MANUAL

2
 The Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 5

INDEX
Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 7

Technical terms and services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 10

Forge-welded gratings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 20
Load tables SP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 - 17
Standard gratings and stairtreads . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 - 19
Pressure-locked gratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 - 31
Load tables P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 - 27
Load tables - heavy duty gratings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 - 31
Fixings for gratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 - 35
Special gratings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 - 38

Perforated metal planks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 - 64

Load tables B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 - 57
Fixings for perforated metal planks . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 - 61
Special elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 - 64

Spiral staircases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 - 72

Serrated types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 - 77

Surface treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 - 81

Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 - 85

Static calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 - 91

Packaging / price information /

Quotation and order form. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 - 97

Addresses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 - 99

3
Lichtgitter - Head Office Stadtlohn

Lichtgitter - Works Sulz

Lichtgitter - Works Blumberg

4
 The Company
Continuous performance and quality de- (many protected by patent) were speci- integration of the European and non-Eu-
velopment as well as innovation in ma- ally designed for the Lichtgitter produc- ropean grating markets, Lichtgitter has
nufacturing techniques, in conjunction tion process. Gratings for normal and established joint ventures with partners,
with a cautious and market driven ent- special loadings are produced with a not only throughout Europe, but also
repreneurial spirit of enterprise, have high level of technical expertise. worldwide.
ensured Lichtgitter’s place amongst the
leading manufacturers of gratings and The manufacturing processes cover This has formed the basis for the cre-
perforated metal planks worldwide. gratings and perforated metal planks, ation of a global network for both distri-
fabricated from steel, stainless steel bution and production outlets.
The company of Lichtgitter was estab- and aluminium. Some examples of their
lished in 1929 in order to carry out the application include gratings for pede- Lichtgitter therefore, has numerous sub-
specialized manufacturing of gratings. strian or vehicle traffic, ceilings, sun sidiaries and Service Centres within Eu-
In the early days, production was con- protection, spiral staircases and so on. rope at its disposal, in order to allow re-
centrated on the manufacturing of wel- The production of special and custom- gular client communication and fulfil cu-
ded gratings with honeycombed mes- made gratings and perforated metal stomer requirements in the most effi-
hes. In 1956, the production of square- planks is a permanent and welcome cient and effective manner. This also al-
mesh interlocked gratings was added. challenge to our professional staff. lows us to offer short term deliveries as
In 1960/61, the production of pressure- well as to provide access to competent
locked gratings with square and rectan- In addition to our eight production lines technical support staff.
gular meshes was grafted into the Licht- for pressure-locked gratings, we have
gitter production programme. In 1969, six of the latest state of the art produc- In the future, Lichtgitter will address its
the production of forge-welded gratings tion lines for forge-welded gratings and attention to the permanent improvement
followed. Also during this period, the four lines for perforated metal planks of its technical equipment, in order to
production of welded gratings with ho- currently at our disposal. identify new solutions in the areas of
neycombed meshes and square-mesh gratings and perforated metal planks.
interlocked gratings was terminated. In Our workshops in Germany are located
1986, the already extensive production in Stadtlohn, Sulz and Casekow OT Progress and innovation require high le-
line was further extended by the inclusi- Blumberg. A number of galvanising vels of foresight and responsibility.
on of perforated metal planks, manufac- plants also form part of the group. These are standards that Lichtgitter and
tured in Sulz a.N. its staff are fully committed to meeting
To meet the demands of our internatio- and maintaining.
Production procedures and machines nal customers and to put into effect the

5
 AGI

6
 Quality requires standards
Decades of experience in manufac- A decisive factor for many of our clients ● DIN 24537-1 Gratings as floor cover-
turing of gratings are not always suffi- is the consistently reliable high quality ings, part I. gratings
cient in itself. Only fully verified stan- of all of our products and services. In (Editor see above)
dards and properly followed instruc- order to ensure the consistency of this
tions, along with further innovative de- quality, all relevant standards for gra- ● DIN EN ISO 14122-1 Safety of machi-
velopment of production procedures tings, perforated metal planks, stairs nery, permanent means of access to
and materials, can satisfy our client’s and stairtreads are to be strictly adhe- machines.
demands and expectations, in respect red to. Choice of fixed means of access
of quality. between two levels.
The manufacturing of our products is
The results are: monitored and assessed in accordance ● DIN EN ISO 14122-2 Safety of machi-
● Quality during the production of for- with the following criteria: nery, permanent means of access to
ge-welded gratings, pressure- machines.
locked gratings, perforated metal ● Quality Management System acc. to Working platforms and walkways.
planks, spiral staircases and asso- DIN EN ISO 9001:2000 for the follo-
ciated fittings. wing range of products: manufactu- ● DIN EN ISO 14122-3 Safety of machi-
ring and sales of gratings, perfora- nery, permanent means of access to
● Competence in solving problems. ted metal planks, stairs and stair- machines.
treads as well as hot dip galvanising Stairs, stepladders and guardrails.
● Successful completion of large pro- of metal parts.
jects. ● DIN EN ISO 1461 Galvanising of
● BGI 588 Instruction sheet for grat- single parts (Editor: Normenaus-
● Manufacture of gratings and per- ings (Editor: Hauptverband der Ge- schuss Materialprüfung (NMP) im
forated metal planks in many vari- werblichen Berufsgenossenschaft, DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung
ations. Fachausschuss „Bauliche Einricht- e.V.)
ungen“ der BGZ).
● Surface treatment according to spe- ● AGI-Arbeitsblatt H 10 Gratings
cific technical and architectural re- ● BGR 181 Instruction sheet for floo- within industrial construction (Edi-
quirements. ring in working areas with skid risk tor: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Industrie-
(for Editor see above). bau e.V.).
● Order control by a fully integrated
data processing system. ● RAL-GZ 638 Quality assurance for
gratings (Editor: RAL Deutsches We are an approved technical welding
● An operational monitoring system Institut für Gütesicherung und Kenn- company acc. to DIN 18800-7 and are in
for static inspections. zeichnung e.V.). possession of the welding certificate
for rail vehicles and parts of them acc.
● Current quality control according to ● RAL-GZ 639 Quality assurance for to DIN 6700-2.
RAL-GZ 638 and RAL-GZ 639 perforated metal planks (for Editor
see above). Lichtgitter is a member of the trade-
● A Quality Management System ac- mark association Edelstahl Rostfrei e.V.
cording to DIN EN ISO 9001:2000. ● DIN 24531-1 Gratings made of steel
as tread covering, part I: gratings
This results in an impressive record of (Editor: Normenausschuss Maschi-
virtually zero product errors. nenbau [NAM] im DIN Deutsches
Institut für Normung e.V.)

7
Technical Terms
Metal floors are grouped into two All cut edges are bound with either bin- of stability to the user.
distinct categories, gratings (forge-wel- ding bar, kick flat (toeplate), or in some Gratings and perforated metal planks
ded and pressure-locked gratings) and instances, deep bar. Pressure-locked are light and easy to install. They are
perforated metal planks. gratings are bound on all sides, whe- especially suitable for pedestrian and
reas forge-welded gratings are normally vehicle traffic on platforms, walkways,
Gratings consist of a plurality of verti- only bound at the ends of the loadbea- stairs, landings and stairtreads. They
cally aligned flat bearing bars, held ring bars. are lightweight, provide excellent light
upright, apart and parallel to each other and air transmission, they have high
at regular spacing, by a plurality of Perforated metal planks are C-profiles strength and are easy to assemble and
cross bars fixed transversely into them, formed from sheets with different disassemble, whilst the serrated top
also at regular spacing. The arrange- formed patterns on their surfaces. The- surface ensures minimal collection of
ment of bars as described would nor- se patterned profiles provide varying le- water and dust, i.e., all striking product
mally provide a free space area, in ex- vels of serration on their top surfaces advantages.
cess of 70% of the plan area. which in turn provides increased levels

1. Bearing bars 2. Cross bars 3. Binding

Bars bearing load lie parallel to each Connecting bars that are positioned trans- Bar or section to the edge of gratings, flush
other between two grating supports versely across bearing bars and are either with the tops of bearing bars (in direction
welded or pressed into them at their inter- of bearing bar = binding along side; cross
section points to provide lateral restraint. to bearing bar = cross binding).

4. Mesh 5. Pitch 6. Perforated metal planks

Clear distance between bearing bars Distance between centre-to-centre of Perforated metal planks are produced
and cross bars. bearing bars and centre-to-centre of by forming and perforating sheets. De-
cross bars. pending on use, different patterns,
widths and heights are possible.

7. Length (bearing bar direction) 8. Width (cross bar direction) 9. Span (bearing bar direction)

External distance of a metal grating in External distance of metal grating in Distance between centre to centre of
bearing bar direction. This size is cross bar direction. This size is termed support. Clear span (effective span) is
termed length even if less than the width even if it is greater than the the clear distance between two sup-
width. length. ports.

8
 Technical Terms
10. Cutouts 11. Small cutouts 12. Kick flat (toe plate)

Straight or curved cutouts in metal gra- Straight or curved cutouts with a length Binding bar projecting above the top
tings may be necessary to clear ob- of less than 0,5 rm. surface of bearing bars by at least 100
structions, plant or structural members. mm (upstand).
All cuts ends are bound after shaping.

13. Deep binding bar 14. Notch 15. Substructure

If an adjustment between height of grat- A cutout made to the lower part of bea- A structural unit provided beneath a
ing and height of surrounding area is ring bars in order to reduce the level of grating that usually provides support.
necessary, a deep binding bar is an op- the grating top to that of the surroun-
tion. Alternatively grating heights may ding area. A notched bearing bar should
be raised, by attaching other suitable still be capable of sustaining the design
sections to the underside. load.

16. Support 17. Side (end) plate 18. Perforated nosing

A structural section having a minimum Plates provided with holes for bolting, A visually accentuated member, perfo-
clear distance of 30 mm available, to al- welded to the ends of bearing bars in rated to provide serrations that reduce
low a minimum of 25 mm of bearing for treads. the risk of slip, which increases the lo-
bearing bars. Deviations may be permit- ad-carrying capability at its location and
ted, providing suitable measures are ta- is welded to the leading edge of all
ken to prevent excessive movement in treads and landings on stairs.
the direction of bearing bars.

19. Serration

Forge-welded gratings are provided with In order to increase the amount of ser- Perforated metal planks are provided
a top surface that reduces the risk of slip ration and cover the transverse direc- with a serrated top surface by their per-
in adverse conditions, by regular notching tion, pressure-locked gratings can also forations.
of bearing bars to produce serrations. be supplied with serrated cross bars.

9
Service
To us „Service“ means ● Close co-operation with engineers ● Production planning and control
and architects during realization of through a complete integrated data
„Everything for the client“, plans, e.g. regarding the use of grat- processing system. All order settle-
ings and perforated metal planks as ment files are interconnected. In
In other words, we continuously focus construction elements. this way, the complete data is avai-
on our clients’ requirements on every lable from the time of enquiry to the
job and in all details. ● In special cases, taking measure- time of delivery, including an auto-
ments on site, subject to additional matic report of all operational data
Our working procedure includes: charges. in our system. This optimisation vir-
tually eliminates production faults.
● Acceptance and completion of en- ● Data transmission, in liaison with
quiries and orders with professional our technical department. ● Co-operation with national and in-
and technical know-how. ternational trade-mark associations
● Preparation of grating layout draw- to determine standards and instruc-
● Competent, product and project re- ings by CAD, subject to costs and tions.
lated advice. production requirements and based
upon receipt of all relevant sket- ● Permanent client information in res-
● Technical advisory services regar- ches, outline plans, construction pect of standards and their publica-
ding calculation and determination drawings or CAD-drawings, in either tions.
of dimensions and fixings, choice of DXF or DWG data format. (Data
material and surface treatment. transmission is possible via diskette,
E-mail or point to point connection
● Fulfilment of quotations according to via Modem or Fritzcard).
project related demands and valid
standards and instructions. ● Layout drawings available as a data
set.
● Static layout of gratings and perfor-
ated metal planks.

10
 SP Forge-Welded Gratings

SP- / P-Gratings

11
SP Forge-Welded Gratings
Permanent improvements in modern End bar welding
technology, partly protected by patent, Lichtgitter forge-welded gratings have Safety
in connection with decades of experi- special binding bars provided for the Cross bars fitted flush with the top of
ence have assured Lichtgitter’s place ends of bearing bars, complete with two bearing bars gives a secure foothold,
as the leading manufacturer of forge- stiffening corrugations shaped into which contributes to a higher level of
welded gratings. them, which are supplied in the direc- safety and helps to minimise accidents.
tion of the cross bars. During this pro-
Production duction procedure developed by Licht-
Gratings are fully resistance welded, by gitter, the bars are automatically wel-
creating heat at the metal intersection ded to the ends of each bearing bar
points of square twisted or round cross where they meet the corrugations. Sco-
bars and solid bearing bars. As the for- rification is completely avoided and the
ging temperature is reached, the cross connection method aids free flowing of
bars are pressed into the bearing bars zinc at the ends of bearing bars during
under high pressure and the materials the hot dip galvanising process. The fi-
are forge-welded together. nal result is a forge-welded grating with
a continuous high quality and clear un-
Stability blemished binding at panel ends. A flat
The resistance welding process, where bar is used to provide binding on sides
heat is generated by an electric current, of gratings supplied in the dircection of
provides homogeneous welding at all in- bearing bars. Heavy-duty gratings are
tersection points and produces gratings provided with flat binding bars on all si-
of high stability, maximum strength and des.
optimal load distribution.
Protection against corrosion
Sectional stability The finished forge-welded gratings are
Special production features of forge- galvanised according to DIN EN ISO
welded gratings provide uncomparable 1461. The zinc coating ensures excellent
product quality in terms of twisting and protection againt corrosion (see surface
bending distortion. Even when additio- treatment pages 78-81). In special ca-
nal cutouts have to be made (often ses, additional protection can be achie-
unavoidable during erection), a high ved by bitumen dipping, dip or spray
degree of stability is maintained. painting, plastic coating or other surfa-
ce treatments (preferably after galvani- Principle of construction
sing).

12
 SP Forge-Welded Grating
Standard Programme
Forge-welded gratings are normally

Forge-Welded Gratings
pre-fabricated in bearing bar lengths of
3050 mm, 6100 mm and 12200 mm. These
panels can be easily transported and
further processed at low-costs. If forge-
welded gratings are galvanised, the ma-
ximum dimensions should not exceed
3050 x 1000 mm. Depending on bearing
bar thickness, twisted cross bars with
different cross sections are used.

Fabrication widths
The process of manufacturing forge-
welded gratings produces a 1000 mm
(nominal size) standard width. Shrink-
age following the welding procedure,
results in an actual width of approxima-
tely 998 mm, thereby providing additio-
Fabrication widths SP-gratings at bearing bar thickness 3 mm
nal erection clearance. Standard widths
Pitch of bearing bars 34,33 mm; panel width = nominal size 1000 mm
are 485 mm and 1000 mm.
Number grating width number grating width number grating width
Dimensions deviating from 1000 mm are
of bars of bars of bars
subject to additional manufacturing re-
2 39 mm 12 382 mm 22 726 mm
quirements and produce scrap. It is the-
3 73 mm 13 417 mm 23 760 mm
reby recommended that forge-welded
4 108 mm 14 451 mm 24 794 mm
gratings should not have dimensions
5 142 mm 15 485 mm 25 829 mm
deviating from standard production di-
6 176 mm 16 520 mm 26 863 mm
mensions. The minimum dimension of
7 211 mm 17 554 mm 27 897 mm
single gratings within walkways and
8 245 mm 18 588 mm 28 932 mm
platforms is 279 mm (see fabrication
9 279 mm 19 623 mm 29 966 mm
widths).
10 314 mm 20 657 mm 30 1000 mm
11 348 mm 21 691 mm
All mentioned dimensions are theoretical and include normal production tolerances
Types of forge-welded gratings
(see page 82/83).
By means of type designation, fabrica-
tion methods (forge-welded gratings),
Types of forge-welded gratings
bearing bar dimension, pitch (see
sketch) and binding bar are fixed. Serra-
Example SP 330 - 34/38 - 3
ted gratings are indicated by an „X“ be-
Forge-welded gratings SP
fore type designation (e.g. XSP 330-
Bearing bar 30 x 3 mm 330
34/38-3)
Pitches 34 x 38 mm -34/38
Banding 30 x 3 mm -3
Type SP 330 - 34/38 -3
Special types
Type as above, but
In addition to standard designs, further
Pitch 34 x 50 mm -34/50
pitches and materials are possible on
Type SP 330 - 34/50 -3
demand.
Serrated type N° 1 and 11 (see page 15).
Layout example
The example considers standard widths Pitch Lay-out example
with a make-up panel, whereby the ma-
ke-up panel width should be taken from
Span

the nearest fabrication width available.

38,1
50,8

The erection clearance (approx. 3 mm) 1 1 1 2

of single gratings is considered during
1000 1000 1000 726
38,1
50,8

the fabrication.
3726
34,33 34,33

13
SP Forge-Welded Gratings
Forge-welded gratings are especially designed for platforms, Furthermore, forge-welded gratings are particularly suited to
landings and walkways in power stations and all kinds of indu- heavy-duty gratings. The homogeneous welding between bear-
strial applications. Their particular features include, an excel- ing and cross bar permits them to withstand shearing forces
lent loadbearing capacity coupled with torsional rigidity. without problems. Sizes are obtained by considering static and
dynamic loading along with the required free span.

