Training on 2006 IPCC

Guidelines for preparing

National GHG Inventory:
General Reporting and Waste Sector
Guidelines in Philippines
Present By:
Eng. H. M. Buddika Hemashantha
International MRV Transparency
Advisor to CBIT-GSP

Organized by the Capacity Building Initiative for

Transparency
Global Support Programme (CBIT-GSP)
Content

• General Overview of Waste Sector

• Waste Generation and Management Data
• Waste Composition Data
• Solid Waste Disposal Sites: Managed
• Solid Waste Disposal Sites: Unmanaged and
Uncategorized
• Incineration and Biological Treatment
General
overview of
waste
Definition of waste:
Unwanted and unusable
materials and which is
regarded as a substance
that is unusable.

Normally, waste are in two

types.
General Overview of
Waste Sector in
Philippines
• The Philippines is among the top waste generators
in Southeast Asia.

• About 35,580 tons of garbage is generated daily in

Philippines.

• According to the latest Solid Waste Management

Status Report (2008-2018), the Philippines was
estimated to generate 18.05 Million Tons in 2020.

• Total solid waste generation of the Philippines is

expected to reach 23.61M tons in 2025.
• A person generates around 0.40 kg daily in
Philippines.

• Solid waste management is a challenging issue in

Philippines, specially in urban areas like Metro Manila.

• Key problems identified in waste sector are,

• Improper wastes disposal
• Inefficient wastes collection
• Lack of disposal facilities
Greenhouse gas emissions from the waste sector in Philippines in
2000.

• Sources,
• Solid wastes
• Industrial and municipal wastewater
• Human sewage
In 2000, the waste sector released 11,556 Gg of CO2 to the
atmosphere.

Approximately 47% of the total emissions come from solid waste

which generated 259 Gg of CH4.
Waste
Generation
• The daily waste
generation can be
affected by changes in
lifestyle, urbanization
level, and migration
patterns.
Waste Generation
Cont..
• The Philippines’ waste generation continues to rise
with the
• Increase in population
• Rapid economic growth
• Industrialization

• The NSWMC calculated that from 37,427.46 tons

per day in 2012, the country’s waste generation
steadily increased to 40,087.45 tons in 2016.
(AAG_Philippine Solid Wastes_Nov2017.pdf (senate.gov.ph)

• The World Bank (2012) estimates that solid waste

being produced by Philippine cities will go up by
165 percent to 77,776 tons per day from 29,315
tons as a consequence of a projected 47.3-percent
hike in urban population by 2025.
Waste Generation of
the Philippines by
region 2012-2016 (Tons
per day)

• Source : AAG_Philippine
Solid Wastes_Nov2017.pdf
(senate.gov.ph)
Synthesized waste generation
rates in the Philippines, Base
Year 2010

• Source : NSWMC 2014

Waste management
Improper waste management can cause significant negative impacts to the
environment.

Solid waste exposure pathways (source: 3-Solid-Waste-1.8.pdf)

 The Philippine government enacted the
The Republic Act 9003 on 26 January 2001.
implementation
of the Philippines It provides the legal framework for the
Republic Act country’s systematic, comprehensive and
ecological solid waste management
9003 – Ecological program which ensures the protection of
public health and environment.
Solid Waste
Management Act It provides for the necessary institutional
mechanisms with the creation of the National Solid
of 2000 Waste Management Commission (NSWMC) which
shall oversee the implementation of solid waste
management plans and prescribe policies as well as
incentives to achieve objectives of the Act.
• The ecological solid waste management
(ESWM) policy is based on the
management of waste in the following
hierarchy,

• Source reduction (avoidance) and

minimization of waste generated at
source

• Reuse, recycling and resource

recovery of wastes at the barangay
level

• Efficient collection, proper transfer,

and transport of wastes by
city/municipality

• Efficient management of residuals

and of final disposal sites and/or
any other related technologies for
the destruction/reuse of residuals
Institutional
Arrangement mandated
by the ESWMA
 Local Solid Waste Management Plans
• The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act requires the preparation of 10-year SWM
plans by provinces, cities and municipalities consistent with the national SWM Framework.

• The plans are subject to annual review and updating by the provincial, city or municipal
SWM boards.

• All plans must be approved by the NSWMC.

