AMBO UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMUNITY

DEPARTEMENT OF SOCIOLOGY

EXPLORING THE LIVED EXPERIENCE OF DISPLACED FARMERS DUE TO

URBAN EXPANSION IN SHEGER CITY: CASE OF FURI SUB-CITY
ADMINISTRATION.
A THESIS SUBMIT TO SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDUIES FOR THE PARCIAL
FULFILMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENT OF MASTERS of ART DEGREE IN
SOCIOLOGY

BY: TESHELE KUMSA

ADIVISOR: TEFERA GOSHU

AMBO, ETHIOPIA
OCTOBER, 2023
 AMBO UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMUNITY

DEPARTEMENT OF SOCIOLOGY

EXPLORING THE LIVED EXPERIENCE OF DISPLACED FARMERS DUE TO

URBAN EXPANSION IN SHEGER CITY: CASE OF FURI SUB-CITY
ADMINISTRATION.
ATHESIS SUBMIT TO SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES FOR THE PARCIAL

FULFILMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENT OF MASTERS ART DEGREE IN SOCIOLOGY

BY: TESHALE KUMSA

ADIVISOR: TEFERA GOSHU

 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1. BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

In the contemporary world, the fast development of metropolitan populace is a new peculiarity.
United Nations (2012) populace prospect amendment of 2011 information assessment
demonstrates that in the year 2007 to 2050 the total populace is probably going to increment
from 7.0 to 9.3 billons where an enormous populace development will happen in Africa and
Asia. Metropolitan populace is developing all the more quickly surpassing the country populace.
As of the 1900-populace assessment, the extent of country inhabitants when contrasted with
metropolitan populace was 6.7 to 1 individually yet that's what projections propose by 2025 the
proportion of populace among metropolitan and country tenants assessed to be 3 to 2
individually (Satterthwaite, et. al., 2010). As Rodríguez, et.al. (2005:10), population assessment
demonstrates that out of the absolute total populace 60% of it lives in the metropolitan regions
and anticipated that in the future 90% is probably going to amass in metropolitan regions
primarily in creating nations. As needs be, United Nations Populace Division assessment referred
to in Forman 2008:26) shows that consistently 200,000 individuals are included the metropolitan
region, which is 70 million every year.

The rate at which urban population increments across the globe altogether differed in level and
degree. Urbanization has shown quick advancement in emerging nations. As indicated by
Benhart, et. al., (2004) Asia and Africa are known for quick urbanized nations on the planet than
in created nations. As per populace correction of Joined Countries (2012:17), a big part of the
populace of Asia will live in metropolitan regions by 2020 while Africa is probably going to
reach at half urbanization rate in 2035. The vital contributing elements for quick metropolitan
populace development in agricultural nations is principally the development of individuals from
rustic to metropolitan regions, regular increments of metropolitan populace as well as the
renaming of country networks to incorporate as a feature of metropolitan regions (Beall and Fox
(2007:4).
In many developing countries population displacement because of development projects
including infrastructures expansion has been a prominent feature in urban and rural settings.
Dhru (2010) indicated that with the rapid increasing pressures on land due to urbanization, rapid
economic development, increasing infrastructures necessities in growing economies of
developing countries, land acquisition by the states has increased.

Population displacement because of development projects poses one of the major challenges
facing governments in developing countries. Although population displacement has been a
prerequisite of growing economies especially in developing countries, it affects the livelihoods
of the households who are involuntarily displaced to allow such development projects to take off.
Many people who are displaced by development activities are not properly resettled and
rehabilitated (Robinson, 2003; Terminski, 2013; Cernea, 1996).

In Ethiopian context, displacement is prominent in development projects and investments aimed

at economic growth and social transformation. But as has been indicated in recent studies,
development-induced displacement in Ethiopia has become the most significant type of
movement replacing earlier concerns with resettlement, refugees, returnees and demobilization
(Pankhurst and Piguet in Eguavoen and Tesfai, 2012).