Forge-welded gratings SP Standard Forge-welded gratings SP Heavy-duty gratings

Bearings bars Pitches Bearing bars Pitches
Bearing bar pitch Cross bar pitch Bearing bar pitch Cross bar pitch
25 x 2 mm 34,33 mm 38,1 mm 30 x 4 mm 34,33 mm 38,1 mm
30 x 2 mm 50,8 mm 40 x 4 mm
40 x 2 mm 30 x 5 mm
25 x 3 mm 40 x 5 mm
30 x 3 mm 50 x 5 mm
40 x 3 mm 60 x 5 mm
70 x 5 mm
80 x 5 mm
Material S 235 JR (^= St 37-2) Material S 235 JR (^= St 37-2)
Surface see pages 76 / 77 Surface see pages 76 / 77

14
 SP Forge-Welded Gratings
Forge welded gratings with serrated bars are used in dirt in- Forge-welded gratings with the particular bearing bar and

Forge-Welded Gratings
tensified areas of high pollution and slippery surfaces. They cross bar pitches shown below (special gratings) are neces-
are inspected in accordance with instruction sheet „BGI 181“ sary for example, when small objects need to be prevented
of the „Berufsgenossenschaft“ professional association. Ser- from falling through the grating. Smaller gaps between bars,
rations are achieved by punching the top surface of bearing can also be achieved by welding suitable continuous round
bars. Serrated gratings are indicated by an „X“ before type de- bars to the underside of the cross bars, in the bearing bar di-
signation (see page 72 to 75). rection and between each bearing bar (offshore-gratings for
specific offshore projects).
A minimum quantity of 300 m2 is required for special gratings.

Forge-welded gratings XSP Serrated type no. 1 & no. 11 Forge-welded gratings as SP Special gratings
Bearing bars XSP n° Pitches Bearing bars Pitches
Bearing bar pitch Cross bar pitch Bearing bar pitch Cross bar pitch
25 x 2 mm 1 34,33 mm 38,1 mm 25 x 2 mm 16,60 mm 24,0 mm
30 x 2 mm 1 30 x 2 mm 21,64 mm 33,0 mm
40 x 2 mm 1 40 x 2 mm 30,16 mm 38,1 mm
30 x 3 mm 1
40 x 3 mm 1 25 x 3 mm 33,17 mm 50,8 mm
40 x 4 mm 1 30 x 3 mm 41,46 mm 76,2 mm
30 x 2 mm 11 40 x 3 mm 45,30 mm 101,6 mm
30 x 3 mm 11
40 x 3 mm 11 Material S 235 JR (^= St 37-2)
30 x 4 mm 1 34,33 mm 50,8 mm Surface see pages 76 / 77

Material S 235 JR (^= St 37-2) Offshore-gratings on request

Surface see pages 76 / 77

15
 SP Load table for Forge-Welded Gratings
approx. Clear span in mm
Grating type Bearing bar Pitch gal. weight
kg/m2

* Key to symbols
Fv = uniformly distributed Fp = concentrated load in kN
1 kN = 1000 N = approx. 100 kg
load (UDL) in kN/m2 uniformly distributed over an
f = deflection in cm at load Fv area of 200 x 200 mm
f1 = deflection values in cm at
load Fp

16
Clear span in mm

Forge-Welded Gratings
Data

Material stress (permissible tension):

16 kN/cm2 (material S235JR ^= St 37-2)

Safety factor to yield point: 1,5

Safety factor to breaking limit: 2,05

The grating support should provide a bearing distance

at each end of at least 30 mm. Under working conditi-
ons the grating support should be at least 25 mm. De-
viations may be permitted, providing suitable measures
are taken to prevent excessive movement in the direc-
tion of bearing bars (see instruction sheet BGI 588).

Pedestrian traffic

Yellow: Gratings manufactured in accordance with the

requirements of instruction sheet BGI 588 of the Be-
rufsgenossenschaft professional association and to
quality instructions RAL-GZ 638, are considered suita-
ble for pedestrian traffic when they meet the following
design criteria:
The maximum permissible deflection ‘f’, does not ex-
ceed 1/200th of the span ‘L’or 4 mm whichever is the
lesser, under a concentrated load of 1,5 kN applied in
the most unfavourable position, over a concentrated
load area of 200 x 200 mm.

Green: The maximum permissible deflection ‘f’, does

not exceed 1/200th of the span ‘L’, under a concentra-
ted load of 1,5 kN applied in the most unfavourable
position, over a concentrated load area of 200 x 200
mm.

Blue: The maximum permissible deflection ‘f’, does

not exceed 1/200th of the span ‘L’, under a uniformly
distributed load of 5 kN/m2.

The multiplication factor for gratings with a pitch of

approx. 34 x 50 mm is 0,95.

Example: SP 330-34/50-3
Clear span 1100 mm
load according to table
13,90 kN x 0,95 = 13,20 kN/m2.

17
 SP Standard Gratings
Standard forge-welded gratings
Type Bearing bar Nominal mesh Dimension Weight
kg/piece
SP 230 - 34/38 - 3 30 x 2 mm ca. 30 x 30 mm 500 x 1000 mm 11,3
600 x 1000 mm 13,5
700 x 1000 mm 15,5
800 x 1000 mm 17,4
900 x 1000 mm 19,5
1000 x 1000 mm 21,6
1100 x 1000 mm 23,5
1200 x 1000 mm 25,6
SP 330 - 34/38 - 3 30 x 3 mm ca. 30 x 30 mm 250 x 1000 mm 8,0
All standard gratings can be delivered 500 x 1000 mm 14,8
ex stock. Underlined dimensions are 600 x 1000 mm 17,7
bearing bar dimensions. 700 x 1000 mm 20,4
Grating dimensions / tolerances in 800 x 1000 mm 23,0
length and width: + 0 mm / - 4 mm acc. 900 x 1000 mm 25,8
RAL-GZ 638. 1000 x 1000 mm 28,5
Load values of continuously distributed 1100 x 1000 mm 31,2
load in kN/m2 (see pages 16/17). 1200 x 1000 mm 34,0

SP Panels
Forge-welded panels
self coloured, without binding in direction of cross bars
plain serrated
Type Dimension kg/piece Type Dimension kg/piece
SP 225-34/38-3 6100 x 1000 mm 101,5 XSP 230-34/38-3 (1) 6100 x 1000 mm 115,0
SP 230-34/38-3 6100 x 1000 mm 116,5 XSP 330-34/38*3 (1+11) 6100 x 1000 mm 154,0
SP 240-34/38-3 6100 x 1000 mm 146,0 XSP 340-34/38-3 (1+11) 6100 x 1000 mm 198,0
SP 330-34/38-3 6100 x 1000 mm 156,7
SP 340-34/38-3 6100 x 1000 mm 200,0 serration no. 1 = serration class R10
SP 440-34/38-4 6100 x 1000 mm 258,0 serration no. 11 = serration class R11

SP Standard Stairtreads
Requirements for steel stairs (Extract from DIN EN 14122-3)
The rise, ‘h’ and going ‘g’, shall meet the formula, 600 ≤ g + 2
h ≤ 660. The overlap, ‘r’ of step or landing shall be ≥ 10 mm.
The length of landing ‘l’ shall be at least 800 mm and in any
case ≥ the width of the stair, ‘w’.
On the same flight, the rise shall be constant wherever pos-
sible. In the case where it is not possible to maintain the
height of the rise between the level of departure and the lo-
wer step, it may be reduced by a maximum of 15%.
Steps shall resist the following unfactored loadings:
If the width ‘w’ < 1200 mm, then 1,5 kN shall be distributed
over an area of 100 x 100 mm where one boundary is the lea-
ding edge of the nosing, applied at the middle of the stair
width. If the width ‘w’ ≥ 1200 mm, then respectively 1,5 kN
shall be distributed simultaneously over each of the 100 x
100 mm areas applied at the most unfavourable points, spa-
ced at intervals of 600 mm, where one boundary is the lea-
ding edge of the nosing. The deflection of the supporting
structure and the stairs does not exceed under load 1/300 of
the span, maximum 6,0 mm.
H Climbing height r Overlap
g Going α Angle of pitch
e Headroom w Width
h Rise p Pitch line
l Length of landing t Height of step
c Clearance

18
 SP Standard Stairtreads

Production plied with one round and one slotted fixing hole.

Forge-Welded Gratings
Forge-welded gratings produced for stairtreads are produced
in the same types as used for platforms and walkways. They
are always supplied with serrated, perforated nosing and wel- Perforated nosing increases the anti-slip value of the stair-
ded side plates. treads and favourably accentuates the leading edge visually.
This is an important contribution to safety.
All stairtreads are inert gas welded, in special jigs.
We reserve the right to supply stairtreads with bearing bars
Installation thicker and higher than ordered, at no extra charge. We can of-
fer other types and sizes of stairtreads with perforated nosing,
The stairtreads in accordance to DIN can be produced regar- depending on demand.
ding the length with a minus tolerance and furthermore the
stair construction can have tolerances. So it may be necessary On request, we supply fixings for stairtreads consisting of:
to verify before srewing the treads if a washer between cheek Hexagonal bolts M 12 x 35 ISO 4016 (DIN 601)
and stairtread is needed. Thereby possible damages of the Hexagonal nuts M 12 ISO 4032 (DIN 934)
welding of the bearings bars to the side plates can be avoided. Washers A 14 DIN 7989.

Long hole type

For easy fitting to stair stringers, each side plate is always sup-

Standard stairtreads acc. to DIN 24531-1 (preferred sizes)

Type Bearing bar Dimension b c n e kg/tread

SP 330-34/38-3 30 x 3 mm 600 x 240 mm 55 70 120 85 5,2

Nominal mesh 600 x 270 mm 55 70 150 85 5,8
approx. 30x30 mm
800 x 240 mm 55 70 120 85 6,6
800 x 270 mm 55 70 150 85 7,5
800 x 305 mm 55 70 180 90 8,3
1000 x 240 mm 55 70 120 85 8,2
1000 x 270 mm 55 70 150 85 9,1
1000 x 305 mm 55 70 180 90 10,2

SP 340-34/38-3 40 x 3 mm 800 x 240 mm 55 70 120 85 8,0

Nominal mesh 800 x 270 mm 55 70 150 85 9,0
approx. 30x30mm
1000 x 240 mm 55 70 120 85 10,0
1000 x 270 mm 55 70 150 85 11,0

1200 x 240 mm 55 70 120 85 11,7

1200 x 270 mm 55 70 150 85 13,2
1200 x 305 mm 55 70 180 90 14,7

Other stairtreads ex stock

Type Bearing bar Dimension b c n e kg/tread
SP 225-34/38-3 25 x 2 mm 600 x 185 mm 55 70 95 55 3,0
Nominal mesh 700 x 185 mm 55 70 95 55 3,4
approx. 30x30 mm

SP 230-34/38-3 30 x 2 mm 600 x 205 mm 55 70 95 75 3,6

Nominal mesh 600 x 240 mm 55 70 120 85 4,2
approx. 30x30 mm 600 x 270 mm 55 70 150 85 4,6
700 x 220 mm 55 70 100 85 4,3
800 x 220 mm 55 70 100 85 4,8
800 x 240 mm 55 70 120 85 5,3
800 x 270 mm 55 70 150 85 5,9
800 x 305 mm 55 70 180 90 6,5
1000 x 240 mm 55 70 120 85 6,8
1000 x 270 mm 55 70 150 85 7,5
1000 x 305 mm 55 70 180 90 8,3

19
 SP P Square Gratings

In accordance with the instructions of be provided for all four sides of the gra- below the grating, at a suitable distance
the professional associations, square ting, or arrangements should be made away from bearing bar supports (see
gratings should be avoided where only to prevent installation with bearing bars detail). These flat bars can be fixed
two supports are provided, in order to running in the wrong direction. upon request of the clients
ensure bearing bars are not running in This can be achieved for example, by
the wrong direction following erection. welding a 20 x 3 flat bar x 20 mm long, to
Where it is not practical to avoid supp- the side of at least one of the side bea-
lying square gratings, supports should ring bars, with at least 10 mm projecting

SP P Hazards generated by falling objects

Mesh Pitch

In accordance with the instructions of Furthermore is determined in the stan- nerated by falling objects“ that „the flo-
the professional association (see BGI dard EN ISO 14122 „Safety of machinery oring of a working platform or walkway
588) only gratings for working platforms - Permanent means of access to machi- shall only have such maximum openings
with a maximum pitch of approximately nery - Part 2: Working platforms and that a ball with a diameter of 35 mm
34,33 x 50,8 mm are permissible. walkways“, Article 4.2.4.4. „Hazards ge- cannot fall through.“

20
 P Pressure-Locked Gratings

Pressure-Locked Gratings

21
 P Pressure-Locked Gratings
Roughly 2000 sq.m. of pressure-locked possible. As a rule a dimension of 1400
gratings are produced daily and sup- mm should be kept.
plied to clients all over the world.
Binding
Lichtgitter pressure-locked gratings are Pressure-locked gratings with bearing
used in the industrial sector as well as bars of 20 x 2 mm up to 50 x 3 mm
in civil engineering industries. In additi- are bound either with flat material or
on they are particularly well suited to all with two stiffening corrugations. Pressu-
types of architectural applications. re-locked gratings with bearing bars lar-
pressue-locked gratings are made of ger than 50 x 3 mm are bound with
steel, stainless steel and aluminum. flat material.

Production Quality standard

Under high pressure, unweakened Lichtgitter has introduced and conti-
cross bars are pressed into bearing nuously developed production techni-
bars that are S-shaped and/or conically ques that ensure continually high levels
slotted. We have presses at our dispo- of safety. This is maintained by maxi-
sal that provide pressures of up to mum possible automation guaranteeing
20.000 kN for this purpose. a high standard of quality for our pres-
sure-locked gratings.
The high pressure and the slit produc-
tion of the bearing bars guarantee a Protection against corrosion
firm, torsion rigid grating structure. The The finished pressure-locked gratings
load distribution is optimum. Thus, even are galvanised according to DIN EN ISO
cuts that may be additionally necessary 1461. The zinc coating ensures excellent
on the construction site have little influ- protection againt corrosion (see surface
ence on the stability and usability of the treatment pages 78-81). In special ca-
grating structure. ses, additional protection can be achie-
ved by bitumen dipping, dip or spray
Production sizes painting, plastic coating or other surfa-
Pressure-locked gratings are produced ce treatments (preferably after galvani-
in all construction heights and thicknes- sing).
ses demanded by the market. Depen-
ding on the grating type widths in direc-
tion of cross bars up to 1800 mm are

22
 P Pressure-Locked Gratings

Pressure-Locked Gratings
Standard Programme
The flexibility of our production lines al-
lows the fabrication of a large variety of
different types of pressure-locked gra-
tings. It is possible to choose for exam-
ple a square pitch within the range of
pitches. A change is also possible with-
in the basic pitches, e.g. bearing bar
pitch 22,22 mm, cross bar pitch 33,33
mm. However, the maximum pitch for
pedestrian gratings of approx. 33 x 50
mm must be considered according to
the instructions of the professional as-
sociations.

Depending on the grating type the

height of the cross bars diversifies bet-
ween 10 mm and 20 mm and of the
thickness between 1,6 mm and 3 mm.

Types of pressure-locked gratings

Fabrication procedure (pressure-locked
gratings), bearing bar, pitch and bind-
ing are denoted by type designation. Type desigantion of pressure-locked gratings
Serrated pressure-locked gratings are
indicated by an „X“ before type desi- Pressure-locked grating P
gantion (e.g. XP 330-33-3) Bearing bar 30 x 3 mm 330
Pitch 33,33 x 44,44 mm -33/44
Binding 30 x 3 mm -3
Full cell gratings Designation: P 330 -33/44 -3
Full cell gratings (gratings with bearing With equal pitch of bearing bar and cross bar, pitch is only mentioned one time,
bars and cross bars of the same dimen- e.g. P 330-33-3.
sion) can be used as decorative ele-
mets, e.g. for ceilings, handrails and
sunprotection. Full cell gratings can be
produced up to a material thickness of
3 mm and up to a maximum height of
60 mm, depending on pitch .

Full cell grating

23
 P Pressure-Locked Gratings
Pressure-locked gratings are used in platforms, walkways, Heavy-duty pressure-locked gratings are also available for ve-
building facades, basement shafts and also for architectural hicle applications. These gratings are particularly suitable for
and aesthetic purposes. With gratings of the same size, it is special loads, including the concentrated loads recommended
possible to have matching bearing bars and cross bars. in DIN 1055-5/A1 and 1072, for classes according to SLW. We
recommend that an experienced engineer takes care of the
calculation.

Pressure-locked gratings P Standard Pressure-locked gratings P Heavy-duty gratings

Bearing bars Pitches Bearing bar Pitches
Bearing bar pitch Cross bar pitch Bearing bar pitch Cross bar pitch
20 x 2 mm 20 mm 20 mm 40 x 4 mm 20 mm 20 mm
25 x 2 mm 22,22 mm 22,22 mm 40 x 5 mm 25 mm 25 mm
30 x 2 mm 25 mm 25 mm 50 x 5 mm 33,33 mm 33,33 mm
40 x 2 mm 33,33 mm 33,33 mm 60 x 5 mm
20 x 3 mm up to 120 x 5 mm And a multiple of pitches above.
25 x 3 mm And a multiple of pitches above. Other heavy-duty gratings on request
30 x 3 mm Other pitches on request. (e.g. 8 or 10 mm bearing bar thickness)
40 x 3 mm
materials S 235 JR ( ^= St 37-2), S 355 J2+N (^= St 52-3) Materials S 235 JR ( ^= St 37-2), S 355 J2+N (^= St 52-3)
stainless steel 1.4301, 1.4571 (from bearing stainless steel 1.4301 und 1.4571
bar 25 x 2 onwards), Aluminum AlMg 3 G 22, AlMg 1 F 15
Aluminum AlMg 3 G 22, AlMg 1 F 15 Surfaces see pages 76 / 77
surface see page 76/77

24
 P Pressure-Locked Gratings

Pressure-locked Gratings
Serrated pressure-locked gratings with serrated bearing Pressure-locked gratings with narrow pitches are used as en-
and/or cross bars are approved by the Occupational Safety trance doormats in pedestrian traffic areas and public places.
Authorities. Various anti-slip categories have been established These gratings are also recommended in the „Berufsgenos-
to provide a range of anti-slip levels. The anti-slip levels range senschaft“ professional association’s instruction sheet BGI
from category R9 to R13 (see pages 72 to 75). 588. The length of bearing bars should follow the direction of
travel, but if they can only be installed in a different direction,
they should be serrated.