Number of 10-year
SWM Plans submitted
to NSWMC from 2008
to 2015
• Source: 3-Solid-Waste-1.8.pdf
(emb.gov.ph)
Approved viz-a-viz
submitted SWM plans
per region, 2015

• Source : 3-Solid-Waste-1.8.pdf
(emb.gov.ph)
 Republic Act No. 6969 (Toxic Substances and

Other Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Act of 1990)

Republic Act No. 7160 (Local Government Code

SWM- (LGC) of 1991)

related Republic Act No. 8749 (Clean Air Act of 1999)

laws and Republic Act No. 9275 (Philippine Clean Water Act of
2004)

policies in Republic Act No. 9512 (Environmental Awareness

and Education Act of 2008)

Philippines Presidential Decree No. 1586 (Environmental Impact

Assessment Law)
 • National Solid Waste Management
Framework (NSWMF) (2004)
National policy
frameworks that • National Framework Strategy on Climate
Change (NFSCC) - Chapter 8: Mitigation
support solid waste pillar on waste management (2010-2022)
management in
Philippines • The Philippine National Solid Waste
Management Strategy (NSWMS) (2012-
2016)
Waste collection
• Collection is the act of removing solid waste from
the source or from a communal storage point.
• It is potentially the most expensive of the
functional elements of SWM
• Reasons identified for waste collection
inefficiencies in Philippine are:
• poor labor management and supervision
• inadequate cooperation from the citizenry
with collection schedules and methods
• inappropriate type and size of collection
vehicles
• long vehicle down times from poor
equipment maintenance and repair
• harsh driving conditions at disposal sites
cause vehicle and tire damage
 Materials Recovery Facility (MRF)
Recovery and
Processing
• The MRF shall be designed to receive, sort, process
and store compostable and recyclable material
efficiently and in an environmentally sound manner.

• Any resulting residual waste shall be transferred to

a proper disposal facility.

• MRFs can be established in schools, malls, and

other commercial establishments.
Low-cost MRFs in the Philippines

Source : 3-Solid-Waste-1.8.pdf (emb.gov.ph)

Mobile MRFs
Number of MRFs and the number of barangays served by MRFs from
2008 to 2015

Source :3-Solid-Waste-1.8.pdf (emb.gov.ph)

 • In Philippine, typical small-scale composting is
done in compost pits, tire towers, coconut
shell stack, bottomless bins, clay pots and
plastic sacks.

Composting • Large-scale composting is done in windrows

(by turning, passive aeration, active aeration
and static piles), in-vessel (e.g., agitated beds,
composting silos and rotating drum
bioreactors), and through vermi or worm
composting.
Recycling

Various recycled materials for personal and home use

However, recycling rate in Philippines has been increased with the time.
The below table shows the recycling rates in Metro Manila

Source : 2. Waste Management and the 3Rs in the Philippines from The 3Rs and Poverty
Reduction in Developing Countries: Lessons from Implementation of Ecological Solid
Waste Management in the Philippines on JSTOR
Based on a 2008 study by NSWMC and
JICA, primary waste collectors could divert
significant number of recyclables from the
waste stream as shown in the table below.
(unit: kg/capita/day)

• Source: 3-Solid-Waste-1.8.pdf
(JICA Study, 2008)
Waste Composition
According to NSWMC, 2014, waste composition of the
Philippines can be described as below.

Source : 15 Statistics about Solid

Waste Management in the
Philippines that Every Filipino should
Know (Updated 2022!) - EnP Tinio
• Most of solid waste that is generated in Philippine, come
from residential sources.
• These are in the form of kitchen scraps, yard waste, paper, and
plastic.

Source: Solid-Wastefinaldraft-
12.29.15.pdf (emb.gov.ph)
 Can be reused or
recycled
Biodegradable
Can be turned
Solid waste into compost
generated from
household
Residuals
Non-
biodegradable
Hazardous waste

Source: https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jsmcwm/24/0/24_677/_pdf
Disposal sites

• Waste disposal refers to the discharge, deposit, dumping, spilling,

leaking or placing of any solid waste into or in any land while disposal
sites refer to areas where solid waste is finally discharged and
deposited.

Open and controlled dumpsites

• Number of open dumpsites in the country has decreased by more than
half over the past 8 years from 806 in 2008 to 350 in 2015. (3-Solid-Waste-
1.8.pdf (emb.gov.ph))
Number of dumpsites existing from 2008 to 2015 in Philippine

Source : 3-Solid-Waste-1.8.pdf (emb.gov.ph)

Number of open and controlled dumpsites in 2015, per region in
Philippine

Source : 3-Solid-Waste-1.8.pdf (emb.gov.ph)

Sanitary landfills

• Prior to 2004, the country had only four sanitary landfills - located in
Capas, Tarlac, Inayawan, Cebu City, San Mateo, Rizal and Carmona,
Cavite.

• The number of SLFs doubled within a four-year period from 2008 to

2012 but the number more than doubled within a span of three years
from 2012 to 2015.
Number of SLFs (operating and under construction) from 2008 to
2015

Source : 3-Solid-Waste-1.8.pdf (emb.gov.ph) NSWMC

Clustered landfills

• Clustering is an option in which small LGUs can pool their resources

into setting up a common solid waste disposal facility.
• It also enables to attain large economies of scale and reduce the cost
per unit of solid waste disposal.
• Forms of clustering in the Philippines include private sector-led
ventures that offer their landfills where LGUs dispose their residual
waste upon payment of tipping fees.
Example for a clustered sanitary landfill in Surallah, South
Cotabato
Number of solid waste disposal
facilities in the Philippines from
2012 to 2022, by year
• Source : Philippines: solid waste disposal
facilities by type | Statista
 • Waste incineration is the use of high
temperature furnaces to combust waste and
reduce its volume and mass.