Recently empirical studies (e.g Desalegn, 2013; Zinawi; 2012; Kassahun, 2011; Nebiyu, 2000)
indicated that development projects such as agricultural investments, dam constructions, urban
renewal and infrastructures expansions such as roads, urban drinking water, electricity and
housing has been caused displacement of thousands of people in rural and urban areas. Despite
the facts raised above in literature, my field experience and personal observation of development
projects and investments induced displacements of rural households in Addis Ababa vicinity
areas attracted me to investigate recently increasing socio-economic problems due to increasing
construction of development projects in the area. It is obvious that country need such a
development move to get out of poverty as development projects contribute enormous positive
changes in the national economy and overall nation‘s progress. However, the increasing social
pathologies created by such development activities have been less emphasized despite the
complex social crisis they borne to the displaces.
According to African Development Bank Group (2022) report Sheger is a river that flows
through Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia. The city has been experiencing rapid
urbanization in the past two decades, with its population doubling to 5 million residents. The
Ethiopian government, municipal authorities, and donors have launched an ambitious project to
redevelop the Sheger River basin, called the “Beautifying Sheger” River Development Project.
The project aims to address flooding and develop the potential of the Sheger River. It involves
redeveloping 69 km of rivers, covering an area that is home to over 1.3 million residents. The
project is financed by several donors, including the Italian, Chinese, and Korean development
agencies, as well as UN Habitat. The Urban and Municipal Development Fund of the African
Development Bank is also cooperating in this effort.

Statement of the Problem

Urban environmental issues become more awful in metropolitan areas on account of Ethiopia
being one of the ruined African courtiers. Due to the many interrelated urban environmental
problems none of the Ethiopian cities communities can precede with sustainable urban
development turn of events (World Bank, 2000). As Abdissa and Degefa (20210) most of the
expansion and peripheral in the Furi sub-city organization region turned to relaxed day to day
work as their primary survival method.

This is on the grounds that other more useful open doors have step by step become inaccessible
nearby. The investigation likewise discovered that the city's extension program is neither
participatory nor strong to ranchers in the outskirts, and subsequently adversely affects
individuals' jobs where ladies and youth are the significant casualties. For the most part,
metropolitan extension is one of the fundamental issues that influence the expectation for
everyday comforts and food security of numerous agrarian economy people groups in non-
industrial nations. This attack interaction prompts the deficiency of agrarian homestead lands,
touching area, uncovered land and decrease of yields/food efficiency (Fekadu, 2015)

As indicated by Firew (2010), urban expansion and development is cyclic peculiarity that
prompts separating provincial horticultural local area. Indeed, even very much arranged
resettlement of local area antagonistically affects the business of local area during and after local
area dislodged impacted. In the event of our nation setting, various explores have been led in
urban communities and towns entitled of effects of metropolitan extension on sub-metropolitan
local area jobs. For example, Firew (2010) directed an exploration which surveyed the flat
metropolitan development and fringe local area jobs with extraordinary consideration of looking
at effects of urbanization well.

According to Feyera (2005) despite the fact that Addis Ababa City Organization has set up some
support agreement, little is known how dislodging, and movement is interceded, the work of the
uprooted is safeguarded in Jimma town and different towns in local conditions of the country.
The country cultivating local area has little information and skill to adjust to the circumstance of
metropolitan life as the vast majority of them are incompetent to vie for metropolitan open
position. Particularly, there is a typical worry that the work methodologies of cultivating local
area can be presented to financial and social issues that lead them to impoverishment. Gittleman
(2009); Feyera (2005); Frew (2000); Carter (1995) and others had attempted to concentrate on
that whether the dislodged individuals find new homes and what is befalling them. Be that as it
may, the circumstance of uprooting, movement and its effect on the existence making of the ex-
ranchers around provincial towns were less contemplated.

As can be understood from various works of literature, the farmers in Ethiopia faced many
problems; specifically today no sufficient studies conducted on the perceptions, attitude towards
social challenges of the displacement farmers in Furi sub city. For example, Gittleman (2009);
Feyera (2005); Frew (2000); Carter (1995) and others had tried to study that whether the
displaced people find new homes and what is happening to them. The some previous studies of
displacement also failed to give due emphasis to the problems of socio-economic marginalization
weakening of social networks and deterioration of access to community services after
displacement.