Pressure-locked gratings XP Serration No. 3 Pressure -locked gratings P Narrow pitch

Bearing bars Pitches Bearing bars Pitches
Bearing bar pitch Cross bar pitch Bearing bar pitch Cross bar pitch
20 x 2 mm 33,33 mm 33,33 mm 20 x 2 mm * 22,22 mm 11,11 mm
25 x 2 mm 25 x 2 mm 33,33 mm 16,65 mm
30 x 2 mm Serration no. 3 is also possible with 30 x 2 mm 44,44 mm
40 x 2 mm bearing bars of 4 and 5 mm thickness 40 x 2 mm
20 x 3 mm 25 x 3 mm
30 x 3 mm And a multiple of pitches above.
25 x 3 mm Other pitches with serration no. 31, 32,
40 x 3 mm
30 x 3 mm 2, 22 and 4 on request. Materials S 235 JR ( ^= St 37-2)
40 x 3 mm Stainless steel 1.4301 and 1.4571
Materials S 235 JR ( ^= St 37-2), S 355 J2+N (^= St 52-3) Aluminum AlMg 3 G 22, AlMg 1 F 15
stainless steel 1.4301, 1.4571 (not 20 x 2) Surfaces see pages 76 / 77
Aluminum AlMg 3 G 22, AlMg 1 F 15 Bearing bars marked * cannot be supplied in stainless steel
Surfaces see pages 76 / 77

25
 P Loadtable for Pressure-Locked Gratings
Grating type Bearing bar Pitch approx. * Clear span in mm
gal. weight 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
kg/m2
Fv 18,45 12,80 9,40 7,20 5,70
f 0,20 0,29 0,39 0,51 0,64
P 220-33-3 20 x 2 mm 33 x 33 mm 16,5
Fp 1,80 1,45 1,20 1,00 0,90
f1 0,18 0,26 0,35 0,45 0,57
Fv 28,80 20,00 14,70 11,25 8,90 7,20 5,95 5,00
f 0,16 0,23 0,31 0,41 0,51 0,63 0,77 0,91
P 225-33-3 25 x 2 mm 33 x 33 mm 19,4
Fp 2,75 2,20 1,85 1,60 1,40 1,25 1,10 1,00
f1 0,15 0,21 0,28 0,36 0,45 0,55 0,67 0,79
Fv 41,50 28,80 21,15 16,20 12,80 10,35 8,55 7,20 6,15 5,30
f 0,13 0,19 0,26 0,34 0,43 0,53 0,64 0,76 0,89 1,04
P 230-33-3 30 x 2 mm 33 x 33 mm 22,4
Fp 3,95 3,20 2,65 2,25 2,00 1,75 1,60 1,45 1,30 1,20
f1 0,12 0,17 0,23 0,30 0,38 0,46 0,55 0,66 0,77 0,88
Fv 73,75 51,20 37,60 28,80 22,75 18,45 15,25 12,80 10,90 9,40
f 0,10 0,14 0,19 0,25 0,32 0,40 0,48 0,57 0,67 0,78
P 240-33-3 40 x 2 mm 33 x 33 mm 28,1
Fp 6,90 5,55 4,60 3,95 3,45 3,10 2,75 2,50 2,30 2,15
f1 0,09 0,13 0,17 0,23 0,28 0,35 0,42 0,49 0,57 0,66
Fv 27,65 19,20 14,10 10,80 8,55 6,90 5,70
f 0,20 0,29 0,39 0,51 0,64 0,79 0,96
P 320-33-3 20 x 3 mm 33 x 33 mm 21,3
Fp 2,70 2,15 1,80 1,55 1,35 1,20 1,05
f1 0,18 0,26 0,35 0,45 0,57 0,69 0,83
Fv 43,0 30,00 22,05 16,90 13,35 10,80 8,90 7,50 6,40 5,50
f 0,16 0,23 0,31 0,41 0,51 0,64 0,77 0,91 1,07 1,24
P 325-33-3 25 x 3 mm 33 x 33 mm 25,4
Fp 4,15 3,35 2,80 2,40 2,10 1,85 1,65 1,50 1,40 1,30
f1 0,15 0,21 0,28 0,36 0,45 0,55 0,67 0,79 0,92 1,06
Fv 62,20 43,20 31,75 24,30 19,20 15,55 12,85 10,80 9,20 7,95
f 0,13 0,19 0,26 0,34 0,43 0,53 0,64 0,76 0,89 1,04
P 330-33-3 30 x 3 mm 33 x 33 mm 29,5
Fp 5,95 4,75 3,95 3,40 3,00 2,65 2,40 2,15 2,00 1,85
f1 0,12 0,17 0,23 0,30 0,38 0,46 0,55 0,66 0,77 0,88
Fv 110,60 76,80 56,45 43,20 34,15 27,65 22,85 19,20 16,35 14,10
f 0,10 0,14 0,19 0,25 0,32 0,40 0,48 0,57 0,67 0,78
P 340-33-3 40 x 3 mm 33 x 33 mm 37,8
Fp 10,40 8,30 6,90 5,95 5,20 4,60 4,15 3,75 3,45 3,20
f1 0,09 0,13 0,17 0,23 0,28 0,35 0,42 0,49 0,57 0,66
Fv 147,50 102,40 75,25 57,60 45,50 36,85 30,45 25,60 21,80 18,80
f 0,10 0,14 0,19 0,25 0,32 0,40 0,48 0,57 0,67 0,78
P 440-33-4 40 x 4 mm 33 x 33 mm 48,7
Fp 13,80 11,05 9,20 7,90 6,90 6,15 5,55 5,05 4,60 4,25
f1 0,09 0,13 0,17 0,23 0,28 0,35 0,42 0,49 0,57 0,66
Fv 103,70 72,00 52,90 40,50 32,00 25,90 21,40 18,00 15,35 13,20
f 0,13 0,19 0,26 0,34 0,43 0,53 0,64 0,76 0,89 1,04
P 530-33-5 30 x 5 mm 33 x 33 mm 48,3
Fp 9,70 7,80 6,50 5,55 4,85 4,30 3,90 3,55 3,25 3,00
f1 0,12 0,17 0,23 0,30 0,38 0,46 0,55 0,66 0,77 0,88
Fv 184,35 128,00 94,05 72,00 56,90 46,10 38,10 32,00 27,25 23,50
f 0,10 0,14 0,19 0,25 0,32 0,40 0,48 0,57 0,67 0,78
P 540-33-5 40 x 5 mm 33 x 33 mm 62,0
Fp 17,30 13,80 11,50 9,90 8,65 7,70 6,90 6,30 5,75 5,30
f1 0,09 0,13 0,17 0,23 0,28 0,35 0,42 0,49 0,57 0,66
Fv 288,00 200,00 146,95 112,50 88,90 72,00 59,50 50,00 42,60 36,75
f 0,08 0,11 0,16 0,20 0,26 0,32 0,38 0,46 0,54 0,62
P 550-33-5 50 x 5 mm 33 x 33 mm 82,9
Fp 26,50 21,20 17,65 15,15 13,25 11,75 10,60 9,65 8,85 8,15
f1 0,07 0,10 0,14 0,18 0,23 0,28 0,33 0,39 0,46 0,53
Fv 414,75 288,00 211,60 162,00 128,00 103,70 85,70 72,00 61,35 52,90
f 0,07 0,10 0,13 0,17 0,21 0,26 0,32 0,38 0,45 0,52
P 560-33-5 60 x 5 mm 33 x 33 mm 96,6
Fp 37,45 30,00 24,95 21,40 18,75 16,65 15,00 13,60 12,50 11,55
f1 0,06 0,09 0,12 0,15 0,19 0,23 0,28 0,33 0,38 0,44

* Key to symbols
Fv = uniformly distributed load (ULD) Fp = concentrated load in kN
in kN/m2 uniformly distributed over an 1 kN = 1000 N = approx. 100 kg
f = deflection in cm at load Fv area of 200 x 200 mm
f1 = deflection values in cm at
load Fp

26
 Pressure-Locked Gratings
Clear span in mm Data
1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500
Material stress (permissible tension):
16 kN/cm2 (Material S235JR ^= St 37-2)

Safety factor to yield point: 1,5

Safety factor to breaking limit: 2,05

The grating support should provide a bearing distance

at each end of at least 30 mm. Under working conditi-
ons the gratings support should be at least 25 mm. De-
viations may be permitted, providing suitable measu-
res are taken to prevent excessive movement in the
direction of bearing bars (see instruction sheet BGI 588).
8,20 7,20 6,40 5,70 5,10
0,89 1,02 1,15 1,29 1,43 Pedestrian traffic
1,98 1,84 1,72 1,63 1,54
0,76 0,86 0,97 1,08 1,20 Yellow: Gratings manufactured in accordance
with the requirements of instruction sheet BGI 588
of the „Berufsgenossenschaft“ professional asso-
ciation and to quality instructions RAL-GZ 638, are
considered suitable for pedestrian traffic when
they meet the following design criteria:
The maximum permissible deflection ‘f’, does not
exceed 1/200th of the span ‘L’ or 4 mm whichever
is the lesser, under a concentrated load of 1,5 kN
6,90 6,10 5,40 applied in the most unfavourable position, over a
1,19 1,35 1,53 concentrated load area of 200 x 200 mm
1,70 1,60 1,50
1,01 1,15 1,29 Green: The maximum permissible deflection ‘f’,
12,30 10,80 9,55 8,55 7,65 6,90 6,30 5,70 5,20
does not exceed 1/200th of the span ‘L’, under a
0,89 1,02 1,15 1,29 1,43 1,59 1,75 1,92 2,10
concentrated load of 1,5 kN applied in the most
2,95 2,75 2,60 2,45 2,30 2,20 2,05 2,00 1,90
unfavourable position, over a concentrated load
0,76 0,86 0,97 1,08 1,20 1,33 1,46 1,60 1,75
16,40 14,40 12,75 11,40 10,20 9,20 8,35 7,60 6,95 6,40 5,90 area of 200 x 200 mm.
0,89 1,02 1,15 1,29 1,43 1,59 1,75 1,92 2,10 2,29 2,48
3,95 3,70 3,45 3,25 3,05 2,90 2,75 2,65 2,50 2,40 2,30 Blue: The maximum permissible deflection ‘f’,
0,76 0,86 0,97 1,08 1,20 1,33 1,46 1,60 1,75 1,90 2,06 does not exceed 1/200th of the span ‘L’, under a
11,50 10,10 8,95 8,00 7,20 6,50 5,90 5,35 4,90 uniformly distributed load of 5 kN/m2.
1,19 1,35 1,53 1,71 1,91 2,12 2,33 2,56 2,80
2,80 2,60 2,45 2,30 2,15 2,05 1,95 1,85 1,75 Multiplication factor
1,01 1,15 1,29 1,44 1,60 1,77 1,95 2,14 2,33 Pitch distributed load single load
20,50 18,00 15,95 14,20 12,75 11,50 10,45 9,50 8,70 8,00 7,40 22,22 1,50 1,35
0,89 1,02 1,15 1,29 1,43 1,59 1,75 1,92 2,10 2,29 2,48 25,00 1,33 1,24
4,95 4,60 4,30 4,05 3,85 3,65 3,45 3,30 3,15 3,00 2,90 40,00 0,83 0,88
0,76 0,86 0,97 1,08 1,20 1,33 1,46 1,60 1,75 1,90 2,06 44,44 0,75 0,82
32,00 28,10 24,90 22,20 19,95 18,00 16,30 14,85 13,60 12,50 11,50 50,00 0,66 0,75
0,71 0,81 0,92 1,03 1,15 1,27 1,40 1,54 1,68 1,83 1,98 66,66 0,50 0,61
7,60 7,05 6,60 6,25 5,90 5,60 5,25 5,05 4,80 4,60 4,40
0,61 0,69 0,77 0,87 0,96 1,06 1,17 1,28 1,40 1,52 1,65
Multiplication factor for other materials
46,10 40,50 35,90 32,00 28,70 25,90 23,50 21,40 19,60 18,00 16,60
Material load deflection
0,60 0,68 0,76 0,86 0,96 1,06 1,17 1,28 1,40 1,52 1,65
10,70 10,00 9,35 8,80 8,30 7,90 7,50 7,15 6,80 6,50 6,25 Stainless steel 1.4301 0,82 0,84
0,51 0,57 0,65 0,72 0,80 0,89 0,98 1,07 1,17 1,27 1,37 Stainless steel 1.4571 0,88 0,90
Aluminium AlMg 3 G 22 0,54 1,61

For concentrated loads, the conversion factor in-

dicated can only be approximate due to the vary-
ing number of adjoining bearing bars either side
of the concentrated load area, therefore the load
considered should generally be that determined
by the depths of bearing bars and the number
under the concentrated load area.

27
P Standard Gratings and stairtreads
Delivery ex our stock
Standard Pressure-Locked Gratings with binding
Type Dimension in mm kg/piece Type Dimension in mm kg/piece
P 230-33-3 500 x 1000 11,8 P 330-33-3 500 x 1000 15,5
600 x 1000 13,9 600 x 1000 18,2
700 x 1000 16,0 700 x 1000 21,0
800 x 1000 18,1 800 x 1000 23,9
900 x 1000 20,2 900 x 1000 26,4
1000 x 1000 22,3 1000 x 1000 29,5
1100 x 1000 24,4 1100 x 1000 32,4
1200 x 1000 26,5 1200 x 1000 35,3

Standard Pressure-Locked Gratings with narrow pitch with binding

Type Dimension in mm kg/piece Type Dimension in mm kg/piece

P 230-33/11-3 500 x 1000 16,8 P 230-33/11-3 900 x 1000 29,2
600 x 1000 19,8 1000 x 1000 32,3
700 x 1000 23,0 1100 x 1000 35,4
800 x 1000 26,1 1200 x 1000 38,5

Pressure-Locked Panels
self coloured with binding, dimension: 3000 x 1000 mm
Type Bearing bar kg/m2 Type Bearing bar kg/m2
P 225-33-2 25 x 2 17,0 P 225-33/11-2 25 x 2 26,3
P 230-33-2 30 x 2 19,5 P 230-33/11-2 30 x 2 28,9
P 240-33-2 40 x 2 24,3 P 240-33/11-2 40 x 2 33,6
P 330-33-3 30 x 3 26,8 P 330-33/11-3 30 x 3 36,0
P 340-33-3 40 x 3 34,3 P 340-33/11-3 40 x 3 43,7
XP 230-33-2 (no.3) 30 x 2 19,3 XP 230-33/11-2 (no.42) 30 x 2 29,3
XP 330-33-3 (no.3) 30 x 3 26,6 XP 330-33/11-3 (no.42) 30 x 3 36,6

Pressure-Locked stairtreads ex stock

Type Bearing bar Dimension b c n e kg/piece
P 230-33-3 30 x 2 mm 600 x 205 mm 55 70 95 75 3,5
P 230-33-3 30 x 2 mm 600 x 240 mm 55 70 120 85 4,2
P 230-33-3 30 x 2 mm 600 x 270 mm 55 70 150 85 4,6
P 230-33-3 30 x 2 mm 800 x 240 mm 55 70 120 85 5,3
P 230-33-3 30 x 2 mm 800 x 270 mm 55 70 150 85 5,9
P 230-33-3 30 x 2 mm 800 x 305 mm 55 70 180 90 6,6
P 230-33-3 30 x 2 mm 1000 x 240 mm 55 70 120 85 6,8
P 230-33-3 30 x 2 mm 1000 x 270 mm 55 70 150 85 7,6
P 230-33-3 30 x 2 mm 1000 x 305 mm 55 70 180 90 8,0
P 330-33-3 30 x 3 mm 1000 x 240 mm 55 70 120 85 8,2
P 330-33-3 30 x 3 mm 1000 x 270 mm 55 70 150 85 9,2
P 330-33-3 30 x 3 mm 1000 x 305 mm 55 70 180 90 10,3
P 340-33-3 40 x 3 mm 1200 x 240 mm 55 70 120 85 11,8
P 340-33-3 40 x 3 mm 1200 x 270 mm 55 70 150 85 13,2
P 340-33-3 40 x 3 mm 1200 x 305 mm 55 70 180 90 14,8

Narrow pitch steps ex stock

Type Bearing bar Dimension b c n e kg/piece
plain
P 230-33/11-3 30 x 2 mm 800 x 240 mm 55 70 120 85 6,9
P 230-33/11-3 30 x 2 mm 800 x 270 mm 55 70 150 85 7,9
P 230-33/11-3 30 x 2 mm 1000 x 240 mm 55 70 120 85 9,0
P 230-33/11-3 30 x 2 mm 1000 x 270 mm 55 70 150 85 10,0
serrared execution (serration no. 42)
XP 230-33/11-3 30 x 2 mm 800 x 240 mm 55 70 120 85 7,5
XP 230-33/11-3 30 x 2 mm 800 x 270 mm 55 70 150 85 8,4
XP 230-33/11-3 30 x 2 mm 800 x 305 mm 55 70 180 90 9,4
XP 230-33/11-3 30 x 2 mm 1000 x 240 mm 55 70 120 85 9,6
XP 230-33/11-3 30 x 2 mm 1000 x 270 mm 55 70 150 85 10,8
XP 230-33/11-3 30 x 2 mm 1000 x 305 mm 55 70 180 90 12,0
XP 330-33/11-3 30 x 3 mm 1000 x 240 mm 55 70 120 85 10,9
XP 330-33/11-3 30 x 3 mm 1000 x 270 mm 55 70 150 85 12,3
XP 330-33/11-3 30 x 3 mm 1000 x 305 mm 55 70 180 90 13,8

28
 SP P Heavy-Duty Gratings
Heavy-duty gratings with appropriate si-
zes correctly determined, are suitable

SP- / P-Gratings
for wheel loading and other heavy-duty
loads. Specific details of various loading
and load areas can be obtained from
the relevant DIN instructions.

