 60°

Hence
2
g5=1 2.53 ± 0.49(m/ s )
 Experiment Report 5
DETERMINATION OF MOMENT OF INERTIA BASED ON TORSIONAL
VIBRATION

Verification of the instructors

I. PURPOSE OF THE EXPERIMENT:

- Verifying the linear relationship between τz and φ .
- Understanding about the moment of inertia, torsion modulus...
II. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND:
- If a body is regarded as a continuum, and if r0 and r denote the position
vector of a point p in the un-deformed and deformed states of the body,
then for small displacement vectors:

The deformation tensor is

- The stress tensor
- The relationship between where E is elastic modulus
- The equation of vibration as follows:
- The period of this vibration is:
- The linear relationship between τz and φ allows to determine Dτ. and
consequently the moment of inertia of the long rod
III. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
- Step 1: Assemble the steel rod on the torsion apparatus
- Step 2: Use the spring balance of the force to turn the disk being deflected
an angle
- Step 3: Record the value of force F shown on the spring balance and the
distance of the lever arm

35
 - Step 4: Pull out to turn the disk being deflected an angle ϕ, then let it
vibration and use the stopwatch to determine the vibration period.

IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

1. Measurement result:

Table 1: φ 1=10 °

Trial F (N)
r (m)
1 0,100 0,4
2 0,45
3 0,45
4 0,45
5 0,5
Δ r=0,001 F 1=0 , 45 N

√
5

∑ ( Fi −F 1 )2
i=1
Δ F 1= =0 , 03 ( N )
5

τ 1=F1 r=0 ,04 5 Nm

√( )( )
Δ F1 2
2
Δr
Δ τ 1= + ∗τ 1=0 , 003 Nm
r F1
 Table 2: φ 2=15 °

Trial F (N)
r (m)
1 0,65
2 0,6
3 0,100 0,6
4 0,65
5 0,65
Δ r=0,001 F 2=0 , 63 N

√
5

∑ ( Fi −F2 )2
i=1
Δ F 2= =0 , 02 ( N )
5

τ 2=F2 r=0 ,063 Nm

√( )( )
Δ F2 2
2
Δr
Δ τ 2= + ∗τ 2=0 , 003 Nm
r F2

Table 3: φ 3=20 °

Trial F (N)
r (m)

1 0,100 0,85
2 0,85
3 0,9
4 0,9
5 0,85
Δ r=0,001 F 3=0 , 87 N

√
5

∑ ( F i−F3 )2
i=1
Δ F 3= =0 , 02 ( N )
5

τ 3=F3 r=0 , 087 Nm

√( )( )
Δ F3 2
2
Δr
Δ τ 3= + ∗τ 3=0 , 003 Nm
r F3

Table 4: φ 3=2 5°
Trial F (N)
r (m)
1 0,100 1,1
2 1,05
3 1,1
4 1,1
5 1,05
Δ r=0,001 F 1=1 ,08 N

√
5

∑ ( Fi −F 1 )2
i=1
Δ F 1= =0 , 02 ( N )
5

τ 1=F1 r=0 ,108 Nm

√( )( )
Δ F1 2
2
Δr
Δ τ 1= + ∗τ 1=0 , 003 Nm
r F1

Table 5: φ 3=30 °

Trial F (N)
r (m)
1 0,100 1,4
2 1,4
3 1,35
4 1,35
5 1,4
Δ r=0,001 F 1=1 ,38 N

√
5

∑ ( Fi −F 1 )2
i=1
Δ F 1= =0 , 02 ( N )
5

τ 1=F1 r=0 ,138 Nm

√( )( )
Δ F1 2
2
Δr
Δ τ 1= + ∗τ 1=0 , 003 Nm
r F1

Table 6: Measurement of vibration period (T):

 Trial
T1 (s)
1 5,58
2 5,72
3 5,67
4 5,65
5 5,66
T 1=
∑ T i =5 , 66 s
5

Δ T 1=
√ ∑ ( T 1−T i )2 =0 , 04 s
5
2. Graph showing the relationship of torsion on deflection angle θ:

3. Determination of the torsion modulus D as the slope m of the above graph and its
uncertainty.
Using the above graph, we can see that:
The “best fit” line passes through the points (0.26, 0.063) and (0.34, 0.087)
+¿¿
The Dτ dotted line passes through the points (0.34, 0.087) and (0.52, 0.138)
−¿ ¿
The Dτ dotted line passes through the points (0.34, 0.087) and (0.44, 0.108).
rise Δτ
Therefore we can measure slope m as run or D= Δ φ
Δ τ 0,087−0,063
Dτ = = =0,300 ( Nm/rad )
Δφ 0 , 34−0 , 26
Similarly,
0,138−0,087
+¿= =0,283( Nm/rad)¿
0 , 52−0 , 34
Dτ
 0,108−0,087
−¿= =0,210 (Nm/rad )¿
0 , 44−0 ,34
Dτ
We obtain: −¿
Dτ 0,283−0,210
+¿− = ≈0 , 04(Nm/ rad)¿
2 2
Δ D=Dτ ¿
Hence:
Dτ =0 , 30 ±0 ,04 (Nm /rad )

4. Calculation of the moment of inertia of the long rod

We have
T =2 π
√
Iz
Dτ ( )
⇒ I z=D τ∗
T 2
2π

( ) ( )
2 2
T 5 ,66
=0,243 ( kg . m )
2
I z =Dτ ∗ =0 , 30∗
2π 2× 3,142

√ T 0 , 04 D 0 , 04 π )0,001
+( )
2

Δ I =I ∗ (2 ) +(2
ΔT ΔD 2
Δπ τ
2

z z
τ

√ 5 , 66 ) +( 0 , 30 ) +(2 3,142 ) =1× 10

¿ 9∗10 ∗ (2 ×
2 2 2
−3 −3
( kg . m2 )
Hence

I z =( 243 ±1 )∗10−3 ( kg . m2 )
 Experimental Report 6
DETERMINATION OF SOUND WAVELENGTH AND VELOCITY
USING STANDING WAVE PHENOMENON

Verification of the instructors

I. PURPOSE OF THE EXPERIMENT:

- To understand the physical phenomenon of standing wave
- To determine the sound wavelength and propagation velocity
II. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND:
- A standing wave, also known as a stationary wave, is a wave that remains
in a constant position. This phenomenon can arise in a stationary medium as
a result of interference between two waves traveling in opposite directions.
The effect is a nodes and anti-nodes.
- In this experiment, two waves with the same frequency, wavelength
and amplitude traveling in opposite directions will interfere and
produce standing wave or stationary wave.
- The sound wavelength λ (in meters) is related with the frequency f as the
follows:
- The amplitude of the resultant wave at M is
- The positions of nodes where the amplitude equals to zero are corresponding
to
 - The positions of antinodes where the amplitude is maximum are
corresponding to

- The distance between two conjugative nodes or antinodes is

- The distance L between its open-end and point N is determined as

- The sound resonance is detected by a microphone. The signal is shown by

the ampere-meter of current amplifier. Then, the phenomenon can be
recorded by observing the maximum deviation of ampere-meter’s hand
corresponding to due to the position of piston.
III. EXPERIMENT PROCEDUCE:
- Step1: Switch the frequency knob on the surface of base-box to the position
of 500 Hz
- Step 2: Turn slowly the crank to move up the piston and simultaneously
observe the movement of ampere-meter’s hand until it gets the maximum
deviation.
- Step 3: Record the position L1 of the piston corresponding to the maximum
deviation of ampere-meter’s hand in table 1 of the report sheet.
- Step 4: Continue to move up the piston and observe the movement of
microampere-meter’s hand until it gets the position of maximum
deviation once again.
- Step 5: Again, record the second position of the piston L2 (in millimeters)
in table 1.
- Step 6: Repeat the experimental steps of 2 to 5 for more four times.
- Step 7: Perform again all the measurement procedures (from step 1 to step 6)
corresponding to the frequencies of 600 Hz and 700 Hz. The measurement
results are recorded in table 2 and 3, respectively.
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
 Measurement result:
f(Hz) Trials L1(mm) L2(mm) d = L2 - L1 (mm)
1 165 514 349
2 165 514 349
3 166 511 345
4 167 514 347
500
± 1 Hz 5 165 513 348

d 1=347 ( mm )