However, no empirical studies were conducted so far in Ethiopia on the issue of the impacts of
problems of compensation and rehabilitation; and its implementation‘s on the livelihoods of
heterogonous urban vicinity households displaced by development projects.

Additionally, two studies also are conducted on Urban Expansion and Its Impact on the
Livelihood of Peripheral Farming Communities in (2020) by T. Tasfaye at Wolayita Soddo
University and Horizontal Urban Expansion And Livelihood Adjustment Problem Among Ex-
Farmers by T. Mengistu (2016) at Jimma University but both researches weakens were didn't
clearly describe general research; it is mini research and rapid assessment. It has a
methodological gap, their study concern only survey design. Generally, few studies were
exclusively concerned with the elders but the early research didn't describe the local people's
perception regarding the elders. Additionally, theoretical gaps are typically based on examining
prior studies on a phenomenon or fact.

Therefore motivation of the researcher is to fill the knowledge gap on the issues of the elderly so
the study is designed to answer the question: what are the economic problems of farmers, what
are the social problems of the elders and what are local people's perceptions regarding the
farmers? In this case, the study may add some knowledge and fill a gap in an existing one. Most
notably, the study approached the issue from a sociological standpoint. Thus, the researcher's
motivation is to investigate the issue from a sociological standpoint.

1.3. The Basic Research Questions

To meet the objectives of the study, the following basic questions are raise to be treating in the
research. They are:

1. Does urban expansion of Sheger, Furi subcity, town affect the livelihoods assets of farmers in
the peri-urban areas?

2. What is the rate of change in socially and economically that farmers have lost from various
livelihood assets comparing to before and after livelihood assets dispossession have taken place
to urban expansion purposes?

3. What are strategies adopted by displaced to cope with challenges of livelihood risks caused by
displacement?

4. What is the perception and attitude of the urban rural communities’ towards food security
status before and after the dispossession of the livelihood assets for urban expansion?
5. Are there partner organizations such as NGOs, CBOs and private sectors participation in the
process of creating sustainable livelihood assets for evicted farmers in the process of urban
expansion?

1.4. General Objective

The general objective of the study is exploring the lived experience of displaced farmers due to
urban expansion in Sheger City: case of Furi Sub-City administration.
1.4.1. Specific Objectives
 To examine the socioeconomic challenges of farmers before and after displacement.
 Identify the strategies adopted by displaced people to face the challenges of farmer’s
risks caused by displacement.
 To describe the perceptions and attitudes of farmers in displacement towards food
security before and after loss of livelihood due to urban expansion.
 To identify partner organizations such as NGOs, community organizations and private
sector participation in the process of creating sustainable livelihood assets for farmers
whose land is recovered during urban expansion.

1.5 Significance of the Study

This study aims to contribute to raising awareness about the real consequences of expanding
development projects causing displacement in Ethiopia and to help policymakers make informed
and informed decisions be more responsible towards vulnerable displaced households in urban
areas. The study will address the socio-economic issues and benefits that displaced farmers
encounter during the relocation process and help suggest mechanisms to address or mitigate the
socio-economic challenges faced by these households displaced families have to face. The study
evaluates the challenges that need to be addressed such as low wages, farming households
turning to renting houses when resettling, poor households not building their own houses and not
being able to find jobs after relocation and Recommend ways to achieve best practice
development projects such as adoption. And do compensation and rehabilitation policy aimed at
addressing the problems of the highly vulnerable and faster recovery for the displaced. This
study will serve as a bridge for other future studies on similar and related social issues.