Load table page 30

for material S235JR =^ St 37-2
Load table page 31
for material S355J2G3 =^ St 52-3
(only pressure-locked gratings)

Extract from DIN 1055-5/A1

Fork lift - standard vehicles

Allowable Nominal Static Central Total Total Uniformly

total load axial load trace width length distributed
weight capacity (standard load) width traffic load
P a b l (standard load)
kN kN kN m m m kN/m2
25 6 20 0,8 1,0 2,4 10
35 10 30 0,8 1,0 2,8 12,5
70 25 65 1,0 1,2 3,4 15
130 50 120 1,2 1,5 3,6 25

Extract from DIN 1072

Oscillation value Bridge class* Wheel load Load area+
60 100 kN 200 x 600 mm
If traffic lane contains construction 45 75 kN 200 x 500 mm
parts that are particularly susceptible 30 50 kN 200 x 400 mm
to localised brake loading (e.g. parts 24 40 kN 200 x 300 mm
of traffic lane crossings, gratings, 16 50 kN 200 x 400 mm
etc.), wheel loads should be multi- 12 40 kN 200 x 300 mm
plied by 1,4 to determine brake loa- 9 30 kN 200 x 260 mm
ding occurring on single parts. 6 20 kN 200 x 200 mm
3 10 kN 200 x 200 mm

* Bridge class = total weight of the vehicle

+ Load area = Load contact area

Lichtgitter load table for wheel loads

How to use Lichtgitter load table for wheel loads (see pages 30 & 31)
Table for forge-welded gratings with bearing bar pitch of 34,33 mm and pressure-locked gratings with bearing bar pitch of 33,33
mm are shown in standard types, however, pressure-locked gratings with bearing bar thickness of 8 mm or 10 mm are also availa-
ble upon request.
Material stress (permissible stress) 16 kN/cm2 (Material S235JR ^= St 37-2)
Material stress (permissible stress) 24 kN/cm2 (Material S355J2G3 ^= St 52-3)
Safety factor to yield point is 1,50.
Safety factor to breaking limit is 2,05.
Maximum deflection not more than 1/200 of span.
Table shows clear span.
Example:
Wheel load 50/70 Wheel load including oscillation value ϕ 1,4
Span at 50 kN wheel load 480/400 Span at 70 kN wheel load
Start at 50 kN, then consider a span of say 480 mm, at the load contact area specified of 200 x 400 mm.
The bearing bar dimensions of 60 x 5 mm are indicated in the column on the left hand side.
According to DIN, certain wheel loads are coordinated to specific load contact areas (see ‘Extract from DIN 1072’). The resulting
maximum recommended spans shown for specific bearing bar dimensions, are marked by a surrounding red line.

29
SP P Loadtable Material S 235 JR ^= St 37-2
approx. contact contact
bearing bar Wheel load in kN Wheel load in kN
gal. weight area in area in
dimension
kg/m2 mm mm

1 kN = 1000 N = approx. 100 kg

30
 P Load Table Material S 355 J2+N ^= St 52-3
bearing bar approx. contact contact

SP- / P-Gratings
area in Wheel load in kN area in Wheel load in kN
dimension gal. weight
kg/m2
mm mm

1 kN = 1000 N = approx. 100 kg

31
 SP P Fixings for Gratings
Fixings are available for all types of H 10, „Gratings for industrial use“: page will be supplied centrifugally galvani-
standard Lichtgitter gratings and for any 5, paragraph 5.2.: sed. Consideration should be given to
type of underside support. Lichtgitter fi- „Gratings are to be protected against the length of screws required, in order
xings are specifically designed to suit lifting and slipping. Every single grating to be able to install the fixings through
gratings subjected to pedestrian traffic. is to be attached to substructure in at the grating from above.
Gratings subjected to loadings from ve- least four places.“ The reference number for fixings used
hicle traffic, can be supplied with hole for gratings with pitches ranging from
plates upon request. These are small Fixings no. B334K, B351K, B433T, B533K 20 to 66 mm, varies in so far as the last
plates welded between bearing bars, and B633K prevent slippage from under- two figures of the number, indicates the
complete with holes for fixing. side support, even when attachment pitch:
loosens. e.g. Standard-Fixing with
In accordance with the professional as- Pitch 33,33 mm = B133K,
sociation’s instruction sheet BGI 588, All fixings require service and should be Pitch 22,22 mm = B122K.
„For areas in danger of falling, gratings regularly inspected regarding their effi-
should at least be fixed at their four ed- ciency. The inspection intervals depend
ge points“. on operating conditions.The user may
have to hand-screw fixings.
With regard to the fixing of gratings, we Therefore, all fixing materials are
would refer to the „Arbeitsstätten-Ver- excluded from legal warranty.
ordnung § 12, Protection against falling
and objects being thrown down“, with If not specifically required otherwise, all
particular reference to instruction sheet fixing parts, including screws and nuts,

The metal taps are to be bent

around the cross bars Fixings for forge-welded gratings with locking devices B 334K / B 351K
Order Number B 334 K (suitable for pitch 34 x 38 mm)
Order Number B 351 K (suitable for pitch 34 x 50 mm)
Consisting of:
- clamp upper part
- under part with finger hole
- screw, nut and washer.
Length of screws at least height of grating plus 40 mm.
This type of fixing prevents slippage of gratings from the underside support, even when
Distance between tap and under- the screw loosens.
construction is approx. 15 mm

Threaded bolt fixings B 433 T

Consisting of:
- top clamp with fixed, connected, threaded bush out of brass or aluminum
- threaded bolts.
This entire fixing unit can be supplied in stainless steel.

This type of fixing can be installed from above and prevents slippage of gratings from the
underside support, even when the screw loosens.
This fixing is suitable for pitches ranging from approximately 25 to 40 mm.

32
 Welded Bolt Fixings B 533 K

Fixings
Consisting of:
- deep drawn clamp upper part (on request with deep drawn plate)
- galvanized welded bolt including ceramic ring
- self-locking nut and, if necessary, with washer.

This type of fixing can be installed from above and prevents slippage of gratings from the
underside support, even when the screw loosens.
This fixing is suitable for pitches ranging from approximately 25 to 40 mm.

The metal tap has to be bent

around the bearing bar Fixings for pressure-locked gratings with locking devices B 633 K
(Suitable for bearing bar pitches of 33 mm and equal or greater cross bar pitches)

Consisting of:
- clamp upper part
- under part with finger hole
- screw, nut and washer.
The length of screw should be at least the height of the grating, plus 50 mm.
Distance between tap and under-
This type of fixing can be installed from above and prevents slippage of gratings from the
construction is approx. 15 mm underside support, even when the screw loosens.

XOK 133

Consisting of:
- top clamp XOK 133 as a single part

At site self-tapping screws have to be used as connection element.

Fixings with hole plate B 270

Consisting of:
- welded in hole plate
- screw at site.

This method of fixing is specifically suitable for gratings subjected to vehicle traffic.

clamp
Standard fixings B 133 T & B 133 K

Consisting of:
- clamp upper part or plate
- under part
- screw, nut and washer.
This fixing can be delivered in stainless steel; order-no. B 132 K.
The length of screw should be at least the height of the grating, plus 30 mm.
This fixing can be assembled from above at pitches of 33 mm and over and upon request
it can be supplied with a raised ‘beard’.
According to the instructions of the German Employer’s Liability Insurance Association
only permissible if an additional locking device preventing a displacement on site is avai-
lable.

33
SP P Fixings

Hook screw fixings B 733 K & B 733 T

clamp
Consisting of :
- clamp upper part or plate
- hook screw, adjusted to underside support
- M 8 x 90 screw, nut and washer

Profile of underside support must be given.

This fixing can be assembled from above.

Hook screw fixings B 833 K & B 833 T

clamp

Consisting of:
- clamp upper part or plate
- hook screw, adjusted to the underside support
- M 8 x 90 screw, nut and washer.

Profile of underside support must be given.

This fixing can be assembled from above.

Double clamp fixings B 933 T & B 933 K

clamp
Consisting of:
- clamp upper part or plate
- under part
- screw, nut and washer.
The length of screw should be at least the height of the grating, plus 30 mm.
Double clamp fixing connects adjacent gratings at places tending to have excessive
deflections and therefore prevents the occurrence of trip hazards.

Fixings B 10
For pressure-locked gratings with cross bar pitch at 11,11 mm

Consisting of:
- under part
- galvanized round-head bolt and nut.

The length of screw should be at least the height of the grating, plus 40 mm.

Washer

results in an improvement of bolt connection.

34
 Fixings
Safety hook / Fixing B 11

Consisting of:
- stainless steel safety hook with threaded end
- stainless steel nut
- screw anchor including synthetic plug.

Safety chain / Fixing B 12.1

Consisting of:
- safety chain, length 500 to 1000 mm
- screw anchor including synthetic plug.

Safety chain / Fixing B 12.2

Contrary to sketch, this fixing system is supplied for installation following location of
gratings and consists of:
- 2 straps out of flat material placed above bearing bar,
- 2 chains, length approx. 700 mm
- 2 screw anchors.

Socket spanner lock / fixing B 13.1 with square 7

Including facing brackets. Type B 13.1 available to use from above or beneath
(sketch: lockable from above)
Socket spanner lock / fixing B 13.2 with square 8
Including facing brackets (also for heavy-duty gratings). This type can be supplied in
galvanised steel or stainless steel
Socket spanner lock / fixing B 13.3 with square 8
Can be screwed to grating afterwards. Suitable for gratings with a pitch of 33,33 mm
and heights of 25, 30 and 40 mm.

Special socket spanner B 14.1

with inside square for socket spanner lock no. 13.1 with square 7.

Special socket spanner B 14.2

with inside square for socket spanner lock no. 13.2 and 13.3 with square 8.

Hinge B 15
Consisting of:
- 2 hinge flaps and 1 hinge bolt
- U-plate
- 2 split-pins.

A reinforced hinge will be used for gratings for vehicle traffic. The hinges are welded
flush to the gratings at an aperture angle of approximately 90°. A bigger aperture
angle can overstretch the hinge.

35
 P Façade gratings
Lichtgitter façade gratings give life to
the appearances of office buildings.
Using gratings as decorative elements
incorporated in complete architectural
concepts are desirable design alter-
natives. Lichtgitter offers façade gra-
tings in many colours and shapes. We
offer a fitted façade grating for every re-
quirement and project.
Lichtgitter façade gratings form a mod-
ern and versatile construction element
and fulfil various functions:

● Sun protection in order to avoid rays

from direct sunlight. The sun protec-
tion effect depends on the height of
the gratings, the pitch of the bars
that run parallel to the façade and
the angle of the sunlight.

● Walkways for window and façade

cleaning as well as other exterior
work.

● Escape routes in case of fire hazard

and other emergency situations.

● Decorative effect
Façade gratings offer design alter-
natives for all types of modern ar-
chitectural applications and create
a decorative and interesting appear-
ance. Façade gratings are resistant ● Simple erection ● Types of façade gratings
to corrosion because of specific Lichtgitter façade gratings can be Façade gratings are mainly pro-
pre-treatment. They require no stretched from cantilever to canti- duced as pressure-locked gratings.
maintenance, are economical and lever or from building to beam op- They are made of aluminum or steel.
versatile. posite. The distance between two Depending on the material, the sur-
For these reasons our gratings often cantilevers should ideally not ex- face finish can be anodised, galvan-
form an essential element in buil- ceed 2400 mm. This is to be con- ized, plastic-laminated, baked
ding construction. sidered during erection. painted or self-coloured.

36
 P Ceiling Patterns
Lichtgitter ceiling patterns, in aluminum required, lighting rows or other lamps
or other materials, offer an economical ● Attractive shapes: These provide can be placed above ceiling pattern.

Special Gratings
and decorative finish wherever halls, many new interior design possibili-
assembly rooms or other places of any ties for architects. Cables and other supply pipes, heating,
size are decorated in a modern way. air conditioning and acoustic absorp-
Lichtgitter ceiling patterns are distin- ● Rich range of colours and surfaces: tion equipment can be usefully installed
guished by the following features: Lichtgitter ceiling patterns can be between room ceiling and ceiling pat-
supplied unfinished, coloured, an- tern. They are invisible, but easily ac-
● Venting property: Air can circulate odised, baked painted or plastic- cessible for repair or maintenance.
unconstrained and the whole room laminated in all RAL-colours.
can be ventilated and/or air-condi-
tioned. Ceiling patterns can be used as insert
ceilings with decorative and functional
● Light transmittance: An optimal anti- features in any room. They can be laid
glare room-illumination is achieved out seamlessly or endlessly one after
by an advantageous dispersion of all another.
reflexions. When indirect anti-glare lighting is

● Dust: Dirt cannot accumulate.

Therefore, maintenance is not ne- Types Heights Heights
cessary. of of
bearing bars cross bars pitch
● Acoustic absorption: Acoustic
waves are broken and, therefore,
30 mm 30 mm ca. 33 x 33 mm
noise levels are reduced.

● Lightweight: No overload of ceiling

construction.
60 mm 60 mm ca. 33 x 66 mm
● No electrostatic charging.

● Lichtgitter ceiling patterns do not

create any fire hazard.
60 mm 60 mm ca. 66 x 66 mm

Endlessly/seamlessly fixed ceiling

patterns

One possible suspension

37
 P Convector Covers
More and more new buildings, or mod- Panels and covers for radiators, heating Special types
ernised old buildings, are equipped with and ventilation trunks should not only let Pressure-locked gratings as architec-
air conditioning or under floor heating. air flow freely, but channel it in a speci- tural applications in different forms and
Radiators should either be covered to fic direction. They are also expected to types are also part of the production
height of windowsill, or floor openings prevent direct view of the convector. programme. Fencings, decoration, ele-
should be covered. These panels must Therefore, gratings with inclined cross ments for optical shelter and circulating
look attractive, but should not incur any bars are preferable. The standard pitch air diffusers are examples of the wide
additional maintenance costs, let air is 100 x 15 mm. range of applications. These pressure-
flow freely, but avoid a direct view of locked gratings can be produced with
the generally unattractive heating ele- Convector covers are made of alumi- cross bars angled at 45° as well as 15°.
ments. num or steel. Surfaces are finished ac-
cording to the customer’s choice.
Our heating and ventilating gratings ful-
fil these requirements perfectly. Standard gratings can be used accor-
Furthermore, they have the advantage ding to application.
of being tailor-made to any application.
Pressure-locked gratings with cross
Air flows, but view of the convector is pre- bars angled at 45°
vented.

Example A:
Convector cover with inclined cross
bars. On request, we supply cross bars
up to 1500 mm long for a grating size of
not more than 0,8 m2.

Example B:
Visual impression improved by raised
cross bars.

38
 B Perforated Metal Planks

Perf. Metal Planks

39
Floor of an intermediate storage hall

Working platform at a filling machine installation

Staircase with intermediate landing

40
 B Perforated Metal Planks
Perforated metal planks for pedestrian Perforated metal planks distinguish They are extensively used in all types of
traffic applications are the perfect com- themselves by providing a high level of work platforms, car wash facilities,
plement to our long established and slip resistance and secure step and ramps, façades etc. Furthermore, they
wellknown product range of industrial standing areas, thereby increasing the are employed for walkways and service
floorings. Perforated metal planks are overall level of safety in work areas. areas as well as large-surfaced protec-
cold-rolled to a channel profile and are A high hydrostatic stability and ease of tion panels for working areas that are
produced by CNC-controlled punching installation in particular, characterises beneath conveying systems.
and rolling machines. these gratings. Large spans can be
handled if properly sized, thus minimi-

Perf. Metal Planks

zing the use of substructures.

Stands in a soccer stadium

Work platform with perforated metal planks

41
 B Perforated Metal Planks
Production

, ● Perforated metal planks are produced from coils in different ● Necessary cutouts are made according to the data steered
materials. by a complete integrated data processing system.

● After an initial quality check has been carried out, coils are ● The cutouts are normally supplied complete with a binding
connected to CNC controlled production lines. Here the re- bar, having the same height as the perforated metal plank.
quired product surfaces are punched and stamped out and
the planks are then cut to size with the help of all relevant ● Perforated metal planks can be provided with welded kick
tooling. flats, supplied in accordance with the requirements of DIN
EN ISO 14122-3, where the upstand shall be at least 100 mm
● The indicated module „R“ (see note regarding different ty- above the tread area.
pes) should be kept during determination of length . Of cour-
se, deviating dimensions are possible, but include extra ● Galvanising according to German standard DIN EN ISO 1461
work during production. The production length of galvanised will be carried out at our galvanzing plant Verzinkerei Sulz
elements should not exceed 6000 mm. Thickness and pro- GmbH, which is a member of the Lichtgitter group.
duction lengths of planks are determined by the applied load
and material requested. ● Perforated metal planks can be supplied in lengths of 6000
mm, ex stock.
● The punched planks are formed to a C-profile through a CNC
controlled rolling technique.

Sewage plant

42
BZ
Perforated metal planks, type BZ, offer a high degree of slip resist-
ance due to their serrated surface. BZ gratings are used especial-
ly in areas where oil and grease would preclude the use of other
gratings.

Perf. Metal Planks

Perforated metal plank BZ

Materials Thickness of plank
Steel galvanised 2 and 2,5 mm
Stainless steel 1,5 and 2 mm
Aluminum 2 and 2,5 mm
Pre-treated on request
Module R 30 mm
Standard length L n x 30; n x 30 + 15; n x 30 - 15
Width B 120, 180, 240, 300, 360, 420, 480 mm
Height H 40, 50, 75 mm
Rim tu at least 10 mm

Special types of all perforated metal planks on request.

43
BP-Ü BN-O
Perforated metal planks, type BP-Ü, offer an impressive level Perforated metal planks, type BN-O, offer pedestrians with
of slip resistance and load-carrying capacity. normal shoes excellent levels of comfort, whilst maintaining
high slip resistance. The unique punched hole pattern also en-
sures excellent drainage.

