Migration and its types

Mohammad haroon Bazai

lecturer geography
Gen: Mohammad Musa Govt Postgraduate College Quetta Cantt
Email: [email protected]
 What is Human Migration?

• Migration is the movement of people from one place to another.

Migration can be within a country or between countries.
• Migration can be permanent, temporary or seasonal.
• Migration happens for a range of reasons. These can be economic,
social, political or environmental. Push and pull factors drive
migration.
• Migration impacts both the place left behind and on the place where
migrants settle. These impacts can be both positive and negative.
 What is Human Migration?
• Migrations have occurred throughout human history, beginning with the
movements of the first human groups from their origins in East Africa to their
current location in the world.
• Migration occurs at a variety of scales: intercontinental (between
continents),intracontinental (between countries on a given continent), and
interregional (within countries). One of the most significant migration patterns
has been rural to urban migration—the movement of people from the
countryside to cities in search of opportunities.
 What is Human Migration?

• Some people decide to migrate, e.g. someone who moves to another

country to improve their career opportunities.
• Some people are forced to migrate, e.g. someone who moves due to
famine or war.
• A refugee is someone who has left their home and does not have a
new one. Often refugees do not carry have possessions with them
and do not know where they will finally settle.
Why Do People Migrate?
• People move for a variety of reasons. They consider the advantages and
disadvantages of staying versus moving, as well as factors such as distance, travel
costs, travel time, modes of transportation, terrain, and cultural barriers.
• Push Factors: Reasons for emigrating (leaving a place) because of a difficulty
(such as a food shortage, war, flood, etc.).
• Pull Factors: Reasons for immigrating (moving into a place) because of something
desirable (such as a nicer climate, better food supply, freedom, etc.).
Why Do People Migrate?
• Several types of push and pull factors may influence people in their
movements (sometimes at the same time), including:
• 1. Environmental (e.g., climate, natural disasters)
• 2. Political (e.g., war)
• 3. Economic (e.g., work)
• 4. Cultural (e.g., religious freedom, education)
•
Why Do People Migrate?
• Place Utility: The desirability of a place based on its social, economic, or
environmental situation, often used to compare the value of living in different
locations. An individual’s idea of place utility may or may not reflect the actual
conditions of that location.
• Intervening Opportunities: Opportunities nearby are usually considered more
attractive than equal or slightly better opportunities farther away, so migrants
tend to settle in a location closer to their point of origin if other factors are equal.
• Distance Decay: As distance from a given location increases, understanding of
that location decreases. People are more likely to settle in a (closer) place about
which they have more knowledge than in a (farther) place about which they
know and understand little.
 Types of Migration
• Geographical Classification
• With regard to the territories serving as reference, the following categories can be distinguished:
• 1. Internal Migration: Moving to a new home within a state, country.
• It is the migration movement within a state, region or area, depending on the territory that
is considered as an indivisible unit. There are different categories of internal migration:

• Rural-‐Urban migration: migration from the countryside to the city;

• Interurban migration: migration from one city to another;
• Urban-‐Rural migration: migration from the city for the countryside;
• Inter-rural migration: migration from one countryside to another;
• Nomadism: continuous movement within a territory (homeless):
• Transhumance: displacement from the mountains to the plane due to sheepherding;
• Inter-muncipal migration: migration from one municipality to another;
• Inter-provincial migration: migration from one province to another;
• Interregional migration: migration from one region to another.
 Types of Migration

2. International migration: migration crossing the borders of one or more states.

International migration may be divided in different categories based on geographic
contexts:
• Transoceanic migration: international migration involving the crossing of one or more
oceans;
• Transcontinental migration: international migration involving the movement from one
continent to another;
• Border migration: when international migration takes place between two border locations;
• Neighbor migration: when international migratory movement takes place between two
neighbor countries;
• Regional migration: international migration as the movement takes place within a region.
 Types of Migration