1.6. Scope of the Study

The study of displacement has wide scope; vary in its type, cause and magnitude of impacts. In
Ethiopia displacement induced by dam construction, urban redevelopment, agricultural
investment, irrigation and other infrastructural development are wide spreading. This research is
limited to exploring the lived experience of displaced farmers due to urban expansion in Sheger,
Furi Sub-City administration. The reason why I choose this topic is that recently development
projects in urban vicinity urban lands are growing and the number of displacement of households
due to such investments are causing tremendous socio-economic troubles. Displaced households
lose their livelihood assets, become vulnerable to livelihood risks and unable to restore their
livelihoods after resettlement/relocation. The construction of Sheger town displaced many
households within the administrative area of the Furi sub-town selected for this study. This case
is selected because I know the area well and it is easy for me to establish rapport with the target
population and relevant officials to collect data. In addition, it is cost-effective and fast because
the study area is close to Addis Ababa.

CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODLOGY
The study of displacement has wide scope; vary in its type, cause and magnitude of impacts.. In
Ethiopia displacement induced by dam construction, urban redevelopment, agricultural
investment, irrigation and other infrastructural development are wide spreading.. This research is
limited to exploring the lived experience of displaced farmers due to urban expansion in Sheger,
Furi Sub-City administration. The reason why I choose this topic is that recently development
projects in urban vicinity urban lands are growing and the number of displacement of households
due to such investments are causing tremendous socio-economic troubles. Displaced farmers lose
their livelihood assets, become vulnerable to livelihood risks and unable to restore their
livelihoods after resettlement/relocation. The construction of Sheger town displaced many
households within the administrative area of the Furi sub-town selected for this study. This case
was chosen because I knew the area well and it was easy for me to establish rapport with the
target population and relevant officials to collect data. In addition, it is cost-effective and fast
because the study area is close to Addis Ababa.

3.1.1 Historical background of Sheger City.

The Oromia region organized six cities on the outskirts of the Ethiopian capital, Addis Ababa, as
Sheger City. The administration for the new city will be in Addis Ababa, Saris area. Sebeta,
Burayu, Legatafo, Lededadi, Sululta, and Gelan towns, which surround Addis Ababa from all
directions, are now clustered as a single city under a single mayoral administration. And the
administration is operational already. According to Ethiopian Reporter, the local news provider,
Gugsa Dejene, cited as deputy mayor of the new Sheger city has confirmed that the six towns are
now under Sheger city administration. It has 12 sub-cities, 36 districts and 40 rural kebeles
( these are now county administrations in Ethiopia). Sluggish development of cities and
“displacement of farming communities due to expansion of cities” are cited as raison d’etre for
the establishment of the Sheger city. Ato Gugsa Dejene is also cited as saying that there has been
a disparity in the development of the towns albeit they were interlinked through infrastructure
and economic and social affairs. The explanation for it, according to Gugsa, was that the towns
were existing as separate administrations.
SHEGER CITY STRUCTURE

Shaggar is a collective of towns, districts, and villages situated around the city of Addis Ababa,
as stated in the 2015 E.C. report. It was formed by merging Burraayyuu, Kolooboo, Sulultaa,
Laga Xaafoo-laga Daadhii, Galaan, Sabbataa, Walmaraa, Barraak, Aqaaqii, and Sabbata Awas
into one city. Shaggar covers an area of 160,892.8 hectares, which can be adjusted as per
requirements.

To reach the city council and the President of the State of Oromia, you can contact the
Headquarters.
CITIES, VILLAGES, AND DISTRICTS INCLUDED IN SHEGAR

The recent development entails the reclassification of formerly autonomous municipalities

surrounding Finfinnee into city districts. Districts such as Aqaqi, Sabbata Hawas, Barrack,
Sululta, and Walmara, as well as 40 villages under Shaggar town, will now govern villages.
Furthermore, Eertuu Mijoo and Koyee Faccee were villages previously under Finfinnee.

Sheger Sub-City Structure

On November 22, the Oromia Special Regional Administration and the Finfinnee Municipality
signed a Memorandum of Agreement that outlined the boundary between Shaggar Municipality
and the City of Finfinnee.

1. Burayu

Located in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia, Burayu is a town that serves as the headquarters of
the Burayu Zone. It’s situated approximately 15 km west of Addis Ababa and has a population of
over 100,000 people, comprising ethnic groups like the Oromo, Amhara, and Gurage.