C = depends on width
* hole 9 x 12 mm possible as well

Perforated metal plank BP-Ü Perforated metal plank BN-O

Materials Thickness of plank Materials Thickness of plank
Steel galvanised 2 and 2,5 mm Steel galvanised 2 and 2,5 mm
Stainless steel 1,5 and 2 mm Stainless steel 1,5 and 2 mm
Aluminum 2 and 2,5 mm Aluminum 2 and 2,5 mm
Pre-treated on request Pre-treated on request
Module R 125 mm
Module R 62,5 mm
Standard length L preferably n x R
Standard length L preferably n x R
Width B 150, 200, 250, 300, 400 mm
Height H 50, 75, 100 mm Width B 150, 200, 250, 300* mm
Rim tu at least 10 mm Height H 30, 50, 75, 100 mm
Rim tu at least 10 mm

We recommend using fixing no. 24 at intersection.

* take note of plank thickness

44
BN-G BR
Perforated metal planks, type BN-G, are used where there is no Perforated metal planks, type BR, are particularly suitable for
drainage issue. They are also suitable for pedestrian traffic. areas of concentrated loads on small contact areas
(e.g. vehicle traffic).

Perf. Metal Planks

C = depends on width
* hole 9 x 12 mm possible as well

Perforated Metal Plankt BN-G Perforated metal plank BR

Materials Thickness of plank Materials Thickness of plank
Steel galvanised 2 and 2,5 mm Steel galvanised 2 and 2,5 mm
Stainless steel 1,5 and 2 mm Stainless steel 1,5 and 2 mm
Aluminum 2 and 2,5 mm Aluminum 2 and 2,5 mm
Pre-treated on request Pre-treated on request

Module R 62,5 mm Module R 125 mm

Standard length L preferably n x R Standard length L preferable n x R
Width B 150, 200, 250*, 300* mm Width B 150, 200, 250, 300 mm
Height H 30, 50, 75, 100 mm Height H 30, 50, 75, 100 mm
Rim tu at least 10 mm Rim tu at least 10 mm
We recommend using fixing no. 24 at intersection.
* take note of plank thickness

45
BP BR Loadtable
The table indicates the distributed load „Fv“ in kN/m2 and the deflection „f“ in cm. Material S 235 JR ( ^= St 37-2).

Type approx. span in mm

load/
gal. weight
BP / BR kg/m2 deflection

9,65

* = Key to symbols

Fv = uniformly distributed load (UDL) 1kN = 1000 N = approx. 100 kg

in kN/m2

f = deflection in cm at Last Fv

46
span in mm Data

Material stress (permissible tension):

16 kN/cm2 (Material S235JR ^= St 37-2)

Safety factor to yield point: 1,5

Perf. Metal Planks

Safety factor to breaking limit: 2,05

The perforated metal plank support should provide a

bearing distance at each end of at least 30 mm. Un-
der working conditions the perforated metal plank
support should be at least 25 mm. Deviations may be
permitted, providing suitable measures are taken to
prevent excessive movement away from the sup-
ports (see instruction sheet BDI 588).

Pedestrian traffic

Yellow: Perforated metal planks manufactured in

accordance with the requirements of instruction
sheet BGI 588 of the Berufsgenossenschaft profes-
sional association and to quality instructions RAL-
GZ 639, are considered suitable for pedestrian traf-
fic when they meet the following design criteria:
The maximum permissible deflection ‘f’, does not
exceed 1/200th of the span ‘L’ or 4 mm whichever is
the lesser, under a concentrated load of 1,5 kN ap-
plied in the most unfavourable position, over a con-
centrated load area of 200 x 200 mm.

Green: The maximum permissible deflection ‘f’,

does not exceed 1/200th of the span ‘L’, under a
concentrated load of 1,5 kN applied in the most un-
favourable position, over a concentrated load area
of 200 x 200 mm.

Blue: The maximum permissible deflection ‘f’, does

not exceed 1/200th of the span ‘L’, under a uniformly
distributed load of 5 kN/m2.

Multiplication factor for other materials

Material load deflection

Stainless steel 1.4301 0,82 0,84

Stainless steel 1.4571 0,88 0,90
Aluminum AlMg 3 G 22 0,54 1,61

Larger spans are possible.

47
BP BR Loadtable
The table indicates distributed load „Fv“ in kN/m2 and the deflection „f“ in cm. Material S 235 JR ( ^= St 37-2).

Type approx. load/

span in mm
gal. weight
BP / BR deflection
kg/m2

* = Key to symbols

Fv = uniformly distributed load (UDL)

in kN/m2 1 kN = 1000 N = approx. 100 kg

f = deflection in cm at load Fv

48
span in mm Data

Material stress (permissible tension):

16 kN/cm2 (Material S235JR ^= St 37-2)

Safety factor to yield point: 1,5

Perf. Metal Planks

Safety factor to breaking limit: 2,05

The perforated metal plank support should provide a

bearing distance at each end of at least 30 mm. Un-
der working conditions the perforated metal plank
support should be at least 25 mm. Deviations may
be permitted, providing suitable measures are taken
to prevent excessive movement away from the sup-
ports (see instruction sheet BDI 588).

Pedestrian traffic

Yellow: Perforated metal planks manufactured in

accordance with the requirements of instruction
sheet BGI 588 of the Berufsgenossenschaft pro-
fessional association and to quality instructions
RAL-GZ 639, are considered suitable for pedestri-
an traffic when they meet the following design cri-
teria:
The maximum permissible deflection ‘f’, does not
exceed 1/200th of the span ‘L’ or 4 mm whichever
is the lesser, under a concentrated load of 1,5 kN
applied in the most unfavourable position, over a
concentrated load area of 200 x 200 mm.

Green: The maximum permissible deflection ‘f’,

does not exceed 1/200th of the span ‘L’, under a
concentrated load of 1,5 kN applied in the most
unfavourable position, over a concentrated load
area of 200 x 200 mm.

Blue: The maximum permissible deflection ‘f’,

does not exceed 1/200th of the span ‘L’, under a
uniformly distributed load of 5 kN/m2.

Multiplication factor for other materials

Material load deflection

Stainless steel 1.4301 0,82 0,84

Stainless steel 1.4571 0,88 0,90
Aluminum AlMg 3 G 22 0,54 1,61

Larger spans are possible.

49
 BN-G Loadtable
The table indicates distributed load „Fv“ in kN/m2 and the deflection „f“ in cm . Material S 235 JR ( ^= St 37-2).

approx.
span in mm
Type load/
gal. weight
BN-G deflection
kg/m2

* = Key to symbols

Fv = uniformly distributed load (UDL) 1 kN = 1000 N = approx. 100 kg

in kN/m2

f = deflection in cm at load Fv

50
 BN-O Multiplication Factors See Below

span in mm Data

Material stress (permissible tension):

16 kN/cm2 (Material S235JR ^= St 37-2)

Safety factor to yield point:: 1,5

Perf.Metal Planks
Safety factor to breaking limit: 2,05

The perforated metal plank support should provide a

bearing distance at each end of at least 30 mm. Under
working conditions the perforated metal plank sup-
port should be at least 25 mm. Deviations may be per-
mitted, providing suitable measures are taken to pre-
vent excessive movement away from the supports
(see instruction sheet BDI 588).

Pedestrian traffic
Yellow: Perforated metal planks manufactured in
accordance with the requirements of instruction
sheet BGI 588 of the Berufsgenossenschaft pro-
fessional association and to quality instructions
RAL-GZ 639, are considered suitable for pedestri-
an traffic when they meet the following design cri-
teria:
The maximum permissible deflection ‘f’, does not
exceed 1/200th of the span ‘L’ or 4 mm whichever
is the lesser, under a concentrated load of 1,5 kN
applied in the most unfavourable position, over a
concentrated load area of 200 x 200 mm.

Green: The maximum permissible deflection ‘f’,

does not exceed 1/200th of the span ‘L’, under a
concentrated load of 1,5 kN applied in the most
unfavourable position, over a concentrated load
area of 200 x 200 mm.

Blue: The maximum permissible deflection ‘f’,

does not exceed 1/200th of the span ‘L’, under a
uniformly distributed load of 5 kN/m2.

Multiplication factor for other materials

8,6 Material load deflection

Stainless steel 1.4301 0,82 0,84

Stainless steel 1.4571 0,88 0,90
Aluminum AlMg 3 G 22 0,54 1,61

Multiplication factor for type BN-O

Larger spans are possible The appropriate loads may be determined by

using multiplication factors ranging between 0,86
(for 150/30/2) and 0,73 (for 250/100/3) depending
on the plank type considered.The corresponding
deflections under load may be determined by
using multiplication factors ranging between 1,34
and 1,41.

51
BZ Loadtable
The table indicates distributed load „Fv“ in kN/m2 and the deflection „f“ in cm. Material S 235 JR (^= ST 37-2).

approx. span in mm
Type load/
gal. weight deflection
BZ
kg/m2

* = Key to symbols

Fv = uniformly distributed load (UDL) 1 kN = 1000 N = approx. 100 kg

in kN/m2

f = deflection in cm at load Fv

52
span in mm Data

Material stress (permissible tension):

16 kN/cm2 (Material S235JR ^= St 37-2)

Safety factor to yield point: 1,5

Perf. Metal Planks

Safety factor to breaking point:: 2,05

The perforated metal plank support should provide

a bearing distance at each end of at least 30 mm.
Under working conditions the perforated metal
plank support should be at least 25 mm. Deviations
may be permitted, providing suitable measures are
taken to prevent excessive movement away from
the supports (see instruction sheet BDI 588).

Pedestrian traffic

Yellow: Perforated metal planks manufactured in

accordance with the requirements of instruction
sheet BGI 588 of the Berufsgenossenschaft profes-
sional association and to quality instructions RAL-
GZ 639, are considered suitable for pedestrian traf-
fic when they meet the following design criteria:
The maximum permissible deflection ‘f’, does not
exceed 1/200th of the span ‘L’ or 4 mm whichever
is the lesser, under a concentrated load of 1,5 kN
applied in the most unfavourable position, over a
concentrated load area of 200 x 200 mm.

Green: The maximum permissible deflection ‘f’,

does not exceed 1/200th of the span ‘L’, under a
concentrated load of 1,5 kN applied in the most
unfavourable position, over a concentrated load
area of 200 x 200 mm.

Blue: The maximum permissible deflection ‘f’,

does not exceed 1/200th of the span ‘L’, under a
uniformly distributed load of 5 kN/m2.

Multiplication factor for other materials

Material load deflection

Stainless steel 1.4301 0,82 0,84

Stainless steel 1.4571 0,88 0,90
Aluminum AlMg 3 G 22 0,54 1,61
Larger spans are possible.

53
BZ Loadtable
The table indicates distributed load „Fv“ in kN/m2 and the deflection „f“ in cm. Material S 235 JR ( ^= St 37-2).

Type approx.
load/ span in mm
gal. weight
BZ deflection
kg/m2

* = Key to symbols

Fv = uniformly distributed load (UDL) 1 kN = 1000 N = approx. 100 kg

in kN/m2

f = deflection in cm at load Fv

54
 span in mm Data

Material stress (permissible tension):

16 kN/cm2 (Material S235JR ^= St 37-2)

Safety factor to yield point: 1,5

Perf. Metal Planks

Safety factor to breaking limit: 2,05

The perforated metal plank support should provide a

bearing distance at each end of at least 30 mm. Un-
der working conditions the perforated metal plank
support should be at least 25 mm. Deviations may be
permitted, providing suitable measures are taken to
prevent excessive movement away from the supports
(see instruction sheet BDI 588).

Pedestrian traffic

Yellow: Perforated metal planks manufactured in

accordance with the requirements of instruction
sheet BGI 588 of the Berufsgenossenschaft profes-
sional association and to quality instructions RAL-
GZ 639, are considered suitable for pedestrian traf-
fic when they meet the following design criteria:
The maximum permissible deflection ‘f’, does not
exceed 1/200th of the span ‘L’ or 4 mm whichever is
the lesser, under a concentrated load of 1,5 kN ap-
plied in the most unfavourable position, over a
concentrated load area of 200 x 200 mm.
1,7
Green: The maximum permissible deflection ‘f’,
does not exceed 1/200th of the span ‘L’, under a
concentrated load of 1,5 kN applied in the most
unfavourable position, over a concentrated load
area of 200 x 200 mm.

Blue: The maximum permissible deflection ‘f’, does

not exceed 1/200th of the span ‘L’, under a uniform-
ly distributed load of 5 kN/m2.

Multiplication factor for other materials

Material load deflection

Stainless steel 1.4301 0,82 0,84

Stainless steel 1.4571 0,88 0,90
Aluminum AlMg 3 G 22 0,54 1,61

Larger spans are possible.

55
BP BR BZ Loadtable for concentrated loads
The table indicates possible concentrated load „Fp“ in kN and the deflection „f“ in cm. Material S 235 JR ( ^= St 37-2).
Contact area 200 x 200 mm. Max. concentrated load in direction „B“ is to be considered.

Type approx. load/

span in mm
gal. weight
kg/m2 deflection

1 kN = 1000 N = approx. 100 kg

Multiplication factor for load table
B load deflection
120 1,65 1,00
150 1,35 1,00
180 1,10 1,00
200 1,00 1,00
240 1,00 1,00
250 1,00 1,00
300 1,00 1,00
360 1,00 1,00
420 1,00 1,00
480 1,00 1,00

56
 span in mm
* = Key to symbols

Fp = value of concentrated load in kN when

uniformly distributed over a concentrated
load area of 200 x 200 mm
f = deflection in cm at load Fp

Perf. Metal Planks

Material stress (permissible load):
16 kN/cm2 (Material S235JR ^= St 37-2)

Safety factor to yield point: 1,5

Safety factor to breaking limit: 2,05

The perforated metal plank support should provide

a bearing distance at each end of at least 30 mm.
Under working conditions the perforated metal
plank support should be at least 25 mm. Deviations
may be permitted, providing suitable measures are
taken to prevent excessive movement away from
the supports (see instruction sheet BDI 588).

Pedestrian traffic
Yellow: Perforated metal planks manufactured in
accordance with the requirements of instruction
sheet BGI 588 of the Berufsgenossenschaft pro-
fessional association and to quality instructions
RAL-GZ 639, are considered suitable for pedestri-
an traffic when they meet the following design cri-
teria:
The maximum permissible deflection ‘f’, does not
exceed 1/200th of the span ‘L’ or 4 mm whichever
is the lesser, under a concentrated load of 1,5 kN
applied in the most unfavourable position, over a
concentrated load area of 200 x 200 mm.

Multiplication factor for other materials

Material load deflection

Stainless steel 1.4301 0,81 0,95

Larger spans are possible. Stainless steel 1.4571 0,87 0,95
Aluminum AlMg 3 G 22 0,54 1,60
Max. possible concentrated load over a contact area of 200 x 200 mm
in kN in direction „B“
Concentrated loads BN-O and BN-G
B Type BP Type BR Type BZ
2 mm thick 2,5 mm thick 2 mm thick 2,5 mm thick 2 mm thick 2,5 mm thick Limited concentrated loads for BN-O and BN-G
120 29,80 33,25 see pages 50/51. The end of the yellow region indi-
150 8,05 10,65 16,30 20,25
cates a concentrated load of 1,5 kN in a contact
180 7,40 8,25
area of 200 x 200 mm at a max. deflection „f“ of
200 4,00 5,30 8,10 10,10
4 mm. The end of the green region indicates a
240 4,20 4,70
concentrated load of 1,5 kN in a contact area of
250 2,65 3,55 5,40 6,75
300 2,00 2,65 2,85 3,25 200 x 200 mm, whereby the deflection „f“ is
360 2,25 2,55 < L/200.
420 1,80 2,05
480 1,55 1,70

57
 B Treads
Standard and tailor-made perforated metal plank treads are fa- The optimal level of safety may be achieved by supplying
bricated using the same patterns as used for the landings in treads complete with a serrated nosing.
oder to ensure the complete staircase has a homogeneous ap-
Treads can also be produced in stainless steel quality 1.4301
pearance (Requirements for steel stairs - see page 19).
and 1.4571, as well as in aluminum AlMg 3 G 22.

Standard treads

Dimensions Type
600 x 250 mm BP
700 x 250 mm BP
800 x 250 mm BP
900 x 250 mm BP
1000 x 250 mm BP

Upon request, we can supply fixings for treads consisting

of:
- hexagon screw M 12 x 35, DIN EN 24018
- hexagon nut M 12, DIN EN 24034
- washer A 14, DIN 7989.