√
5

∑ ( d i−d 1 )2
i=1
Δ d 1= =3 ( mm )
5

1 134 426 292

2 134 427 293
3 135 427 292
4 135 427 292
600
± 1 Hz 5 136 426 290
d 2=292 ( mm )

√
5

∑ ( d i−d 2 )2
i=1
Δ d 2= =1 ( mm )
5

1 113 357 244

2 113 358 245
3 111 357 246
4 110 358 248
700
± 1 Hz
5 111 359 248

d 3=246 ( mm )

√
5

∑ ( d i−d 3 )2
i=1
Δ d 3= =2 ( mm )
5
  Data processing:

1. Calculation of Average Value and Absolute Error of Wavelength

a, f 1=500 ±1 Hz
−3 −3
λ 1=2 d 1=2× 347 ×10 =694 × 10 ( m )
√
Δ λ1= ( Δ d 1) =√ 3 =3 mm=3× 10 ( m )
2 2 −3

Hence:
−3
λ 1=( 694 ± 3 ) ×10 ( m )

b, f 1=600 ±1 Hz
−3 −3
λ 2=2 d 2=2× 292× 10 =584 ×10 ( m )
√
Δ λ1= ( Δ d 1) =√ 1 =1 mm=1 ×10 ( m )
2 2 −3

Hence:
−3
λ 2=( 584 ± 1 ) × 10 ( m )

c, f 3=700 ±1 Hz
−3 −3
λ 3=2 d 3=2 ×24 6 × 10 =492× 10 ( m )
√
Δ λ1= ( Δ d 3 ) =√ 2 =2 mm=2 ×10 ( m)
2 2 −3

Hence:
−3
λ 3=( 492 ± 2 ) × 10 ( m )

2. Calculation of Average Value and Absolute Error of Sound Velocity

a, f 1=500 ±1 Hz
−3
v 1=λ1 f 1=694 ×10 ×500=347 (m/s)

√( )( )
Δ λ1 2 Δ f 1 2
√( )( )
2 2
3 1
⇒ Δ v 1=v 1 × + =347 × + =2(m/s )
λ1 f1 694 500
Then v 1=347 ±2(m/s)

Hence
v 1=347 ±2(m/s)
b, f 2=600 ± 1 Hz
−3
v 2=λ2 f 2 =584 ×10 × 600=350(m/s)

√( )( )
Δ λ2 2 Δ f 2 2
√( )( )
2 2
1 1
⇒ Δ v 2=v 2 × + =350 × + =1(m/s )
λ2 f2 584 600
Then v 2=350 ±1(m/s)

Hence
v 2=350 ±1(m/s)

c, f 3=700 ±1 Hz
−3
v 3=λ3 f 3=492 ×10 × 700=344 (m/s )

√( )( )
Δ λ3 2 Δ f 3 2
√( )( )
2 2
1 1
⇒ Δ v 3=v 3 × + =344 × + =1( m/ s)
λ3 f3 492 700
Then v 3=344 ± 1(m/s )

Hence
v 3=344 ± 1(m/s )

3. Theoretical velocity of sound wave and experimental values:

Theoretically, the velocity of sound wave at a temperature T can be calculated as follows:

v=v 0 √ 1+α T
At room temperature T = 29° C :
v=332× 1+
√ 29
273
≈ 349 .2

In direct comparison with v 1 , v 2 , v 3 which are measured above, we can conclude that our
experimental values are acceptable since they are approximate to the theoretical value.