Burayu is part of the surrounding suburbs of Addis Ababa and is recognized for its agricultural
activities. The town is renowned for producing crops like maize and teff. It also features several
small businesses, schools, and health clinics. Burayu has seen notable growth in recent years,
thanks to its proximity to the capital city and the availability of employment opportunities.
Nonetheless, the town faces some challenges such as inadequate infrastructure and services, and
occasional civil unrest and violence.

2. Sulultaa

Located approximately 25 kilometers north of Ethiopia’s capital city of Addis Ababa, Sululta is a
charming town situated at an altitude of around 2,700 meters above sea level in the Oromia
Regional State. It is renowned for its picturesque scenery, fresh air, and verdant landscape.
Sululta is home to significant institutions and organizations, including the Oromia Special Zone
Surrounding Finfinne, an administrative division of the Oromia region. The town is seeing rapid
growth and hosts various industries, such as cement factories, brick makers, and gravel pits. Its
high altitude provides a cool climate and stunning views of the surrounding hills and mountains,
making it a popular destination for tourists and locals alike. Sululta is an ideal spot for exploring
the Ethiopian countryside, with hiking trails and natural attractions such as the Jemma River
gorge in close proximity.

4. Gelaan

The Gelaan district, situated in the eastern part of Addis Ababa, is predominantly a residential
area that houses a diverse population of people from various ethnic and cultural backgrounds.
The district boasts numerous educational institutions, comprising primary and secondary schools,
and multiple health facilities and hospitals that cater to the needs of the residents. Additionally,
the area is well-connected to other parts of the city through an extensive network of buses and
taxis. Gelaan is a lively district that holds immense significance in the social and economic
landscape of Addis Ababa, owing to its bustling population and strategic location.

5. Laga Xaafoo-Laga Daadhii

Laga Xaafoo-Laga Daadhii is situated in close proximity to the main road of Addis Ababa,
which links to other areas known for its contemporary structures, luxury hotels, and shopping
complexes. This district is also home to many residential neighborhoods and a favored
destination for both residents and visitors. Positioned in the eastern region of the city, it is a
swiftly evolving residential district, boasting a blend of modern and traditional dwellings. The
locality is renowned for its upscale residences, commercial centers, dining establishments, and
hotels.

6. Kolooboo

Kolooboo, a town located in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia, boasts a population of over 100,000
people from diverse ethnic backgrounds such as Oromo, Amhara, and Gurage. This suburb is
widely recognized for its thriving agricultural activities, particularly in the production of maize
and teff crops. Furthermore, it has a plethora of small-scale businesses, schools, and healthcare
facilities. Kolooboo has experienced remarkable growth in recent years, thanks to its proximity
to Addis Ababa and the abundance of employment opportunities in the city.
3.2 Research Design
Research design is needed because it facilitates the smooth sailing of the various research
operations, thereby making research as efficient as possible yielding maximal information with
minimal expenditure of effort, time and money (Kothari, 2004).. Research design stands for
advance planning of the methods to be adopted for collecting the relevant data and the
techniques to be used in their analysis, keeping in view the objectives of the research, time and
money. Generally, the design need to be minimizes bias and maximizes the reliability of the data
collected and analysed (Kothari, 2004; Creswell, 2005).

To understand the lived experience of displaced farmers due to urban expansion a descriptive
survey research design is employed. This research design is preferable to conduct this research as
the respondent's sample are large in number to give answers to the questions about their attitudes
and opinions towards the issue and it is found useful to analyze the data that could reveal the
present conditions. More importantly, descriptive survey research designs are popular for
determining whether two or more groups differ on certain variables of interest. In this study, both
qualitative and quantitative methods are used. Quantitative inference methods are used to
produce data in a quantitative form, which can be subjected to precise quantitative analysis in a
formal and rigid manner to infer characteristics or relationships of a population. This usually
means survey research in which a sample population is studied through questionnaires and
interviews to determine its characteristics in order to infer whether the population has similar
characteristics. The other approach used for this study is the qualitative approach which involves
subjective assessment of attitudes, opinions and perceptions, in which situations the function of
ideas and the researcher's impression produces results in a non-quantitative form or in a form that
has not been subjected to precise quantitative analysis, Questionnaires, interviews and focus
group discussions are used to collect data for the study. data collected are triangulated using the
two data analysis methods above. Therefore, the researcher believes that these methods can make
the research results more reliable.

3.2 Research Methods

DATA COLLECTION METHODS AND INSTRUMENTS

A preliminary field assessment is conducted in the study area and after this short visit, the
research tools are slightly modified to adapt to the local context. Furthermore, primary data
collection is carried out in December and January 2023. Both primary and secondary data are
used for the study to obtain the necessary data and information accordingly. This section
provides a brief overview of different primary and secondary data collection techniques, as well
as the type of information collected from each source.

PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION

In the primary data (both qualitative and quantitative) were collected from primary sources
through household survey, focus group discussion, key informant interview and observation.

3.4.1.1- HOUSEHOLD SURVEY

Information related to household demographic and socio-economic characteristics, extent and

types of livelihood asset loss, amount of annual income of the household, the support made to
rehabilitate evicted farmers for better living and status of food security before and after eviction
collected through household survey.

In the study data are collected by both qualitative and quantitative research methods. The study
will employee in depth interview, focus group discussion, observation and household survey to
collect relevant primary data from different unit of analysis.

3.2.1 In-depth Interview

In-depth interview is used to get participants to provide an account of their experiences, of how
they view their own world and the meanings they ascribe to it. Interviews are most useful when
you need to know about people‘s experiences or views in some depth, the issue is sensitive, and
people may not be able to speak freely in groups (Limb and Dwyer 2001). Patton (2002)
characterizes the research interview as a strategy to elicit meaning from the informants that a
researcher cannot directly observe. This study is intended to explore the living situation of
displaced farmers; their experience of the impacts of displacement, their satisfaction and
discontent with their current livelihood conditions, new strategies to rehabilitate their assets and
its challenges which need in depth interview to gain rich information. Thus, key informants are
interviewed using in-depth interview. This method allow to collect rich data from multiple unit
of analysis about their feelings, attitudes, beliefs, experiences by asking relevant questions to
each units of analysis independently. In-depth interviews are used to know deeply what, how and
why the affected populations express their feelings and experiences on the issue at hand. In this
study 15 displaced farmers’ heads, 2 elders,5 officials (kebele administrator, Furi city land
administration head. At the beginning the in-depth interview was started with deliberately
selected few key informants and the interview was extended until sufficient data obtained
(saturation point). For this purpose semi structured interview was designed to get broader
information. The interview guides designed for this study developed in more detail to specify
important issues of the research objectives and also with open ended unstructured questions to
get intensive and richer information. The interview schedule (list of questions) or interview guide
is only prepared to direct the interview on a path consistent with the purpose/objectives of the
study.

3.2.2 Focus Group Discussion

Focus groups helps researcher to obtain rich data from the participants owns words and it can
receive a wide range of responses during one meeting. Participants can also ask questions of each
other, lessoning impact of researcher bias and helps people to remember issues they might
otherwise have forgotten. It helps participants to overcome inhibitions, especially if they know
other people in the group (Dawson, 2007). Focus group discussion were therefore employed to
collect deep information on the livelihood situation of displaced households, the success and
failure of rebuilding of household assets, the rights, the promises and the actual intervention
processes in the ground. For this purpose two focus group discussions were held with selected
displaced household heads. The response collected through focus group discussion is used to
cross check information obtained through other data collection tools. In addition, respondents
mention the possible positive sides of the displacement during focus group discussions which
was not discussed during individual response.