Tailor-made treads

Perf.Metal Plank type Dimension Size ‘d’

BN-O / BN-G 240 / 50 / 2 600 x 240 mm 120 mm

BN-O / BN-G 240 / 75 / 2 800 x 240 mm 120 mm
BN-O / BN-G 240 / 75 / 2 1000 x 240 mm 120 mm
BN-O / BN-G 240 / 75 / 2 1200 x 240 mm 120 mm
BN-O / BN-G 270 / 50 / 2,5 600 x 270 mm 150 mm
BN-O / BN-G 270 / 50 / 2,5 800 x 270 mm 150 mm
BN-O / BN-G 270 / 75 / 2,5 1000 x 270 mm 150 mm
BN-O / BN-G 270 / 75 / 2,5 1200 x 270 mm 150 mm
BN-O / BN-G 300 / 50 / 2,5 600 x 300 mm 180 mm
BN-O / BN-G 300 / 50 / 2,5 800 x 300 mm 180 mm
BN-O / BN-G 300 / 75 / 2,5 1000 x 300 mm 180 mm
BN-O / BN-G 300 / 75 / 2,5 1200 x 300 mm 180 mm

BP 300 / 50 / 2 600 x 300 mm 180 mm

BP 300 / 50 / 2 800 x 300 mm 180 mm
BP 300 / 75 / 2 1000 x 300 mm 180 mm
BP 300 / 75 / 2 1200 x 300 mm 180 mm

BZ 240 / 50 / 2 600 x 240 mm 120 mm

BZ 240 / 75 / 2 800 x 240 mm 120 mm
BZ 240 / 75 / 2 1000 x 240 mm 120 mm
BZ 240 / 75 / 2 1200 x 240 mm 120 mm
BZ 270 / 50 / 2,5 600 x 270 mm 150 mm
BZ 270 / 50 / 2,5 800 x 270 mm 150 mm
BZ 270 / 75 / 2,5 1000 x 270 mm 150 mm
Tailor-made treads are produced with serrated nosing upon BZ 270 / 75 / 2,5 1200 x 270 mm 150 mm
request. Depending on the perforated metal type required, BZ 300 / 50 / 2,5 600 x 300 mm 180 mm
preferred widths (dimension B) are 150 mm, 200 mm, 240 mm BZ 300 / 50 / 2,5 800 x 300 mm 180 mm
250 mm and 300 mm. The required position of fixing holes (di- BZ 300 / 75 / 2,5 1000 x 300 mm 180 mm
mension d), should be indicated separately. BZ 300 / 75 / 2,5 1200 x 300 mm 180 mm

Other dimensions on request

58
 LSP Ladder Rungs
Permanently fixed vertical ladders made These rungs can be fixed over the round susceptible to dirt accumulation and of-
out of steel, are often used in iron and rungs of existing ladders and welded la- fers a very good level of safety, even
steel making plants, rolling mills, mining, terally to either a cross member or steel during extreme working conditions.
the chemical industry, power plants and angle. For fitting to ladders with 25 mm Thus, the essential safety requirements
many other fields where good tread sa- dia. rungs, type LSP 35 special rungs are fulfilled.
fety on rungs is specifically required. are recommended.
For new ladders, we would recommend Ladder rungs are supplied in a standard
In order to ensure this level of safety on the supply of special rung types LSP finish (self coloured), but an additional
tread surfaces, special slip resistant 50G and LSP 50R. surface treatment can be provided upon

Perf. Metal Planks

ladder rungs can be supplied to suit request.
most applications. The surface structure of all our special
ladder rungs is serrated, although not

Ladder rungs LSP 25 LSP 25

Description: 800/25/39/2 mm
Materials: Steel
Stainless steel 1.4301
Stainless steel 1.4571
Aluminum AlMg 3 G 22
Length: 800 mm
Surface: self-coloured

Ladder rungs LSP 35 LSP 35

Description: 2000/35/34/2 mm
Materials: Steel
Stainless steel 1.4301
Stainless steel 1.4571
Aluminum AlMg 3 G 22
Length: 2000 mm
Surface: self-coloured

Ladder rungs LSP 50 LSP 50 R

Description: 2000/50/39/2 mm
Materials: Steel
Stainless steel 1.4301
Stainless steel 1.4571
Aluminum AlMg 3 G 22
Length: 2000 mm
Surface: self-coloured
Center of rung
LSP 50 G 497/50/39/2 mm
with straight ends
LSP 50 R 485/50/39/2 mm
with round ends
suitable for tube
ø 48,3 mm

Regarding the use of ladder rungs ty-

pe LSP 50 we refer to the standard EN
ISO 14122, part 4: Permanent steplad-
ders.

59
 B Fixings for Perforated Metal Planks
We recommend our specially de- By screwing together perforated metal Notice
veloped Lichtgitter fixings for all types of planks (if possible, at every 500 mm cent- The clamp upper part with BZ-gratings is
perforated metal planks and underside res, see fixing no. 27,28 & 29), stumbling an „olive“. For all other types no special
support. edges are avoided and a greater level of upper part is necessary.
load distribution is achieved. Fixings are To avoid deflection at the intersection of
Perforated metal planks should be pre- supplied loose with perforated metal perforated metal planks, the use of thrust
vented from lifting up and slipping off. planks and details relating to their connections no. 24 for types BN-G and
Every element having a width greater attachment can be found in „Arbeitsstät- BN-O are recommended.
than 300 mm should be attached from at ten-Verordnung“, §12: ‘Protection
least four points to the underside sup- against falling objects’. The fixing number plus indication of the
port, otherwise two fixings are sufficient. grating height and type of perforated me-
All fixings require service and should be tal plank, form the description and order
The under parts of fixings are adjusted to regularly inspected regarding their effi- number of the fixing. For example
suit the appropriate types of perforated ciency. The inspection intervals depend fixing no. B 21
metal plank and the different types of un- on operating conditions.The user may grating height 50
derside supports they may have. All scr- have to hand-screw fixings. We have fi- and type BP „P“
ews and nuts are either supplied in xing material in galvanized execution on form order no. B 2150 P.
stainless steel, or like all other fixing stock.
parts, supplied centrifugally galvanised Therefore, all fixing materials are exclu-
to DIN 267, page 10. ded from legal warranty.

No. 21 Standard fixing

clamp connection, consisting of:
- under part
- flat headed screw M 8 x ... ISO 2009 (DIN 963)
- square nut M 8 DIN 557
- and for BZ-gratings additionally with „olive“

This fixing is suitable for the types BR, BP, BP-Ü, BZ and BN-O.

In case of order grating type and grating height have to be mentioned.

No. 22 Hook screw-fixing

for perforated metal planks on vertical support profiles without bottom flange,
consisting of:
- under part
- flat head screw M 8 ....ISO 2009 (DIN 963)
- and for BZ-gratings additionally with „olive“
profile of underside support must be indicated upon order.

No. 23 as per no. 22, but vertical support profiles with bottom flange.
This fixing is suitable for the types BR, BP, BP-Ü, BZ and BN-O.

No. 24 Thrust connection

avoids stumbling edges at intersection and enables an attachment to underside sup-
port. Consisting of:
- U-Profile
- flat head screw M 8 x ...ISO 2009 (DIN 963)
alternatively: tapping flat-headed screw acc. to ISO 7050 (DIN 7982)
- washer 9 DIN 126
- nut M 8 ISO 7042 (DIN 980), self-locking.
This fixing is suitable for the types BN-O and BN-G. Necessary boring in the perforated
metal plank BN-G has to be done at site.

No. 32 Olive
Fixing upper part for BZ-perforated metal planks.
Material grey cast iron without surface treatment or made of synthetic PA 6.6.

60
No. 25 S-Clamp
is a clamp connection consisting of:
- S-hook (suitable for underside support with a flange thickness of max. 9 mm)
- flat head screw M 8 x.... ISO 2009 (DIN 963)
- and for BZ-gratings additionally with „olive“.
This fixing is suitable for the types BR, BP, BP-Ü and BZ.

Fixings
No. 26 Direct screwing
forms a safe connection with underside support, consisting of:
- flat head screw M 8 x .... ISO 2009 (DIN 963)
- washer 9 DIN 126
- nut M 8 ISO 7042 (DIN 980), self-locking.
type BZ with „olive“.

This fixing is suitable for the types BR, BP, BP-Ü, BZ and BN-O.

No. 27 Element thrust connection

avoids stumbling edges and enhances load distribution on larger spans at unfixed
points.
Consisting of:
- connection part
- self-tapping screw D M 5 x 20 DIN 7516.

This fixing is suitable for the types BR, BP, BP-Ü, BZ, BN-O and BN-G.

No. 29 Screw connection

consisting of:
- screw M 8 x 20 ISO 4017 (DIN 933)
- washer 9 DIN 126 and nut M 8 ISO 7042 (DIN 980), self-locking.
This fixing is suitable for the types BR, BP, BP-Ü, BZ, BN-O and BN-G

No. 30 Fixing angle

avoids lifting off perforated metal planks.
Consisting of:
- piece of angle 30/30/3 ... 50 mm length
- 2 pieces self-tapping screws D M 5 x 20 DIN 7516.

This fixing is suitable for the types BR, BP, BP-Ü, BZ, BN-O and BN-G.

No. 31 Thrust flap

Suitable for connecting grating elements together at thrust and areas of restricted
load transmission.

The position of screws, washers and nuts are adjusted to line up with existing holes in
connections.

This fixing is suitable for the types BR, BP, BP-Ü, BZ, BN-O and BN-G.

61
BZ BP-Ü Walkway Elements
Walkway elements with hook fastening
(Patent no. DE 39 11 526 C2) are used as
a „travel way“ for underground applica-
tions (mining, etc.). The types used are
BZ (see page 43) as well as BP-Ü (see
page 44).

-
Hook fastening

The major advantages of this patent

protected hook fastening are:
● easy cleaning
● no stumbling edges at connecting
parts, either from inclination or un-
even levels
● reduction in labour requirement du-
Adaptive elements at floor unevennesses ring installation of the single ele-
ments, „travel ways“ no longer need
to be screwed, but can be connec-
ted to each other by using hook fa-
stenings
● no separate unfastening of ele-
ments; minor radii at uneven floors
may be compensated for, by using
hook fastenings
● simple replacement of walkway
elements in case of repair
● no corrosion at welding points be-
cause of galvanising according to
DIN EN ISO 1461
● straight walkways can be compli-
mented with curved and T-pieces to
provide a complete system
● serration inspected by BIA
● immediate delivery ex stock

The following dimensions and types can

be delivered ex stock.

Walkway elements for mining

3000 / 400 / 50 / 2 type BZ
3000 / 350 / 50 / 2 type BP-Ü
3000 / 400 / 50 / 2 type BP-Ü.

Walkway elements with laterally wel-

ded anchor flaps can be fabricated,
upon request.

„travel way" underground

62
 B Perforated Metal Planks designed for Sprinkler Systems

In order to meet specific fire protection These products have been inspected by As results of the fire tests show, the in-
regulations in multi-floor towers and/or the Insurance Association „Sachversi- stallation of ceilings made out of perfo-
buildings with closed ceilings, sprinkler cherer e.V. (VdS)“ with regard to the re- rated metal planks, does not negatively
systems should be supplied. quirements for permitted sprinkler sy- affect fire fighting activities. Temperatu-
However, by installing perforated metal stems in buildings and towers. It is a re distribution and warning signs remain
planks as ceilings in areas above lan- particular requirement that the distance virtually unchanged when perforated
dings, walkways and platforms, it beco- between the sprinkler plate and the tops metal planks are used.
mes unnecessary to have to provide ad- of perforated metal planks, be at least
ditional sprinkler systems on every floor. 500 mm. Test have shown that the installation of

Spec. Applications
type BR 250/50/2 perforated metal plank
In these cases perforated metal planks For safety reasons, the covering of per- provides a shorter response time than
of the following types can be used. forated metal planks with materials or tests carried out where closed ceilings
other items is not allowed. The test re- have been installed. The accreditation
sults show that Lichtgitter perforated given by the Insurance Association,
BZ metal planks perform exceptionally well
in fire extinguishing situations.
‘Sachversicherer e.V.’, guarantees full
insurance cover in case of damage,
without having to go to the additional
BP A shorter response time and access to expense of complying with any con-
each individual floor, is provided for struction precautions levied, or other in-
sprinkler systems having favourable surance preconditions.
BR water distribution in areas having suita-
ble perforated metal planks. Homoge-
neous water distribution supports the fi-
re extinguishing process within the af-
fected building.

Perforated metal planks, specifically designed for sprinkler systems in buildings with several floors

63
 BP BR Perforated Metal Planks as Protection Panels
Protection panels made from perforated Loads greater than 1,5 kN produced by
metal planks can be used with particu- conveyor systems or other aggregates
larly good results below conveyor belt are imposed directly upon the steel sup-
systems for the automotive industry. porting structure by using a specially
The design and technical finish of the developed adapter (see sketch below)
protection panels are produced to serve with elongated holes and distance
as an alternative to the well-known wire tubes.
gratings.
It is possible to change aggregates
One of the many advantages is that without making new cutouts into the co-
greater loads can be carried. For ex- vering. All work can be done from abo-
ample, the elements are delivered pre- ve, without the requirement for scaffol-
treated, in dimensions of 3000 x 1000 ding, shortening the installation time
mm. By providing a notch in the support significantly.
area, the elements will not slip in the di-
rection of span, even when not fixed do-
wn.

This type is protected by patent;

patent n° 198 18 133

64
 T Spiral Staircases

Spiral Staircases

65
 T Spiral Staircase „LG Standard“
Lichtgitter have developed two systems of spiral staircase to
suit specific constructive and static requirements. Type „LG
Standard“ (diameter of staircase in three standard sizes) and
type „LG Special“ (diameter of staircase is variable up to 2700
mm).

Spiral staircases type „LG Standard“

in galvanised finish are produced in a building-block system
with a diameter of 1600, 1800 and 2000 mm (max. diameter of
staircases).

Spiral staircases „LG Standard“ are particularly easy to self-

assemble.

Stairs and handrailing elements of different stair angles (stairs/

spiral) can be used with this type of construction.

We can offer these staircases at reasonable prices and with

short delivery terms due to the availability of standard sizes.

Calculations are carried out to determine the design require-

ments for staircases, by considering a uniformly distributed lo-
ad of either 3,5 kN/sq.m., or a concentrated load of 1,5 kN ap-
plied over an area of 100 x 100 mm from the leading edge of the
nosing, at a distance of 100 mm from the outside line of the
stair. Spiral staircase systems provided by Lichtgitter have be-
en inspected by the appropriate department of the German Mi-
nistry (see test report ‘11 B 6-543-206’ dated 09.11.1995).

Tread widths are supplied in accordance with the German

Standard DIN 18065.

66
 T Spiral Staircase „LG Standard“
Spiral staircase Details of handrailing
(turned right)

Spiral Staircases
Stair tread type
SP-grating

a = 16 treads / spiral
b = 18 treads / spiral
c = 20 treads / spiral

Fixing for treads

67
 T Spiral Staircase „LG Standard“

Necessary data for spiral staircases type „LG Standard“

One complete spiral staircase in galvanised finish

Diameter of the staircase (D) ø ____________ mm

Total height FF to FF (H) ____________ mm

Rise of steps ____________ mm

Height of hand railing ____________ mm

Number of stairtreads ____________ pce

Landing at exit dimension: ___________________ ____________ pce

(if possible please add your sketch)

Intermediate landing dimension: ___________________ ____________ pce

Grating type SP 225 - 34/38 - 3 (Standard)

Basic tube ø ____________ mm

including foot plate 200 x 200 x 8
and blind riveting nut, acc. to slope of stair tread linkage,
one piece per stair tread
concrete base level to finished floor level (B) ____________ mm

Specification for guarding: Handrail fabricated out of 33,7 mm O.D. x 2,6 mm w.t. CHS, complete with fixing brackets.
Each tread is supplied with a 30 x 30 x 2 mm special profile newel, complete with a slot on one
side to faciliate fixing a screw at the tread position. Each newel has a shaped 12 mm diameter
round bar welded to either one or both sides in order to reduce the maximum clear space bet-
ween newels to either 120 mm or 180 mm.

68
 T Guide for planning of Spiral Staircases

15 Treads / Spiral

ø 1500 - 1800 mm
Width of treads 225 - 270 mm

16 Treads / Spiral

ø 1700 - 2000 mm
Width of treads 235 - 280 mm

Spiral Staircases
18 Treads / Spiral

ø 1900 - 2200 mm
Width of treads 235 - 270 mm

20 Treads / Spiral

ø 2100 - 2400 mm
Width of treads 235 - 270 mm

22 Treads / Spiral

ø 2300 - 2500 mm
Width of treads 230 - 250 mm

Landings - Examples of Layout

Stair turned left Stair turned right Stair turned left or right

69
 T Spiral Staircase „LG Special“
Spiral staircases type „LG Special“

in galvanised finish are developed in modular system for self-

assembly. They are functional and reliable and suitable for
many types of application.

Spiral staircases type „LG Special“ are produced with a maxi-

mum diameter of 2700 mm.

For areas accessible to the general public, guarding systems

are fabricated with the maximum clear space distance bet-
ween rail stanchions of 120 mm, whereas for industrial areas
the maximum clear space distance is 180 mm.

The height of the handrail measured from the leading edge of

the tread to the top of the handrail, should not be less than 1000
mm, except where the total height of the stair exceeds 12 m
and then this distance should not be less than 1100 mm.

Calculations are carried out to determine the design require-

ments for staircases, by considering a uniformly distributed lo-
ad of either 3,5 kN/sq.m., or a concentrated load of 1,5 kN ap-
plied over an area of 100 x 100 mm from the leading edge of the
nosing, at a distance of 100 mm from the outside line of the
stair.

Tread widths are supplied in accordance with the German

Standard DIN 18065.

70
T Spiral Staircase „LG Special“

Spiral Staircases

71
 T Spiral Staircase„LG Special“
Spiral staircase Details of handrailing

Stair tread type

with serrated flat bar as nosing

Nosing m
ade of serrated fl
at bar

Necessary data for spiral staircases „LG Special“

One complete spiral staircase in galvanised finish

Diameter of the stair (D) ø ____________ mm
Total height FF to FF (H) ____________ mm
Rise of steps ____________ mm
Height of hand railing ____________ mm
Number of stairtreads ____________ pce
Landing at exit dimension: ___________________ ____________ pce
(if possible please add your sketch)
Intermediate landing(s) dimension: ___________________ ____________ pce
Grating type pressure-locked gratings or
forge-welded gratings type: ____________________
Basic tube including foot plate 300 x 300 x 10 ø ____________ mm
Concrete base level to finished level (B) ____________ mm
Specification for guarding: Handrail fabricated out of 33,7 mm O.D. x 2,6 mm w.t. CHS
Newel fabricated out of 21,3 mm O.D. x 2,3 mm w.t. CHS
Max. clear space ____________ mm
Including M10 screw x 30 mm long and nut

72
SP P B Serration

Serration

73
 SP P B Serration
Metal gratings having members without slip resistance required to suit a varying The Occupational Safety Authorities
serrated walking surfaces, generally range of adverse conditions, several ty- have determined criteria relating to ser-
have sufficient slip resistant properties pes of serrated top surfaces have been ration. Instruction sheet BGR 181 refers
for normal use in good environmental developed and are described below to:
conditions. However, in locations where
dirt, oil, grease, water or food increases - working locations with an increased
the risk of slipping, there is the require- SP Serration no. 1 and 11; danger of skidding,
ment for an improved slip resistant wal- - the inspection procedure to find cri-
king surface on floor coverings. This teria for serration and
can be achieved by supplying either Serration - the categories of the inspected floor
metal gratings with a series of notches P no. 2, 22, 3, 31, 32, 4 and 42; coverings.
or serrations in the top surfaces of bea-
ring bars and/or cross bars or perfora- Regarding the description of types, we
ted metal planks having a series of rai- Serrated qualities because would refer to pages 15 (SP), 25 (P) and
sed pattern punched holes in the top B of surface specification 43 to 45 (B).
surface.

