Bio-LOGICS

Respiratory Syatem
Class IX ICSE

All rights reserved to Pritam Chakraborty-9875433603

 Bio-LOGICS

Key Takeaway

Breathing and cellular

respiration
1

Types of cellular respiration Mechanism of gaseous

2 exchange in invertebrates

Human respiratory
system
3

Conducting and
respiratory parts
Process of exchange
of gases in body

Location of the lungs

All rights reserved to Pritam Chakraborty-9875433603

 Bio-LOGICS

Mechanism of breathing 4

Inspiration and expiration

Lung volumes and
capacities

External respiration

Internal respiration

Transportation of gases in
blood
5 Artificial respiration

Respiratory disorders 6

Summary
All rights reserved to Pritam Chakraborty-9875433603
 Bio-LOGICS

Breathing and Cellular Respiration

Breathing Cellular respiration

Oxygen is inhaled and Breakdown of food using

carbon dioxide is exhaled oxygen to produce energy
out of the lungs which is used by cells to
carry out cellular function

No energy is produced Energy is released in the

during the process form of ATP

Takes place in
respiratory organs Takes place in cells

Physical process Biochemical process

All rights reserved to Pritam Chakraborty-9875433603

 Bio-LOGICS

Types of Cellular Respiration

Types of cellular respiration

Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration

In the case of aerobic In the case of anaerobic

respiration,the oxygen respiration, the breakdown
inhaled during breathing of food occurs in the
is utilised for the absence of oxygen, and
breakdown of food, while lactic acid or ethanol is
the carbon dioxide that is produced.
generated is exhaled
during breathing.

All rights reserved to Pritam Chakraborty-9875433603

 Bio-LOGICS

Human Respiratory System

Pathway Pathway of
of oxygen carbon dioxide
Nose

Nasal cavity
Nasopharynx
Epiglottis
Larynx

Trachea
Bronchus

Terminal
bronchioles

Diaphragm

All rights reserved to Pritam Chakraborty-9875433603

 Bio-LOGICS

Human Respiratory System

⚫ Air enters the respiratory system through the

nostrils.
Nasal
passage
⚫ It then travels through the nasal passage.
o The nasal passage is separated into two
chambers by the nasal septum.
o It is lined with hair, which filters the dust
particles present in the air.
Nasal
cavity ⚫ Presence of rich vascular supply allows the
nose to change the temperature and the
humidity of the inspired air.
Nasopharynx ⚫ It helps to keep the air entering the nose from
drying out the lungs and other parts of our
respiratory system.
⚫ The nasal cavity is at the farther end of the
nasal passage.
⚫ It leads to the nasopharynx.
All rights reserved to Pritam Chakraborty-9875433603
 Bio-LOGICS

Human Respiratory System

Trachea/ ⚫ It is a straight tube extending up to the mid-thoracic cavity.
W indpipe ⚫ It is surrounded by incomplete cartilaginous rings that provide
support to the trachea and prevent it from collapsing.
⚫ At its farther end, it divides into left and right bronchi, which are
referred to as the primary bronchi.

Bronchi ⚫ Bronchi divide into numerous branches, which again sub-divide

further into bronchioles.
⚫ These are the passages that carry the inhaled air from the
trachea to the bronchioles.

Bronchiole ⚫ Bronchioles carry air to the millions of alveoli present in the

lungs.

Alveoli ⚫ Bronchioles eventually terminate into alveoli.

⚫ Alveoli are small sac-like structures that swell when air enters
them.
⚫ Alveoli are in close contact with the blood capillaries.
⚫ Hence, alveoli are sites where the gaseous exchange between
blood and lungs occurs.

All rights reserved to Pritam Chakraborty-9875433603

 Bio-LOGICS

Conducting and Respiratory Parts

The human respiratory system can be divided

into a conducting part and a respiratory part. Trachea
⚫ Conducting part Primary bronchi
o It extends from the external nostrils up
to the bronchioles. Smaller bronchi
o It conducts air in and out of the lungs. Conducting
o It clears the air of foreign particles. system
o It humidifies the air and brings it to the
body temperature before it reaches the
lungs.

⚫ Respiratory part/ Exchange part

o It includes alveoli and its ducts. Bronchioles
o It is involved in the exchange of gases Exchange
between the lungs and blood. surface
Alveoli

All rights reserved to Pritam Chakraborty-9875433603

 Bio-LOGICS

Process of Exchange of Gases in Body

⚫ Veins bring carbon dioxide-rich blood from all over

the body to the heart.
o This carbon dioxide is released during the
Alveoli
process of cellular respiration.

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

stored in
Glucose Oxygen Carbon Water ATP
Heart dioxide
Systemic
veins ⚫ The heart then pumps this CO 2-rich blood to the
capillaries, surrounding the alveoli.
Tissue ⚫ The gaseous exchange occurs between the
capillaries and the alveoli, where CO2 diffuses into
the alveoli, and O2 from the alveoli diffuses into the
capillaries.

All rights reserved to Pritam Chakraborty-9875433603

 Bio-LOGICS

Process of Exchange of Gases in Body

Flow of freshly oxygenated

blood
⚫ Now, the oxygen-rich blood from the
capillaries is carried to the heart,
which pumps it throughout the body
via arteries.
⚫ Meanwhile, the CO 2-rich air is
exhaled by the lungs.
Flow of oxygen- ⚫ Now, the cells of the body utilise the
depleted blood
supplied oxygen to generate energy
and release CO 2 in the process.
⚫ Meanwhile, the lungs inhale the O 2-
A capillary network covers the surface of the rich air and the cycle repeats itself.
alveolus to facilitate the exchange of oxygen
and carbon dioxide.

All rights reserved to Pritam Chakraborty-9875433603

 Bio-LOGICS

Location of the Lungs

⚫ Lungs are located in the pleural

cavity inside the thoracic cavity.
⚫ Lungs are surrounded by double
Pleural cavity
layered pleural membranes.
Pericardial cavity Thoracic ⚫ The thoracic cavity is covered in
cavity the following ways:
Diaphragm
o Dorsally by the vertebral
column
Abdominal
cavity o Ventrally by the sternum
Abdomino- o Laterally by the ribs
Pelvic pelvic cavity o On the lower side by the dome-
cavity shaped diaphragm
⚫ Any change in the volume of the
thoracic cavity reflects in the
volume of the lungs.

All rights reserved to Pritam Chakraborty-9875433603

 Bio-LOGICS

Mechanism of Breathing
⚫ Breathing is a physical process that takes place in the lungs.
⚫ It involves the inspiration of oxygen and the expiration of carbon dioxide.
⚫ It does not release energy.

Inspiration
Direction of
Muscle that
Consequence expansion of
contracts
thoracic cavity

Antero-
Diaphragm Diaphragm pulled
posterior (up-down)
down
direction

Rib cage expands Dorsoventral

External intercostals
upwards and (front-back)
outwards direction

All rights reserved to Pritam Chakraborty-9875433603

 Bio-LOGICS

Mechanism of Breathing

Inspiration

Diaphragm contracts and moves

Air inhaled
downwards and external intercostal muscles
contract and move the ribs upward and
outward
Chest expands
Antero-
posterior The intrapulmonary volume increases and
axis pressure decreases

This creates low pressure inside lungs

Air moves from outside to inside bringing

All rights reserved to Pritam Chakraborty-9875433603 about inhalation
 Bio-LOGICS

Mechanism of Breathing

Expiration

Direction of
Muscle involved
Consequence contraction of
(quiet expiration)
thoracic cavity

Diaphragm Antero-posterior
Relaxation Diaphragm pulled up
(up-down) direction

External intercostals Rib cage comes Dorsoventral

relaxation back downwards (front-back)
and inwards direction

All rights reserved to Pritam Chakraborty-9875433603

 Bio-LOGICS

Mechanism of Breathing

Expiration

Air exhaled
W hile breathing out, the diaphragm relaxes
and the volume of the thoracic cavity
Chest decreases in the longitudinal direction.
contracts
⚫ Decreased thoracic volume reduces the
pulmonary volume

⚫ Intrapulmonary pressure increases

Diaphragm
relaxes
Dorsoventral
axis

All rights reserved to Pritam Chakraborty-9875433603

 Bio-LOGICS

Lung Volumes and Capacities

Lung volume Definition Value (ml)

Lung volumes and
Tidal Volume (TV) It is the volume of 500
capacities measure the air inspired or
following: expired during
⚫ Amount of air that normal respiration.
lungs can hold.
Inspiratory Reserve It is the additional 2,500-3,000
⚫ Measure of the Volume (IRV) volume of air that can
amount of air be breathed in by
breathed in and out. forcible inspiration.
Expiratory Reserve It is the additional 1,000-1,100
Volume (ERV) volume of air that can
be breathed out by
forcible expiration.
Residual Volume It is the volume of 1,100-1,200
(RV) air left in lungs after
forcible expiration.
All rights reserved to Pritam Chakraborty-9875433603
 Bio-LOGICS

Lung Capacities

Lung capacity Definition Formula Value/breath (ml)

Inspiratory Capacity It is the maximum volume of IC = TV + IRV 500 + 2,750 = 3,250

(IC) air that can be inspired after
normal expiration.

Functional Residual It is the volume of air that FRC = ERV + RV 1,050 + 1,150 = 2,200
Capacity (FRC) remains in lungs after normal
expiration.

Vital Capacity (VC) It is the maximum volume of VC = ERV + TV + IRV 1,050 + 500 + 2,750 =
air that can be inspired after 4,300
forced expiration.

Total Lung Capacity It is the maximum volume of TLC = RV + ERV + TV + 1,150 + 1,050 + 500 +
(TLC) air in lungs after forced IRV 2,750
inspiration.
TLC = RV + VC = 1,150 + 4,300
= 5,450

All rights reserved to Pritam Chakraborty-9875433603

 Bio-LOGICS

Lung Volumes and Capacities

Graphical representation

Inspiratory
Inspiratory Reserve
Capacity Vital Capacity
Volume (VC)
(IC)
(IRV)

Tidal
Volume
Total Lung
(TV)
Capacity (TLC)
Expiratory Reserve
Volume (ERV)
Functional Residual
Capacity (FRC)
Residual Volume (RV)

All rights reserved to Pritam Chakraborty-9875433603

 Bio-LOGICS

Lung Volumes and Capacities

Spirometer
⚫ Some of these volumes and capacities can
be measured by an instrument known as a
spirometer.
⚫ It is useful in diagnosis of the following
diseases:
○ Asthma
○ Shortness of breath
○ Assessing the effect of contaminants on
lung infection
○ Effect of medication
○ Evaluating progress for disease Spirometer
treatment

All rights reserved to Pritam Chakraborty-9875433603

 Bio-LOGICS

Alveoli

⚫ Alveoli are the primary sites of exchange

of gases.
⚫ They are tiny air sacs located at the distal
end of the bronchial tree.
⚫ They are thin-walled, moist, and richly
supplied with blood capillaries.
⚫ The moistness helps in the dissolution of
the gases and facilitates easy exchange
of the gases.

Gases move across the alveolar

membrane through diffusion.

All rights reserved to Pritam Chakraborty-9875433603

 Bio-LOGICS

Alveoli

From pulmonary ⚫ The surface of the exchange of

artery
gases is known as respiratory
membrane (diffusion
Capillary Fluid membrane).
Alveolar Layer
⚫ The alveolar wall and the
membrane Air capillary wall,along with their
Respiratory CO2
basement membranes, form
membrane O2
the respiratory membrane.
⚫ The gases have to cross this
membrane in order to enter
into the bloodstream in the
Respiratory membrane blood capillaries.
(Diffusion membrane)

All rights reserved to Pritam Chakraborty-9875433603

 Bio-LOGICS

External Respiration

⚫ Exchange of air that

takes place between
the blood capillaries
and alveoli. Oxygenated blood
Deoxygenated blood (pO 2 =95 mm Hg)
⚫ Diffusion of O 2 occurs
(pO 2 =40 mm Hg)
from alveoli to the
blood due to partial Alveoli
pO2
pressure difference. =104 mm
Hg
O2 in

All rights reserved to Pritam Chakraborty-9875433603

 Factors Affecting the Rate of Diffusion
Bio-LOGICS

Solubility of gases

Partial pressure
Factors
affecting
the rate of Diameter of the respiratory
diffusion membrane

Diffusion of gases across the

alveolar membrane

All rights reserved to Pritam Chakraborty-9875433603

 Factors Affecting the Rate of Diffusion
Bio-LOGICS

⚫ A gas having a high solubility diffuses at a faster rate than a

Solubility of gases gas having a lower solubility.
⚫ The solubility of CO2 is 20–25 times higher than that of O2.

⚫ Partial pressure is the pressure contributed by an

Partial pressure individual gas in a mixture of gases if it occupies the
same volume on its own.
⚫ pO 2- partial pressure of oxygen
⚫ pCO 2- partial pressure of carbon dioxide
⚫ A gas always moves from a region of high partial
pressure to a region of lower partial pressure.

All rights reserved to Pritam Chakraborty-9875433603

 Factors Affecting the Rate of Diffusion
Bio-LOGICS

⚫ The thinner the membrane involved in diffusion, the faster is

Diameter of the the diffusion of gases.
respiratory
⚫ The total thickness of the respiratory membrane is less than a
membrane
millimetre.

⚫ This turns the deoxygenated

Diffusion of gases ⚫ The pO 2 is higher in the alveoli
blood to oxygenated blood.
across the alveolar than the deoxygenated blood.
⚫ The blood that has higher
membrane ⚫ So, there is diffusion of O2 from
concentration of oxygen is
alveoli to the blood.
known as oxygenated blood.

⚫ The capillaries bring the deoxygenated blood to

lungs, which has low oxygen concentration.
⚫ Due to this low concentration of oxygen, the partial
pressure of oxygen within the capillaries will also be low.

All rights reserved to Pritam Chakraborty-9875433603

 Bio-LOGICS

Transportation of Gases in Blood

Transport of gases

Oxygen Carbon dioxide

Oxyhaemoglobin Carbaminohaemoglobin
Dissolved form Dissolved form

Bicarbonates
Dissolved
form (3%)
Haemoglobin Carbamino
(97%) haemoglobin (23%)

Bicarbonates
(70%) Dissolved form
(7%)

All rights reserved to Pritam Chakraborty-9875433603

 Bio-LOGICS

Transport of Oxygen

⚫ Oxygen is dissolved in the blood plasma.

Dissolved form
⚫ The blood plasma, a component of blood, can also
dissolve oxygen in it.
⚫ However, oxygen is not very soluble in blood, so only
3%of oxygen is transported in the dissolved form.

Oxyhaemoglobin

⚫ Since the majority of oxygen cannot be transported in the dissolved form, our bodies have
evolved another system to transport oxygen. i.e. as oxyhaemoglobin.
⚫ The red blood cells have a respiratory pigment, that is, haemoglobin.
⚫ Haemoglobin comprises globin and haem.
⚫ Globin is the protein molecule and haem is the red pigment that gives blood its red colour.
⚫ There are four protein chains and four haems.
⚫ Each haem has an iron atom at its centre.
All rights reserved to Pritam Chakraborty-9875433603
 Bio-LOGICS

Transport of Oxygen

Oxyhaemoglobin

⚫ Haemoglobin has an affinity for oxygen.

⚫ It carries four molecules of oxygen.
⚫ The haem part of haemoglobin combines reversibly with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin.
⚫ Oxyhaemoglobin formation takes place in the alveoli.
⚫ In tissues, this reverses and the oxyhaemoglobin releases oxygen.

In alveoli
Hb + O2 HbO 2
In tissues
Free
Oxygen Oxyhaemoglobin
haemoglobin

All rights reserved to Pritam Chakraborty-9875433603

 Bio-LOGICS

Transport of Carbon Dioxide

Carbaminohaemoglobin
CO 2 CO 2
⚫ Just like oxygen, four CO 2
molecules can bind to the Hb 𝛽 chain 1 𝛽 chain 2
molecule.
⚫ However, they do not bind to CO 2
the iron atom. Heme
⚫ Instead, they bind to the CO 2
amine groups on the protein Fe2+
chains. 𝑎 chain 1 𝑎 chain 2
⚫ The haemoglobin picks up CO 2
from the cells and transports it
as carbaminohaemglobin all
the way from the tissues to the
alveoli, which is an unstable
molecule. In tissues
⚫ CO 2 is dropped at the alveoli, Hb + CO 2 HbCO 2
and O 2 is picked up from the In alveoli
alveoli. Free Carbon dioxide
Carbaminohaemoglobin
haemoglobin
All rights reserved to Pritam Chakraborty-9875433603
 Bio-LOGICS

Transport of Carbon Dioxide

Dissolved form

⚫ The solubility of CO 2 is 20–25 times higher than that of O 2.

⚫ Therefore, 7%of carbon dioxide dissolves in the blood plasma and is
transported to the lungs.

Bicarbonates
⚫ The largest fraction of carbon dioxide is converted into bicarbonate ions.
⚫ When carbon dioxide diffuses into RBCs at the tissues, it combines with
water,forming carbonic acid.
⚫ Since carbonic acid is unstable, it quickly dissociates into bicarbonate ions
and hydrogen ions.
⚫ Although, this reaction also occurs in plasma, it is a thousand times faster
in RBCs because they contain the enzyme, carbonic anhydrase.
⚫ This enzyme reversibly catalyses the conversion of carbon dioxide and
water to carbonic acid.
All rights reserved to Pritam Chakraborty-9875433603
 Factors Affecting Oxygen-Haemoglobin Bio-LOGICS

Dissociation Curve
CO 2 concentration

When there is increase in CO2 concentration in blood

CO 2 + H2O H 2 CO 3 H+ + HCO 3 -

Increased carbon dioxide in blood reacts

with water to form carbonic acid, giving
more hydrogen and bicarbonate ions.

Higher H + lowers the blood pH

High H + ions lower the blood pH and

induces oxyhaemoglobin to give up
more oxygen to the cells easily.

O 2 - Hb dissociation curve shifts right

All rights reserved to Pritam Chakraborty-9875433603
 Bio-LOGICS

Respiratory Disorders

Mountain sickness

⚫ Occurs due to hypoxia at high altitudes

o Hypoxia =Shortage of oxygen
o Occurs due to the presence of thin air
at high altitudes
⚫ Symptoms:
o Vomiting
o Breathlessness
o Headache
o Disorientation
o Fatigue
o Irritability

All rights reserved to Pritam Chakraborty-9875433603

 Bio-LOGICS

Respiratory Disorders

Bronchial asthma

⚫ It is a chronic medical condition which

results in the swelling of the airway path
of the lungs which, as a result,becomes
narrow.
⚫ Due to this swelling, the air path produces
excess mucus making it hard to breathe.
Tight muscles
⚫ It is caused by mould, dust mites,
fragrance, cigarette smoke, cleaning Excess mucus
chemicals, pets etc.
Clogged airway
⚫ Symptoms:
o Coughing
o Wheezing Asthmatic bronchiole
o Difficulty in breathing

All rights reserved to Pritam Chakraborty-9875433603

 Bio-LOGICS

Respiratory Disorders

Pulmonary Tuberculosis Emphysema

⚫ It is caused by Mycobacterium ⚫ Emphysema means shortness of breath.
tuberculosis. ⚫ It is caused by smoking and inhalation of toxic
⚫ It is an airborne disease and gases and smoke.
spreads by inhalation. ⚫ This condition results in
⚫ It results in destruction of lung o Loss of elasticity in lungs as elastic tissue is
tissue which then gets replaced replaced by connective tissue.
by fibrous connective tissue. o Alveoli becoming weak and their walls break
⚫ Symptoms: down.
o Coughing and chest pain o As a result, lungs remain inflated, and
o Loss of appetite expiration becomes difficult.
o Chills and fever ⚫ Symptoms:
o Night sweats o Inflammation of bronchioles and alveoli
o Fatigue o Expiration becomes difficult
⚫ Preventive measures:
o No smoking
o Use pollution masks

All rights reserved to Pritam Chakraborty-9875433603

 Bio-LOGICS

Respiratory Disorders

Occupational respiratory disorders

⚫ It is any lung condition that arises due to the role of the person at the workplace.
⚫ It occurs because of repeated exposure to certain toxins over a period of time such as gas fumes,
dust, silica and asbestos.
⚫ Often seen in individuals working in mining, stone grinding and stone breaking industries.
⚫ It results in
o Fibrosis of upper lung and inflammation
due to the damage to lung tissue. The lung
tissue becomes scarred, thickened and stiff,
making it difficult for the lungs to work
properly.
⚫ Symptoms:
o Difficulty in breathing
⚫ Protection masks can help in keeping the
workers safe.

All rights reserved to Pritam Chakraborty-9875433603