3.2.3 Observation
 In the observation method, the information is obtained by way of investigator‘s own direct
observation without asking the respondent (Kothari, 2004). He further added the advantages of
observation that it help researcher to reduce subjective bias, if observation is done accurately.
Moreover, the information obtained through observation method relates to what is currently
happening; it is not complicated by either the past behavior or future intentions or attitudes.
Observation is independent of respondents ‘willingness to respond and as such observation data
is relatively less affected by the active cooperation on the side of respondents as in the case of
interview or the questionnaire method. It helps to catch the situation on ground and making a
record of the affected people impression of what is taking place in the relocated household
situation. In this study observation was used to select respondents for key informant interviews
and focus group discussions. Observation by the researcher also contributed in strengthening the
information obtained through the other methods. Thus, observations were used in the study to
capture the household livelihood situation, observation about the new residence environment,
their social interaction and economic activities in their setting. The data obtained through
observation such as households livelihood condition in rent house, house construction activities
in the relocation village and the social networks of displaces in their current residence were used
in the analysis to support the data obtained through other data collection tools.

3.2.5 Documentary Review

Documentary review/analyses are used to understand the trends of displacement as current

social issue in context of worldwide in general and in Ethiopia in particular. It helps to give an
insight about policies and strategies of development induced displacement; and problems with its
applications. Literature review also helps to put the theoretical, conceptual and empirical
framework of the issue at hand. Any documents and literature that adds value in answering the
research objectives will be assessed and analyzed.

3.3- SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION AND SAMPLING METHOD

3.3.1- SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION

To determine the desired sample size out of the target population, the following statistical
approach was used with the following equation.
Where: N = the desired sample size,

z = the standard normal deviate set at 1.96 which corresponds to the 95 percent confidence level

P = the proportion of behavior under study set at 50%

q = 1 – p,

d = desired precision of results set at 0.05, and 2 is the correction factor.

2× 1.96 ×1.96 ×0.5 × 0.95

n=
0.5 ×0.5

2× 3.8416 ×0.5 × 0.95

n=
0.002

0.364952
n= = 145.9808
0.0025

n=146

To determine the total sample respondents from the 2461 population targeted for the study, the
Kothari formula used for calculating, (Kothari, 2004).

3.3.2 SAMPLING METHOD

Both probability and non-probability sampling techniques were applied for this study. With
regard to non-probability sampling, the researcher purposively selected all the 6 pre-urban rural
kebeles that surrounding Kombolcha town in which the highest expansion of the town has been
observed since 2005.

After determining sample size respondents of 146 out of 2461 evicted farmers in the six
preurban kebeles, the stratified sampling technique was employed to determine the
corresponding share of each kebele’s representative number of sample size respondents. This
was due to fact that number of evicted farmers in each target kebeles was not proportionately
equal in number. Regarding the selection of sample respondents, a probability random sampling
technique, lottery system was used to obtain the required number of respondents. The basic
principle of scientific sampling is that every sampling unit would have a known positive
probability to be selected.

METHODS OF DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION

The tools for quantitative data analysis were descriptive statistics such as percentage frequencies,
mean and standard deviation. The data obtained from interview and group discussion with
government office experts and community members selected in the pre-urban evicted farmers
were analyzed qualitatively With regard to the data gathered from household survey, field
supervisor checked every completed questionnaire on the same day. The pre-coded
questionnaires entered and analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS)
computer software program. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies, mean, percentages, as
well as paired sample test (T- test] applied to understand the relationship and associations
between variables were employed. Finally, the results presented in tables, figures and charts.

Ethical Consideration

In this research, thorough attention has been given to meet basic ethical principles in social
science research. To secure approval of the research participants and concerned administrative
structures in the study area during data collection, the researcher obtained an introductory letter
from Addis Ababa University, which was used to gain approval from concerned body and to
make clear that the research was purely academic and that the study conducted was exclusively
for academic purposes and would kept confidential. Then, the researcher obtained letter of
cooperation from Dukem town administration and finally from tedecha kebele administration to
population of the study. Before the commencement of data collection the researcher repeatedly
visited the relocation village and the community‘s meeting to secure research rapport. The
researcher carefully treats and respects the community‘s cultures and socio-economic way of
life. To this end all respondents were well informed about the purposes of this study before
commencing data collection.