In order to meet the different levels of

Grating XSP - type no. 1 / 11 Grating XP - type no. 2 Grating XP - type no. 22

Grating XP - type no. 3 / 31 Grating XP - type no. 32 Grating XP - type no. 4 / 42

Perforated metal plank - type BZ Perforated metal plank - type BP-Ü Perforated metal plank - type BN-O

74
 Extract of BGR 181
Working rooms and working Serration testing
areas where there is a potential
slipping hazard Lichtgitter gratings and perforated me-
tal planks have been tested by the Oc-
Floor coverings in working rooms and cupational Authorities and certificates
working areas are collated under diffe- confirming the test results are available
rent categories according to the relative upon request and are also published by
danger of skidding. the Occupational Authorities. In view of
this, we are entitled to use a special
This procedure is based upon pedestri- sign (BG-Zeichen) for the products men-
an traffic over the floor covering and te- tioned, to confirm our certification.
sted on an inclined level. This test Details of serration classes in terms of
proves whether or not the floor covering angles of inclination are shown in the
is suitable for a specific work room. following table.
Valuation categories for serration
The average angle of incline measure-
Total average value Valuation category
ment, decides the coordination of the
floor covering in one of the five serrati- from 3° to 10° R 9
on classes. The serration class provides more than 10° to 19° R 10
the scale for the degree of serration, more than 19° to 27° R 11
therefore, coverings with serration more than 27° to 35° R 12
class R 9 have the lowest and R 13 the more than 35° R 13
highest requirements for serration.

The displacement of the tested products

Serration
was certified in each case with V10.

Examples for necessary serration in working areas

Working rooms and areas Serration Displacement Working rooms and areas Serration Displacement
class class
Production of margarine, cooking fat, salad-oil Chemical and thermal treatment of
Production and packaging R 12 steel and metal
of margarine Tempering shop R 12
Production and packaging Laboratory rooms R 11
of cooking fat, bottling R 12 Workshops for maintenance of aircrafts
of salad-oil Airplane hangars R 11
Treatment of milk and manufacturing of cheese Shipyards halls R 12
Manufacturing, stocking R 11
Washing bays R 12 V4
and packaging of cheese
Installations for treatment of sewage
Slaughter and treatment of meat
Pump room R 12
Treatment of poultry R 12 V6
Rooms for installations of
Department of cold meat
sludge draining
and packaging R 12
Computer rooms R 12
Kitchens, dining rooms
Wet areas for production of
Kitchens for food-supply R 11
for residences, schools, food and beverage
kindergartens, hospitals Beverage filling R11
Reheating kitchens R 10 Fruit juice production
Stock cellar, fermentation R 10
cellar

75
 SP P B Serration
Test results of serration (test certificates are available)
Type Serration Surface Serration
Nr. (*) treatment class
Gratings out of steel
SP 330-34/38-3 galvanized R 11
P 330-33 -3 galvanized R 11
P 230-33/11-3 galvanized R 9
XSP 330-34/38-3 No. 11 galvanized R 11
XP 230-33/22-3 No. 2 galvanized R 13
XP 230-33/11-3 No. 2 galvanized R 12
XP 230-33 -3 No. 22 galvanized R 13
XP 330-33 -3 No. 22 galvanized R 12
XP 330-33/22-3 No. 22 galvanized R 12
XP 230-33 -3 No. 3 galvanized R 12
XP 330-33 -3 No. 3 galvanized R 12
XP 230-33 -3 No. 31 galvanized R 12
XP 330-33 -3 No. 31 galvanized R 12
XP 530-33 -5 No. 31 galvanized R 12
XP 330-44 -3 No. 31 galvanized R 12
XP 430-33 -4 No. 31 galvanized R 11
XP 230-33/11-3 No. 32 galvanized R 10
XP 230-33/11-3 No. 42 galvanized R 11
XP 530-33 -5 No. 42 galvanized R 11
XP 530-33/11-3 No. 42 galvanized R 10
XP 330-33 -3 No. 42 galvanized R 10
Gratings out of stainless steel
XP 225-33 -3 No. 3 pickled R 12
XP 225-33 -3 No. 31 pickled R 12
XP 225-25 -3 No. 31 pickled R 12
XP 325-25 -3 No. 31 pickled R 12
XP 325-33 -3 No. 31 pickled R 12
XP 525-25 -5 No. 31 pickled R 12
XP 525-33 -5 No. 31 pickled R 12
Gratings out of aluminium
XP 225-33 -3 No. 31 pickled R 13
XP 225-33 -3 No. 3 pickled R 13
XP 225-33/11-3 No. 42 pickled R 13
Perforated metal planks out of steel
BR 50/2 pre-galvanized R 11
BP 50/2 pre-galvanized R 11 * Notes regarding serration
BP-Ü 50/2 pre-galvanized R 13
BN-O 50/2 pre-galvanized R 11 Nr. 11: punching of bearing bars, cross
BZ 50/2 pre-galvanized R 13 bars twisted
BN-G 50/2 pre-galvanized R 9 Nr. 2: bearing bar not punched, peaked
BN-G 50/2 galv., sanded with quartz R 12 endless punching of cross bars
Perforated metal planks out of stainless steel Nr. 22: blunt punching of bearing bars and
BP 50/2 untreated R 11 cross bars
BN-O 50/2 untreated R 11 Nr. 3: half-round punching of bearing
BZ 50/2 untreated R 13 bars and cross bars
Nr. 31: endless half-round punching of
Perforated metal planks out of aluminium bearing bars and cross bars
BP 50/2 untreated R 11 Nr. 32: bearing bar not punched, endless
BN-O 50/2 untreated R 11 half-round punching of cross bars
BZ 50/2 untreated R 13 Nr. 4: bearing bar not punched, blunt
GRP Gratings endless punching of cross bars
GRP-BQ 638-38-6 sanded with quartz R 13 Nr. 42: bearing bar not punched, spikey
GRP-K 630-20-6 concave R 13 punching of cross bars
GRP-BK 38-38-6 sanded with corundum R 13
GRP-K 638-38-6 concave R 13
GRP closed corundum dispersion R 12
GRP 638-38-6 ground R 11 The displacement is always V 10

76
 SP P B Serration
Reduction of load bearing capacity on gratings
In order to increase levels of slip resistance, bars are serrated
by punching out material from the walking surface. Due to this
reduction in material, the load values stated in the load tables
for non serrated walking surfaces need to be reduced propor-
tionately. The load bearing capacity of serrated grating types
no. 1, no. 3 and no. 31 is reduced by approx. 24% for forge-wel-
ded gratings and pressure-locked gratings having 20 x 2 mm
bearing bars and by approx. 9% for 60 x 5 mm bearing bars,
compared to the values shown on pages 16 & 17 and 26 & 27.
At the reduced loading on 20 x 2 mm bearing bars, the deflec-
tion is approx.17% greater and on 60 x 5 mm bearing bars, it is
approx. 4% greater.

Walkways having inclines between 6° and 20°

The supply of standard gratings is recommended for walkways
to conveyors or similar installations, when they are inclined up
to 6°. Walkways inclined from 6° to 10° should be provided with
serrated gratings. At an angle of inclination between 10° and
20°, metal gratings should be supplied with an anti-slip metal
strip securely fixed to the top surface, at various pitches*, over
the whole length of the grating (e.g. U20/20/20/2.0). For angles
of incline in excess of 20°, stairs should be used.

Serration
* The pitch of anti-slip strips is to be determined from the for-
mula used for stair design, which is 600 ≤ g + 2 h ≤ 660, where g
= the stairtread ‘going’and h = the height determined from the
angle of incline.

ti-slip
the an
ce b e tween
Distan strips 0 mm) ting
400 or
50 the gra
33 0 , top of
(ca.
p strip
anti-sli

10 to 20°
incline

77
Surface treatment

The preferred surface treatment of At our head office in Stadtlohn we have emission values.
Lichtgitter products made out of steel is built a galvanising plant, which is in line
galvanising according to DIN EN ISO with the latest state of the art for the All remnants are re-used, the level of
1461. Having our own galvanising plants galvanising industry and thereby ensu- enery re-use is up to 96% due to heat
within the group, we are able to achieve res maximum environmental protection. recovery and being a captive system,
a high level of productivity, and therefo- the accumulation of dross is not a pro-
re ensure price advantages as well as Areas where acid or chemical are used blem.
consistent quality and short delivery are completely closed off. This ensures
terms. that working areas are free of emission In this way, Lichtgitter’s ideas about
and clean working conditions are achie- quality and service are fully realised.
We are fully responsible for the envi- ved. We strongly believe in offering high
ronment within our galvanising plants quality, excellent service and efficient
and therefore environmental protection The galvanising plant conserves enery, logistics, to consistently meet the requi-
during the galvanising process is of ut- minimises waste and any emissions fall rements of our clients, particularly wit-
most priority. well below the predicted EU Standard hin the galvanising process.

78
 Surface Treatment

Surfaces

79
 SP P B Surface Treatment
1. Surface treatment for The zinc coat adheres firmly to sur- Plastic coatings
steel gratings and steel for faces. In case of normal mechanical de- Plastic coatings are achieved, e.g. by
construction applications, in mands such as transportation, pedestri- dipping or electrostatic powder coating.
an or vehicle traffic, zinc does not flake The abrasion resistance and thickness
accordance with to DIN EN off or develop cracks. of finish required, depends upon the ap-
10025 plication, so this needs to be considered
The average weight of the zinc coating is when deciding which procedure and
1.1 Galvanizing acc. to DIN EN ISO approximately 450 g per sqm of treated plastic to use.
1461 surface. This corresponds to a coating
(hot dip galvanized) thickness of approximately 65 µm. The
1.2 Galvanizing followed by thickness of the zinc coating also Painting
bitumen dipping depends on the thickness of the materi- Gratings and perforated metal planks
1.3 Powder coating *, al (see list on page 81). Before galvani- can likewise be lacquered in a dipping
also on galvanized surfaces sing, parts are pre-treated to provide a or spraying process, preferably after
(colours according to RAL) mechanically clean surface in order to galvanising.
achieve a faultless adherence of zinc.
2. Gratings and perforated * A coating with epoxy resin powder
metal planks made of stain- for outside areas is not recom-
less steel, material acc. to Bitumen dipping mended. For these areas, a polyester
DIN 17440 is often requested as an additional powder coating should be used.
treatment for galvanised gratings, and
2.1 Pickled gives extra surface protection (mainly
2.2 Electrochemically polished for chemical use).
2.3 Glass bead blasting

3. Gratings and perforated

metal planks from aluminum
material acc. to DIN EN 485
and DIN EN 573

3.1 Pickled
3.2 Powder coated *
(colours according to RAL)
3.3 Anodised

Gratings and perforated metal planks

receive a surface protection to avoid
potential corrosion.

Gratings manufactured from stainless

steel and aluminum generally do not
need a corrosion protection. At least
one after-treatment by pickling (see
2.1/3.1) or anodising (see 3.3) is recom-
mended.

Hot dip galvanising

(usual corrosion protection for gratings)
The term „hot dip galvanising“ means
the adding of a zinc finish by dipping the
pre-treated parts into a molten zinc dip
(see photo).

80
 Extract from DIN EN ISO 1461
Appendix A.2 are supplied with painted surfaces (t Zn surface unevenness is not really a pro-
b), the coating is carried out after galva- blem, providing the minimum value of
A coating of hot dip galvanising is deno- nising. the zinc coating thickness is still achie-
ted: t Zn, where t is short for ‘thermal’, ved. White rust or staining predomi-
e.g. nantly consisting of zinc oxide, usually
DIN EN 6.1 Appearance occurs with light or dark corrosion
Coating ISO 1461 - t Zn o items, when stocking hot dip galvanised
During visual quality inspections, all es- products in humid conditions.
Indication
DIN-Number sential areas of the galvanised parts
Short form have to be free of enlargements/
bubbles, roughness, zinc peaks and de- 6.2 Coating thickness
The short form t Zn o denotes, hot dip fects. The meanings of „roughness“
galvanising where o indicates no after- and „smoothness“ are relative. There- The thickness of zinc coating should be
treatment. fore, roughness of partly galvanised conform to the values stated in the fol-
coatings is different to that of conti- lowing table. Deviations on these thick-
Another term used under DIN EN ISO nuous galvanised parts. nesses are permitted but should be
1461 is when a coating is required as an agreed separately.
after-treatment, e.g., t Zn b. This term The appearance of dark or light grey
denotes, hot dip galvanising where b in- areas (e.g., a network structure of grey The inspection of the coating thickness
dicates an after-treatment. When parts areas), white rust, or slight unimportant is normally carried out in accordance
with the requirements of DIN EN ISO
2178. In this case, the measured area is
Table: Coating thickness relatively small and some of the indivi-
dual values may be lower than the va-
Local Average lues of the local or average coating
Material thickness (mm) coating thickness coating thickness thickness. A sufficient number of mea-
minimum value minimum value surements within a reference area are
in µm in µm to be obtained by using magnetic tests
or graphic methods, in order to achieve
Steel parts with thickness < 1,5 mm 35 45
the required local thickness.
Steel parts with thickness ≥ 1,5 mm to < 3 mm 45 55
Steel parts with thickness ≥ 3 mm to < 6 mm 55 70

Surfaces
6.3. Repairing
Steel parts with thickness > 6 mm 70 85
The total area of all individual areas
Thicker zinc coatings or other additonal requirements can be provided, without
contravening the requirements to this standard. without coating that needs to be resto-
red, shall not exceed 0,5% of the total
surface area and the maximum size of a
single area without coating shall not ex-
ceed 10 cm2.

The repairing process should include

the removal of dirt and the necessary
cleaning and surface pre-treatment re-
quired, to ensure complete adherence.

The coating thickness of any repaired

area should be at least 30 µm more than
the required local coating thickness
shown in the table.

81
 SP P B Tolerances
Gratings and perforated metal planks are subject to fixed pro-
duction and delivery tolerances. Details of these tolerances
can be found in RAL-GZ 638 for gratings and RAL-GZ 639 for
perforated metal planks.

Details regarding gratings are restricted to the following:

- bearing bars ≤ 100 mm x 5 mm
- 68 mm maximum bearing bar pitch
11 mm minimum cross bar pitch
- 2,0 sq.m. maximum area of grating, whereby a side dimensi-
on should not be greater than 2000 mm

Tolerances for other Lichtgitter grating types are available

upon request.

The difference between the measured diagonals D1 and D2

shall not exceed 0,010 x s, where s is the greatest side dimensi-
on.

Maximum Tolerances

Length & width

Dimensions c; e; f = + 0 mm / - 4 mm

Pitches
Dimension g = ± 1,5 mm
Torsion (deviation of surface evenness) within the grating.
Deviation is permissible to a maximum of 5 mm; with gratings Dimension d = ± 4 mm
ca. 300 x 300 mm maximum approximately 2 mm. (measured over 10 pitches)

Cutouts
dimension h; i = + 8 / - 0 mm

82
 SP Tolerances
Tolerances (deformations) under loaded conditions are not included.

Outstanding cross bar or binding bar Convex deviation xt max. = 1/150th of length
(for pressure-locked gratings as well) for dimensions > 450 mm; max. 8 mm
k max. = 0,5 mm smaller dimensions than 450 mm; max. 3 mm

Inclination of bearing bars and binding bars

p max. = 0,1 x H Concave deviation ot max. = 1/200th of length
but max. 3 mm for dimensions > 600 mm; max. 8 mm
smaller dimensions than 600 mm; max. 3 mm

Upstanding cross bar

q max. = 1,5 mm

Convex deviation xq max. = 1/150th of width

for dimensions > 450 mm; max. 8 mm
Upstanding binding bar smaller dimensions than 450 mm; max. 3 mm
s max. = 1,0 mm

Lower projecting binding bar

r max. = 1,0 mm

Tolerances
Concave deviation oq max. = 1/200th of width
for dimensions > 600 mm; max. 8 mm
smaller dimensions than 600 mm; max. 3 mm

Cut section of bearing bar

or cross bar
t max. = ± 0,1 x H
but t max. 3 mm

83
 P Tolerances
Tolerances (deformations) under loaded conditions are not included

Cut-out shape to suit manufacturer’s preference

Inclination of bearing bars and binding bars Convex deviation xt max. = 1/150th of length
p max. = 0,1 x H for dimensions > 450 mm; max. 8 mm
but max. 3 mm smaller dimensions than 450 mm; max. 3 mm

Upstanding cross bar Concave deviation ot max. = 1/200th of length

q max. = 1,5 mm for dimensions > 600 mm; max. 8 mm
smaller dimensions than 600 mm; max. 3 mm

Upstanding binding bar

s max. = 1,0 mm

Convex deviation xq max. = 1/150th of width

for dimensions > 450 mm; max. 8 mm
smaller dimensions than 450 mm; max. 3 mm

Lower projecting binding bar

r max. = 1,0 mm

Concave deviation oq max. = 1/200th of width

for dimensions > 600 mm; max. 8 mm
smaller dimensions than 600 mm; max. 3 mm

Cut section of bearing bar

or cross bar
t max. = ± 0,1 x H
but max. 3 mm

84
 B Tolerances
Tolerances (deformations) under loaded conditions are not included

Element length L = + 2,0 mm; - 4,0 mm

Element width B = + 2,0 mm; - 2,0 mm Element height H = + 2,0 mm; - 4,0 mm
Element height H = + 1,5 mm; - 1,5 mm
Rim t = min. 10 mm

Bowing f in direction L = 0,004 x L

Inclination
outwards a = 0,05 x H
rim i = max. 2,5 mm

Bowing g in direction L = 0,002 x L

Inclination
inwards b = 0,05 x H

Tolerances
Bowing c in Lateral horizontal deviation h = 0,002 x L
direction H = 0,05 x H

Bowing d in
direction B = 0,015 x B

Max. diagonal deviation between D1 & D2 = max. 0,005 x L

Cutout dimensions i; k = + 8,0 mm; - 0,0 mm

Bowing e (deflection) in
direction B = 0,015 x B

85
 SP P B Static Load Calculations
Spans should be considered as being the clear distance bet- Table 1
ween supports, when carrying out static load calculations. Number of additional bearing bars considered to carry a con-
centrated load applied over an area of 200 x 200 mm, due to
The permissible stress level and ‘E’ value for the appropriate distribution of the load to adjacent bars, via cross bars.
material being considered should be used in calculations and
the worst case loading should be determined by considering bearing bar distribution to adjacent bars, via the cross bars
concentrated loads applied in the most unfavourable position. height

Calculation of moments of resistance (strength) and mm forge-welded gratings pressure-locked

moments of inertia gratings
pitch 34 x 38 mm pitch 33 x 33 mm

a) Forge-welded gratings 20 2,25 3,33

The section modulus ‘W’ and moment of inertia ‘I’ should be 25 2,19 3,25
determined by considering bearing bar sizes without a zinc 30 2,13 3,17
coating, or a reduction factor unless the bearing bars are 35 2,06 3,08
serrated. 40 2,00 3,00
50 1,88 2,83
b) Pressure-locked gratings 60 1,75 2,67
The section modulus ‘W’ and moment of inertia ‘I’ should be 70 1,63 2,50
determined by considering bearing bar sizes without a zinc 80 1,50 2,33
coating, but with a reduction factor ‘v’ of 0,9 to reflect the 90 - 2,17
weakening effect consistent with pressure-locked gratings, 100 - 2,00
even when galvanised. If the actual pitch for the grating being considered is different
from the pitch shown in the table, then the figues shown for ‘m’
c) The section modulus ‘W’ and moment of inertia ‘I’ for perfo- may be different and should therefore be considered.
rated metal planks should be determined as for forge-wel-
ded gratings, but without any reduction factor.
Key to symbols

W = section modulus [cm3]

I = moment of inertia [cm4]
Perforated metal planks
e = greatest distance between the centre of gravity
and the exterior fibre, i.e., extreme fibre distance
When calculating the moments of inertia and resistance for
M max. = maximum bending moment [kNcm]
perforated metal planks, any curve and the rim radius can be
m = number of load-carrying bearing bars
ignored. Calculation of the profile in rectangular form is permit- (due to load distribution of cross bars)
ted providing the plank to is considered up to the first perforati- n = actual number of bearing bars under load
on. n1 = actual number of loaded elements
All types, with plank profiles running in direction B, can be cal- n2 = actual number of loaded planks
culated in this way and an increase in the load carrying capa- f = deflection under load in cm
bility can be achieved by screwing the elements together E = modulus of elasticity [kN/cm2]
σ = maximum stress [kN/cm2]
Various types of plank without profiled bridges running in the v = reduction factor for pressure-locked gratings
direction of „B“, are considered suitable for pedestrian use Fv = uniformly distributed load [kN/m2]
when the thickness of sheets and widths of palnks, are con- Fp = concentrated load on load area[kN]
structed as follows: A = area [m2]
t = bearing bar pitch [cm] or pitch of planks [cm]
Thickness of sheets in mm width of planks in mm bT = load extent in bearing bar direction [cm]
2,0 200
bV = load extent in cross bar direction [cm]
2,5 250
3,0 300 B = element width
bL = load extent in direction L
When calculating the moments of inertia and resistance of me- bB = load extent in direction B
tal planks without perforation, the complete width ‘B’ of each H = height [cm]
plank should be considered. b = thickness of bar [cm]
h = height of bar [cm]
L = clear span [cm]
Ll =B
= bearing bar direction

86
 Formula table

SP P B
A1 · x1 + A2 · x2 + A3 · x3
Determination xs =
of center of gravity A1 + A2 + A3

Formula „Steiner“ Ix1 = I + A · a2

Inertia moment
b · h3 Ixtotal = Ix + Ix + ...
I = [cm4] 1 2
12
b · h3
b · h3 Ireal = · n [cm4] = Ix · n1(n2)
Ireal = · n · v [cm4] 12
12

b · h2 Ixtotal
Section modulus b · h2 W = [cm3] =
W = [cm3] 6 e
6

b · h2 b · h2
Wreal = · n· v [cm3] Wreal = · n [cm3]
6 6

Number of A
n = at distributed load
bearing bars L·t
to consider
load width + m (for point load)
n =
bearing bar pitch
Number of n1 = A
loaded elements Ll · B
Number of
bL
loaded planks n2 =
t

Maximum 2 Fv · L2
= F · L [kNcm] at distributed load
v
max.M max.M = [kNcm] at distributed
bending moment 8 8
load

* Fp (L - b* )
Fp (L - b )
2 2
max.M = [kNcm] at point load max.M = [kNcm] at point load
4 4
b* = bL resp. bB
b* = bT resp. bV

max.M
max.M σ = [kN/cm2]
Stress / Sigma σ = [kN/cm2] Wreal
Wreal
Statics

5 · Fv · L3
Deflection 5 · Fv · L3 f = [cm] at distributed
f = [cm] at distributed 384 · E · Ireal
384 · E · Ireal load
load
Fp
f = (8L3 - 4L · b2 + b3) [cm]
Fp 384 · E · Ireal
f = (8L3 - 4L · bT2 + bT3) [cm] at point load
384 · E · Ireal
at point load
b* = bL bzw. bB

87
 SP Static Calculations
Calculation example 1: Forge-welded grating Load arrangement 2

Wheel load 50 kN
Contact area acc. to DIN 1072 20 x 40 mm
Clear span 68 cm
Bearing bar pitch 3,43 cm
Cross bar pitch 3,81 cm

Load arrangement 1

As calculation example shows, stress can be quite different

depending on distance areas.

Closest to permissible stress is forge-welded grating,

type SP 580 - 34/38 - 5 .

88
 P Static Calculations
Calculation example 2: Calculation example 3:
Uniformly distributed loading, imposed upon pressu- Point load imposed upon pressure-locked gratings
re-locked gratings
Point load 1,5 kN
Uniformly distributed loading 5,0 kN/m2 Clear span 100 cm
Clear span 100 cm Contact area 20 x 20 cm
Bearing bar pitch 3,33 cm Bearing bar pitch 3,33 cm
Cross bar pitch 3,33 cm Cross bar pitch 3,33 cm

The grating type P 230 - 33 - 3 may be considered.

Even though calculated stress values may be less than 16,0

kN/cm2, allowing greater spans to be considered, they will be
limited by the maximum permissible deflection and vice versa.

Statics

89
 B Static Calculations
Calculation example: Perforated metal planks Calculation in direction of „B“

Calculation of moments of inertia and resistance for a

A1 · x1 + A2 · x2 + A3 · x3
special pattern xs =
A1 + A2 + A3
Detail y
0,2 · 0,8 · 0,1 + 0,2 · 3 · 1,5 + 0,2 · 1,0 · 2,9
=
0,2 · 0,8 + 0,2 · 3 + 0,2 · 1,0

1,496
=
0,96

= 1,558 cm

b · h3
Cut C-D Ix1 = (I + A · a12) 2 = ( + A · a12) 2
12
0,8 · 0,23
=( + 0,8 · 0,2 · 1,4582 ) 2 = 0,6813 cm4
12

0,2 · 33
Ix2 = ( 12 + 0,2 · 3 · 0,0582) 2 = 0,9040 cm4
Determination of center of gravity for cut C - D
(A1 · x1) 2 + A2 · x2 1,0 · 0,23
xs = Ix3 =( + 1,0 · 0,2 · 1,3422) 2 = 0,7217 cm4
A1 + A1 + A2 12 _________
Ix total = 2,307 cm4
(1,4 · 0,2 · 0,7) 2 + 3,15 · 0,2 · 1,3
=
1,4 · 0,2 + 1,4 · 0,2 + 3,15 · 0,2

1,211 Ix total
= W =
1,19 e

= 1,017 cm 2,307
=
1,558
3
I1 = (I + A · a12) 2 = (b · h + A · a12) 2
12
= 1,4807 cm3

0,2 · 1,43
=( + 0,2 · 1,4 · 0,3172) 2 = 0,1477 cm4
12

3,15 · 0,23
Ix2 = + 3,15 · 0,2 · 0,2832 = 0,0525 cm4
12
_________

Ix total = 0,200 cm4

Ix total
W =
e

0,20
=
1,017
= 0,1969 cm3

90
 B Static Calculations
Calculation example 5 Calculation example 6

B = Ll = 200 mm B = Ll = 200 mm
H = 30 mm H = 30 mm
s = 2 mm s = 2 mm
L = 600 mm L = 1100 mm

Material = S 235 JR Material = S 235 JR

σ = 16 kN/cm2 σ = 16 kN/cm2
Point load = 1,5 kN Uniformly distributed load Fv = 5,0 kN/m2
Load area = 200 x 200 mm
Calculation in direction of „B“
Calculation in direction of „B“
A 1
n2 = =
B·t 0,2 · 0,065
bL 200
n2 = = = 3,2 Bridges = 76,68 webs
t 62,5

bB 20 Fv · Ll 5,0 · 20
Fp · (Ll - ) 1,5 · (20 - ) max. M = =
2 2 8 · n2 8 · 76,68
max. M = = = 3,75 kNcm
4 4
= 0,163 kNcm
max. M 3,75
σ = =
W · n2 0,1969 · 3,2
max. M 0,163
σ = =
Wx 0,1969
= 5,95 kN/cm2 < 14,0 kN/cm2
= 0,82 kN/cm < 16 kN/cm2
Calculation in direction of „L“
Calculation in direction of „L“
n1 = 1 with elements 200 and > 200 wide, providing
A 1
Sigma in direction B < Sigma 16,0 kN/cm2 n1 = =
L · B 1,1 · 0,2

200
For elements < 200 is n1 = = 4,54 elements
B

bL 20 Fv · L 5,0 · 110
Fp · (L - ) 1,5 · (60 - ) max. M = =
2 2 8·n 8 · 4,54
max. M = = 1
4·n 4·1
= 15,14 kNcm
= 18,75 kNcm
max. M 15,14
σ = =
max. M 18,75 Wx 1,4807
σ = =
W 1,4807 = 10,22 kN/cm2 < 14,0 kN/cm2
= 12,66 kN/cm2 < 16,0 kN/cm2
Statics

5 · Fv · L3
f =
384 · E · Ixtotal
Fp
f = (8 L3 - 4 LbL2 + bL3)
384 · E · Ix total 5 · 5,0 · 1103
=
384 · 2,1 · 104 · 2,307 · 4,54
1,5
= (8·603 - 4 ·60 · 202 +203)
384 ·2,1 ·104 ·2,307 = 0,39 cm

= 0,132 cm The max. span of unscrewed elements is 1100 mm, otherwise

the deflection is excessive.

91
SP Production

P Production

B Production

92
 Packaging

Packaging

93
 SP P Notes for invoice
Complete rectangular areas that are ● matching the pattern on adjacent tes.
required to produce the final grating gratings
shape, including those areas cut from ● The part list (confirmation of order),
them, form the basis for calculation of ● quantity of binding bar for cutouts, grating layout drawings and/or the
gratings, in accordance with „Arbeits- in rm final measurement, will form the ba-
gemeinschaft Industriebau e.V. (AGI)“. sis of the invoice.
● quantity of binding bar up to 0,5 rm
Calculations are: for small cutouts at a unit price per
rm and additional prices for indivi-
● manufactured area in terms of the dual pieces.
smallest rectangle or square requi-
red in m2, to produce the final gra- ● additional prices for such items as
ting size; kick flat (toe-plate), deep binding
bar, perforated nosing, side plates,
● cutouts for access and penetrati- fixings, etc., will be charged in ac-
ons; cordance with agreed unit price ra-

Legend
Bearing bar direction
Actual fabricated area
Because each grating is originally ma-
nufactured in a rectangular shape, the
Additional area to be in- above drawings show the minimum ad-
cluded in calculations ditional material that has to be manu-
Area not to be calculated factured, in order to be able to produce
the actual fabricated area.

94
 B Notes for invoice
For perforated metal planks, the run- The prices per rm or sq.m. are ba-
ning metres will be calculated to suit sed upon grating lengths required to ● Matching the pattern/type on adja-
production requirements (for perfora- suit module sizes. With varying cent planks
ted metal plank module figures, see pa- lengths, the nearest size above to
ges 43 to 45 inc.). suit the module size will be charged ● Quantity of binding bar for special
for. shape cutouts, in rm
The module sizes are:
Calculations are: - BZ 90 mm ● Additional prices for such items as
● The number of individual gratings - BP, BR, BP-Ü 125 mm kick flat (toe-plate), deep binding
required in accordance with the - BN-0, BN-G 62,5 mm bar, reinforcement of binding bar
part list (confirmation of order) with angles, perforated nosing, side
and/or the grating layout plan which In addition: plates, fixings, etc., will be supplied
necessary for production in line with ● Cutouts for access and penetrati- in accordance with agreed unit pri-
agreed prices either per sq.m. or rm. ons; ce rates.

finished outline

necessary outline

forward feed-module R

Packaging
Lichtgitter products are usually sup-
plied via forwarding agencies with
whom we hold special contracts, how-
ever, supplies are also possible on an
‘ex works’ basis, upon request.

Standard packaging is provided where

palettes cannot be returned or remain
on site. This form of packing is suffi-
cient for transport via lorry even if tra-
velling abroad, and enables safe trans-
portation with no damage sustained.

Depending on destination, products for

export purposes will be packed in a
Invoicing

special way:

● Screw-bundling
● Packing-cases
● Container.

95
SP P Enquiry-/Order Form
(Stamp of Company / Address)
Date: …………………………………………….

Contact:.………………………………………. …

❏ Enquiry
❏ Order: .…………………………………………

Delivery date: ……………………………………

Load: ❏ Pedestrian traffic ❏ Vehicle traffic with ........... kN wheel load

❏ Load area:............... kN/m2

Surface: ❏ Standard ❏ Serrated finish no.... ❏ Serration class R .................

(see page 73)
Material: Steel Steel Stainless steel Aluminium
❏ S235JR (St 37-2) ❏ S355J2G3 (St 52-3) ❏ 1.4301 ❏ AlMg 3 G 22
❏ 1.4571 ❏ AlMg 1 F 15

Surface treatment: ❏ galvanised ❏ galvanised ❏ pickled ❏ pickled

❏ galvanised and bitumen dip ❏ galvanised and bitumen dip ❏ electrochemically ❏ anodised
❏ galvanised and baked paint ❏ galvanised and baked paint polished ❏ plastic-
(colour acc. to RAL) (colour acc. toRAL) ❏ glass bead blasting laminated
❏ self-coloured ❏ self-coloured process

Clear span:...............................………………………………… Pitch: …………………………………………………

Grating type: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Pos.-No. Quantity Bearing bar dim. Cross bar dim. ....parts Extras or specialties
gratings Size of grating Size of grating (e.g. fixings)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Pos.-No. Number of Bearing bar dim. Cross bar dim. Fixings for stairtreads
treads
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Alternatively estimated quantities
Total quantity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sqm
rm of cutouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rm
Extra for small cutouts having less than 0,5 rm of binding bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . each
Raised flat binding bar to serve as kick flat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rm
Perforated nosing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rm
Anti-slip profile U 20/20/20/2,0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rm
Fixings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . set
Special parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Layout plan ❏ as per sketch Packaging: ❏ One-way-palettes
❏ YES ❏ NO ❏ as per steel structure drawings ❏ Screw bundling
❏ via data transmission ❏ Packing cases
❏ via E-mail-transmission ❏ Container
Notes:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………

96
 B Enquiry-/Order Form
(Stamp of Company / Address)
Date: …………………………………………….

Contact:…………………………………….. …..

❏ Enquiry:
❏ Order: ………………………………………....

Delivery date: ……………………………………

Load: ❏ Pedestrian traffic ❏ Ve-

hicle traffic .......... kN wheel load ❏ Load area : ................. kN/m2

Pattern: ❏ BZ ❏ BP-Ü Serration:

❏ BP ❏ BN-O ➛ serration class R .........
❏ BR ❏ BN-G (see page 73)
Material: Steel Stainless steel Aluminium
❏ S235JR (St 37-2) ❏ 1.4301 ❏ 1.4571 ❏ AlMg 3 G 22

Surface treatment: ❏ galvanised ❏ pickled ❏ pickled

❏ galvanised and bitumen dip ❏ electrochemically polished ❏ anodised
❏ galvanised and baked paint ❏ self-coloured ❏ plastic-laminated
❏ pre-galvanised
❏ self-coloured

Clear span: ……………………………… mm

Indication of element: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Pos.-No.
Number of Dimension „L“ Dimension „B“ Extras or specialties
elements Element length Element width
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....
Pos.-No. Number of Dimension „L“ Dimension „B“ Fixings for stairtreads
treads
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Alternatively estimated quantities
Total quantity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sqm
rm cutouts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rm
Extra for small cutouts having less than 0,5 rm of binding bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . each
Raised flat binding bar to serve as kick flat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rm
Perforated nosing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rm
Fixings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . set
Special parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Layout plan ❏ as per sketch Packaging: ❏ One-way-palettes
❏ YES ❏ NO ❏ as per steel structure drawings ❏ Screw bundling
Form

❏ via data transmission ❏ Packing cases

❏ via E-mail-transmission ❏ Container

Notes:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

97
98
 Acknowledgement Technical specification and concept
This manual includes information Lichtgitter Gesellschaft mbH.
from DIN, BG, RAL and AGI. All technical specifications and da-
And we are grateful to the relevant ta correct at time of going to press.
authorities for permission to repro- We reserve the right to alter these
duce these. specifications and details where
necessary, and without prioir noti-
Rehms 11/2009

ce. Protection notice acc. DIN 34. In

case of any queries, please do not
hesitate to contact us.
Adressen

99
 Suomen Teräsritilä STR Oy
Hevoshaankatu 2 , FIN-28600 Pori Finland
Puhelin-Telephone: +358 (0)2 637 5700
Telefax: +358 (0)2 637 5701
[email protected]
www.str.fi