• However, when the direction of migration flows serves as reference, the following
categories of migration can be highlighted:
• Emigration: the action of leaving a country or other geographic context. It is
migration considered from the perspective of the place of origin.
• Immigration: the action of entering into a country or other geographic context. It
is migration considered from the perspective of the place of destination.2
• Transit Migration: migration across a country or other geographic context without
intent to stop or settle on it and with the sole intention to get to another country
or geographic context.
• Circular Migration: migration that, in its original intention, departs from a place of
origin, reaches a destination and then returns to the same place of origin within a
limited timeframe.
• Return3 or re-‐migration: migration from the place of destination back to the
place of origin.
 Terms in migration
• External Migration: Moving to a new home in a different state,
country, or continent.
• Emigration: Leaving one country to move to another (e.g., the
Pilgrims emigrated from England).
• Immigration: Moving into a new country (e.g., the Pilgrims
immigrated to America).
Types of Migration
• Population Transfer: When a government forces a large group of people out of a
region, usually based on ethnicity or religion. This is also known as an involuntary
or forced migration.
• Impelled Migration (also called "reluctant" or "imposed" migration): Individuals
are not forced out of their country, but leave because of unfavorable situations
such as warfare, political problems, or religious persecution.
• Step Migration: A series of shorter, less extreme migrations from a person's place
of origin to final destination—such as moving from a farm, to a village, to a town,
and finally to a city
Types of Migration
• Chain Migration: A series of migrations within a family or defined group of
people. A chain migration often begins with one family member who sends
money to bring other family members to the new location. Chain migration
results in migration fields—the clustering of people from a specific region into
certain neighborhoods or small towns.
• Return Migration: The voluntary movements of immigrants back to their place of
origin.This is also known as circular migration.
• Seasonal Migration: The process of moving for a period of time in response to
labor or climate conditions (e.g., farm workers following crop harvests or working
in cities off-season; "snowbirds" moving to the southern and southwestern
United States during winter).
People Who Migrate
• Emigrant: A person who is leaving a country to reside in another.
• Immigrant: A person who is entering a country from another to take up new
residence.
• Refugee: A person who is residing outside the country of his or her origin due to
fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a
particular social group, or political opinion.
People Who Migrate
• Internally Displaced Person (IDP): A person who is forced to leave his or her
home region because of unfavorable conditions (political, social, environmental,
etc.) but does not cross any boundaries.
• Migration Stream: A group migration from a particular country, region, or city to
a certain destination.
Impacts of Migration
• Human migration affects population patterns and characteristics, social and
cultural patterns and processes, economies, and physical environments. As
people move, their cultural traits and ideas diffuse along with them, creating and
modifying cultural landscapes.
• Diffusion: The process through which certain characteristics (e.g., cultural traits,
ideas, disease) spread over space and through time.
Impacts of Migration
• Relocation Diffusion: Ideas, cultural traits, etc. that move with people from one
place to another and do not remain in the point of origin.
• Expansion Diffusion: Ideas, cultural traits, etc., that move with people from one
place to another but are not lost at the point of origin, such as language.
• Cultural markers: Structures or artifacts (e.g., buildings, spiritual places,
architectural styles, signs, etc.) that reflect the cultures and histories of those
who constructed or occupy them.
•.
Brain Drain
• Definition
• Relates to educationally specific selective migrations.
• Some countries are losing the most educated segment of their population.
• Can be both a benefit for the receiving country and a problem to the country
of origin.
• Receiving country
• Getting highly qualified labor contributing to the economy right away.
• Promotes economic growth in strategic sectors: science and technology.
• Not having to pay education and health costs.
• It costs about $300,000 to educate an average American.
• 30% of Mexicans with a PhD are in the US.
Brain Drain
• Country of origin
• Education and health costs not paid back.
• Losing potential leaders and talent:
• Developing countries lose 15% of their graduates.
• Between 15 and 40% of a graduating class in Canada will move to the US.
• 50% of Caribbean graduates leave.
• Long term impact on economic growth.
• Possibility of remittances.
• Many brain drain migrants have skills which they can’t use at home:
• The resources and technology may not be available there.
• The specific labor market is not big enough.
Brain Drain
• A reverse migration trend
• High costs in developed countries.
• New opportunities in developing countries.
• Part of the offshoring process of many manufacturing and service activities.
• Qualified personnel coming back with skills and connections: