PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
LOGIC GATES
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INDEX
SNO TOPIC Pgno
1) Introduction 3
2) Principles 4
3) Basic gates 5
4) THE OR GATE 7
5) THE AND GATE 9
6) THE NOT GATE 11
7) THE NOR GATE 13
8) THE NAND GATE 15
9) Bibliography 17
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INTRODUCTION
GATE:- gate is defined as digital circuit which follows
some logical relationship between the input and output
voltages it is a digital circuit which allows the signal to
pass or stop through it the logic gates are building blocks
in digital electronics they are used to change one voltage
level to another according to the logic statement relating
to them.
TRUTH TABLE:- a logic gates can be one or more than
one inputs but it has only one output. The relationship
between values of voltage input and output. Voltages are
expressed in the form of truth tables. It shows basics
input and output gates called logic gates.
BOOLEAN ALGEBRA: - the algebra which is based
on binary nature of logic gates.
BOOLEAN EXPRESSION: - they are logical gates
followed by logical gates
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PRINCIPLES
Any Boolean algebraic operation can be associated with the
input and output, which represents the statement of Boolean
algebra.
Although these circuits may be complex, they may all be
constructed from three basic devices like a P-N junction diode,
a resistance and an N-P- N transistor.
LOGICAL STATEMENTS
1 0
HIGH LOW
POSITIVE NEGATIVE
ON OFF
CLOSE OPEN
CONDUCTING NON-CONDUCTING
RIGHT WRONG
FALSE TRUE YES
NO
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BASIC GATES:
THE OR GATE: It is a device that combines A and B to give
Y as a result. The OR gate has two or more inputs and one
output. In Boolean algebra, addition symbol (+), is referred to
as the OR.
THE BOOLEAN EXPRESSION A+B=Y
This indicates that Y equals to A or B.
THE AND GATE: It is a device that combines A with B to
give Y as a result.
The AND gate has two or more inputs and one Output. In
Boolean algebra, multiplication sign is referred to the AND
gate. The Boolean algebra, multiplication sign is referred as
the AND gate.
The Boolean expression:
A.B=Y
This indicates that Y equals to A multiplies by B.
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THE NOT GATE: It is a device that inverts the inputs .T e
not has one input and has one output. In Boolean algebra, the
bar symbol is referred to as the NOT operator. The Boolean
expression:
Y≠A
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THE OR GATE
Building an OR gate circuit to test the Boolean expression
A+B=Y
AIM: To design and stimulate the OR gate circuit
COMPONENTS: Two ideal p-n junction diodes (D1 and D2)
THEORY AND CONSTRUCTION:
An OR gate can be constructed by the following electronic
circuit, making use of diodes d1 and d2.
Here the negative terminal of the battery is grounded and
corresponds to 0 level, and the positive terminal of the battery
corresponds to 1st level.
The output voltage at Y is voltage applied “C” with respect to
earth.
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An analogical circuit can be drawn for the or gate:
1) If the switch A and B are kept open (A=0 B=0) Then
bulb does not glow hence Y=0.
2) If one of the either switches A or B is kept closed then
the bulb can glow.
3) Even if both the switches are kept closed the bulb glows
Y=1.
Truth table:
Input A Input B OUTPUT
0 0 0
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 1
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THE AND GATE
AIM: To design and stimulate the and gate circuit
COMPONENTS: Two ideal p-n junction diodes (D1 and D2)
and resistor R
THEORY AND CONSTRUCTION:
An and gate can be constructed by the electronic circuit,
making use of two diodes d1 and d2, The resistance r is
connected to the positive terminal of a 5V battery
permanently.
Here the negative terminal of the battery if grounded and
corresponds to the 0 level, and the positive terminal
corresponds to the level 1. The output Y is the applied voltage
“C” with respect to the earth.
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Here is an analogous version of the circuit.
1. If both the switches A and B are left open the bulb Y
does not glow therefore for (A=0 B=0) then Y=0.
2. If either one of the switches are closed (A=1 B=0) or
(B=1 A=0) still the bulb Y doesn’t glow therefore Y=0.
3. If both the switches are closed A=1B=1 then the bulb
begins to glow (Y=1).
TRUTH TABLE:
INPUT A INPUT B OUTPUT
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 1
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THE NOT GATE
AIM: To design and stimulate the not gate.
Components: An ideal n-p-n transistor.
Construction:
A not gate can be constructed by using a NPN transistor, The
base of a transistor is connected to the input A through a
resistance R and the emitter is earthed. The collector is
connected to 5V battery. The output Y is in applied voltage C
with respect to earth.
The following analogous circuit can be drawn:
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1) The bulb Y glows if the switch A is open or for A=0
Y=1, and vice versa in this circuit.
TRUTH TABLE:
INPUT A OUTPUT
1 0
0 1
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THE NOR GATE
AIM: To design and stimulate the nor gate circuit.
COMPONENT: Two ideal p-n junction diodes (D1 and
D2). An ideal n-p-n transistor.
CONSTRUCTION:
If we connect the output Y of the OR gate to the input of
a NOT gate, then the gate obtained is the NOR gate.
The output Y is voltage at C with respect to the earth.
The symbol for NOR Gate is expressed as:
The following inference can be drawn from the I-O
transmissions of the nor gate.
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THE BIBLIOGRAPHY
Source of information:
https://circuitfever.com
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