• The process of incineration can be applied for

Incineration of municipal solid waste, hazardous waste, and
medical waste.

waste • In Philippines, pursuant to section 20 of

Republic Act No.8749 otherwise known as the
“ Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999, incineration
for treating municipal, biomedical and
hazardous wastes is prohibited due to emitting
poisonous and toxic fumes.
• However, Officials of Cebu City, the
country’s second biggest
metropolis, signed a joint venture
for a garbage incinerator to be
completed by 2025.

• This is the first large-scale Waste To

Energy in the country, after
a proposal for a US$423 million
facility in Quezon City stalled in
2019.

• But the Philippine Congress and

Environment Secretary Climate are
called to uphold the ban on waste
incineration enshrined in the
Philippine Clean Air Act--instead of
promoting so-called "waste-to-
energy" incineration that is harmful
to public health and the
environment.
Biological Treatment of waste
❑Biological treatment of waste affects the amount and composition
of waste that will be deposited.

Biological waste
treatment

Mechanical
Anaerobic
Composting Biological
Digestion
Treatment
1. Composting

A large fraction of the degradable

organic carbon (DOC) in the
Aerobic process.
waste material is converted into
carbon dioxide.

CH4 is formed in anaerobic

sections of the compost, but it is Composting can also produce
oxidized to a large extent in the emissions of N2O.
aerobic sections of the compost.
2.Anaerobic Digestion

Natural decomposition of organic Generated CH4 can be used to N2O emissions from the process
material without oxygen by produce heat and/or electricity. are assumed to be negligible and
maintaining the temperature, on the other hand, the data on
moisture content and pH close to these emissions are very scarce.
their optimum values.
3. Mechanical-biological
(MB) treatment
• Becoming popular in Europe.

• The waste material undergoes a series of

mechanical and biological operations that aim to
reduce the volume of the waste as well as stabilize
it to reduce emissions from final disposal.

• The mechanical operations separate the waste

material into fractions that will undergo further
treatment (composting, anaerobic digestion,
combustion, recycling) which may include
separation, shredding and crushing of the
material.
Status of biological
treatment in the
Philippines
1. Bio composters
• Bio-composters are already available in
the country at the barangay level.
• They rapidly convert biomass and
organic waste into fertilizer.
• Bio-composters require microbes as
catalysts to hasten the conversion of
organic waste.
2. Anaerobic Digesters
• Useful for municipalities with high organic
waste production.
• This type of organic waste treatment is
common in areas where animal manure is
processed.
Example : Central Luzon Region of the
Philippines

• Anaerobic digesters do not require

catalysts to address nutrient imbalances
and microbe diversity.
• Anaerobic digesters convert organic waste
into biogas that can be collected and used
for other activities that require gaseous
fuels.
Calculation of National Total Emissions

Waste Sector

Solid waste disposal

DOC = Σ𝑖 = (DO𝐶𝑖 * 𝑊𝑖 )

Where,

DOC = fraction of degradable organic carbon in bulk

waste, Gg C/Gg waste

DO𝐶𝑖 = fraction of degradable organic carbon in waste

type I

𝑊𝑖 = fraction of waste type i by waste category

Calculation of National Total Emissions

Biological Treatment of Solid Waste

CH4 emissions from biological treatment N2O emissions from biological treatment

C𝐻4 Emissions = Σ𝑖 = (𝑀𝑖 * 𝐸𝐹𝑖 ) * 10−3 - R

𝑁2 𝑂 Emissions = Σ𝑖 = (𝑀𝑖 * 𝐸𝐹𝑖 ) * 10−3
Where,

CH4 Emissions = total CH4 emissions in inventory year, Gg CH4

Where,
𝑀𝑖 = mass of organic waste treated by biological treatment type i,
Gg 𝑁2 𝑂 Emissions = total N2O emissions in
inventory year, Gg N2O
EF = emission factor for treatment i, g CH4/kg waste treated
𝑀𝑖 = mass of organic waste treated by
i = composting or anaerobic digestion biological treatment type i, Gg

R = total amount of CH4 recovered in inventory year, Gg CH4 EF = emission factor for treatment i, g N2O/kg
waste treated

i = composting or anaerobic digestion

Calculation of National Total Emissions

Wastewater

Total Emission
Calculation of National Total Emissions
Thank You
Eng. H.M. Buddika Hemashantha
MRV Transparency Advisor to CBIT GSP
+44 7359 23 7074, +94 770 320 110
[email protected]