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Scope and Challenges of Science,
Engineering and Technology
Scope and Challenges of Science,
Engineering and Technology

Edited by:

Dr. Devendra Kumar Sahu

Dr. Vijay Kumar Yadav
Dr. Ashok Kumar
Mrs. Archana Suroothiya

ANVI BOOKS & PUBLISHERS

DELHI-110053 (INDIA)
Published by :
ANVI BOOKS & PUBLISHERS
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Scope and Challenges of Science, Engineering and

Technology

© Editors

First Edition 2021

ISBN : 978-93-90856-29-9
Price : Rs. 995/-

All rights reserved no part of this work may be reproduced, stored

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 Preface
We are glad to present the book entitled Scope and Challenges of
Science , Engineering and Technology- 2021 to the students, faculty
members and researchers of Engineering and Technology. We
have observed that eminent professors and active researchers from
various technical institutions across the Nation contributed to the
book chapters which are focused on state-of-the-art areas related to
Science , Engineering and Technology.
We hope the readers benefit from the research problems addressed
in the book. We are thankful to all the authors and publisher who
have helped to bring out the First Edition of the book Scope and
Challenges of Science , Engineering and Technology.

- Editors
Dr. Devendra Kumar Sahu
Dr. Vijay Kumar Yadav
Dr. Ashok Kumar
Mrs. Archana Suroothiya
 Contents
Preface v

1. A Review of Animal Discoveries in India

Since 2013 to 2020 1
Reetesh Kumar Khare, Vijay Kumar Yadav,
Manvendra Singh
• Introduction 1
• Description 2
• References 8

2. Comparative Analysis on Binary Eyes Image Data

for Driver Drowsiness Detection System 11
Abhinav Agarwal, Dr. D.K. Agarwal, Dr. Mukesh Srivastava,
Dr. Anil Kumar
• Introduction 11
• Overview of Eye State Detection 13
• Eye-tracking 13
• Efficient Driver Drowsiness Detection System 15
• Literature Review 20
• Conclusion 24
• References 25

3. Scope and Challenges in the Study of Moss Family

Mniaceae (Bryophyta) in India 29
Ichha Omar, Geeta Asthana, A.K. Asthana
• Introduction 29
• Material and Methods 30
• Results 30
• Key to the Genera of Family Mniaceae in India 30
• Discussion 34
viii Scope and Challenges of Science, Engineering and Technology

• Acknowledgement 35
• References 35

4. DFT of TM Clusters on Monolayers 37

Prof. Keshav Dev
• References 41

5. Fluoride Pollution in River Rapti at Balrampur U.P. 43

Dharm Raj Verma, Tabrez Ahmad, Vivek Kumar Dixit
• Introduction 43
• Materials and Methods 46
• Sampling Sites of Rapti River 47
• Results and Discussion 53
• Conclusions 56
• References 56

6. Human Wildlife Conflict and Its Implications 59

Sushmita, Babita Sharma, Ashok Kumar
• Introduction 60
• Vermin or Victim 62
• HWC Cases of India 63
• Other Deadly Human Wildlife Conflict 64
• Causes/Driving Forces of HWC 64
• Preventive Strategies 72
• Mitigative Strategies 74
• Recommendations 78
• Conclusion 79
• References 80

7. Insects: Ecological Role, Importance, Edible

and Harmful 85
Babita Sharma, Sushmita, Ashok Kumar
• Introduction 85
• Beneficial Insects 90
 Contents ix

• Conclusion 97
• References 97

8. Molluscs: Distribution and Feeding Habits 101

Dr. Amrita Singh, Reeta Singh Rawat
• Feeding in Mollusca 102
• Classification 103
• Class-Aplacophora 103
• Monoplacophora 105
• Polyplacophora 106
• Gastropoda 108
• Scaphopoda 112
• Pelecypoda or Bivalves 113
• Cephalopoda 118
• References 122

9. COVID-19 Detection on X-ray Images Using

Multi-Model Analysis: A Survey 125
Abhinav Agarwal, Dr. D.K. Agarwal, Dr. Vijay Kumar Yadav,
Dr. Mukesh Srivastava, Dr. Anil Kumar
• Introduction 125
• Literature Review 127
• Conclusion 133
• References 134

10. Applications of Ultrasonics in Research and

Development 137
Dr. Jitendra Kumar
• Sonochemistry 137
• Ultrasonics in Nanotechnology 138
• Ultrasonic Cavitation 140
• Scanning Acoustic Microscopy 141
• Hydroacoustics 142
x Scope and Challenges of Science, Engineering and Technology

• Ocean Acoustic Tomography 142

• References 144

11. Role of Agroforestry in Land Productivity

Management 147
Dr. Manish Kumar Verma, Dr. Ravindra Kumar Saroniya
• Benefits of Agroforestry 148
• Mechanism of Land Productivity Management 148
• Conclusion 152
• References 153

12. Traditional Plant Based Therapy Among Rural

Inhabitants of Some Villages of Jhansi District
of Bundelkhand 157
Amita Mishra, Raj Kumar Verma
• Introduction 157
• Material and Methods 159
• Result and Discussion 164
• References 166
7
Insects: Ecological Role, Importance,
Edible and Harmful
Babita Sharma, Sushmita, Ashok Kumar

Department of Zoology, BSNV PG College, University of Lucknow, Lucknow,

Uttar Pradesh, India.
Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
Insects are capable for own survival in nearly every imaginable type of
environment. They are vital as a food source for diverse predators. Insects are
prominent because they play several roles in their diversity, ecological role,
dominate on agriculture, natural sources, and human health. These minute
insects are very helpful to decompose plants and animal excreta, recycle the
nutrients, to do better soil quality through aeration the profile of soils, ensure
pollination, assault on crop pests and apart from this they also provide a source
of food for songbirds, fish and other wildlife. This Chapter mostly highlighted
that how insects are so important for biodiversity and human beings. Apart from
this also described how much insects are harmful to us. The small creatures
on the earth are insects which are unavoidable through human beings and
other animal groups. They are too much diverse and plentiful in numbers.
Insects are a group of animals that exhibit huge diversity when it comes to
their presence. These are dominant components of our biological diversity in
almost terrestrial ecosystems.
Keywords: Creatures, Dominate, Imaginable, Biodiversity, Harmful.

Introduction
The major debate reaches over that how many insects species there
are in the universe. Estimated ranges of overall 10 quintillions of
insects are alive on the earth. However, in present years, many
scientists have discovered disturbing evidence that the population of
Insects is on the decrease throughout the world. There are numerous
86 Scope and Challenges of Science, Engineering and Technology

environmental threats for insects i.e., deforestation, pesticides, and

climate change all seem to play a part in decreasing populations,
a phenomenon UConn ecologist David Wagner and his colleagues
described as “deaths by a thousand cuts” in a January 2021 special
issue of PNAs dedicated to the issue of Insect decline.7 Almost on
the earth, all Insects are more fragile and susceptible to the results
of climate changes. Expansion of agricultural lands, spreading
of insecticides, development of commercial areas is caused major
problems to the declining habitat of insects. Indiscriminate and
extensive uses of herbicides and pesticides destroy living insects,
their offspring, and their habitats. Some insects prevented chemicals
are banned because they cause cancer, other fatal illnesses that are
hazardous for humans.

What is Insects?
An insect is received from the Latin word insectum that means “with
divided body or a notched,” actually “cut into sections”. The fact is the
body of insects has been divided into three distinct parts (i.e., head,
thorax, and abdomen) and each body parts are capable of particular
functions. They also have three pairs of jointed legs, two antennae,
compound eyes, and one or two pairs of wings. The body of insects
is covered with a chitinous exoskeleton that provides helps to protect
them from the environment. Insects are grouped with other animals
sharing identical characteristics in the Arthropoda phylum yet have
some unique characteristics absent in other animals.17 Most insects
extremely function a positive role in nature, while some insects cause
problems for human beings.

Ecological Role
These small organisms provide natural services and balance our
ecosystems in several ways (i.e., pollination, nutrient cycling, and
maintaining soil profile) that we often take for granted. For all
terrestrial ecosystems, insects constitute a biological foundation.
Insects survive in all types of habitats and apart from this, they play
 Insects: Ecological Role, Importance, Edible and Harmful 87

significant roles in the function and stability of both terrestrial and

aquatic ecosystems. These minute creatures are nearly connected
with our lives that influence humanity’s welfare in different ways.
Insects cycle the nutrients, pollinate plants, disperse seeds, maintain
soil structure and fertility, control populations of other organisms
and provide a major source of food for other taxa.11 The biological
communities are crucial for stipulating ecological functions and
ecosystem services. Insects are a vital part of the food chain, especially
for entomophagous vertebrates i.e., amphibians, reptiles, birds, and
mammals. The main ecological role of insects in the ecosystem is the
cycling of nutrients, plant propagation through pollination, predation,
parasitism, and decomposition.
Insect herbivory may affect the nutrient cycling by food—web
interactions.22,23 Insect herbivores affects competitive interactions
in the communities of plants and influencing composition of plant
species. Insects are also capable for damaging the tree, woods by
which changing even in the composition of forest stands (Fig. 1).
Insects can affect the floristic composition of grassland.6

Fig.1: A & B Beetles damages the tree (captured on date: 1/ 8/ 2021)

88 Scope and Challenges of Science, Engineering and Technology

Role in Pollination
On the earth, approximately 80% of flowering plants are pollinated
through insects. Most plant species are reliant on insects for pollens.
Pollination is the process by which transfer of pollens in the
reproduction of plants, thereby plants are capable of fertilization
and sexual reproduction. Insects are allured through plants in several
ways because insects are depended on the plants for nectar and
pollen grains other than Insects are mainly attracted to flowering
plants via visual cues and aromas secreted by them. The main vital
crop pollinators are bees for both social and solitary species, albeit
also include some flower visitors i.e., beetles, butterflies, and other
flies (Fig. 2). Several crucial pollinating insect species are related to
different insect orders such as Hymenoptera (included wasp, bees,
and ants), Lepidoptera (included butterflies and moths) Diptera (flies),
and the order Coleoptera (beetles). When insects are converted to an
adult stage then they feed on pollen and nectar from different flowers.
They search for pollen grains and nectar from plant to plant and can
initiate pollination through transferring pollen from an anther (male)
to a stigma (female).

Fig. 2: Insect as Pollinator (A: Image source: http://www.google.com);

(B & C: Captured on date: 28/ 6/ 2021)
 Insects: Ecological Role, Importance, Edible and Harmful 89

Apart from this Insects are participated in the diversity of plant

and indirectly affects the diversity of animal through pollination. Wild
bees, butterflies and moths also function a large role in pollination and
these are mostly attracted in the field through coneflower, columbine,
asters and blazing star.16 Mostly pollination is done through insects.
Pollination activities in honey bees are improved by fixing the hives
to fields hence increased abundance and management.5

As a Predator and Parasites

Insect Predators and Parasites invade other insect species, especially
on insect pests of plants who are considered natural enemies of insects.
Crucial predators are related to the specific orders such as Odonata
(dragonflies) and Neuroptera (lacewings and ant lions), while a large
percentage of the species related to the orders Hemiptera (bugs),
Coleoptera (beetles), Diptera (flies) and Hymenoptera (included
wasp, bees and ants) other than these their larva and adult stage
of insects are contributing as predators. Parasitoids are the insects
that survive inside the host from the beginning when they are in the
immature stage then convert into the adult stage and ultimately the
host died through its parasites. Most valuable parasites carriers related
to the order Diptera (Tachinid flies) and Hymenoptera (Ichneumonid
wasps). Both Predator and Parasitoids can suppress and stop the pest
population growth through participating in pest mortality, which is
more vulnerable for herbivores.

As a Decomposer
The decomposition of dung and carrion that is significant for the
ecosystem process is done by insects. We saw dung beetles that are
basically important for removing surface wastes and recycling the
nutrients. Dung beetles build a tunnel wall with the dung of animals and
also make the dung balls, which play important roles in maintaining
the quality of soil and support to enrich the soil. Dung beetles in
tropical forests also have crucial role in secondary dispersal of seed
because they bury seeds in dung, and protecting them from rodent
90 Scope and Challenges of Science, Engineering and Technology

Fig. 3: Insect as Decomposer (Image source: http://www.google.com)

predators.18 Beetle larvae, flies, termites, and ants help to clean up

dead plant matter and again break it down for further decomposition
through microbes. Insects are also beneficial in agricultural fields
that help to improve agricultural soil. Dung beetles contribute to soil
health by increasing nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium and
magnesium or total protein content.10

Beneficial Insects
Several numbers of insects are found in gardens, forests, agricultural
fields, and our surroundings. But due to a lack of information about
those insects we do not know which insect species are beneficial and
harmful for us. So this is necessary to gain so some information about
insects that lives in our surroundings. Both directly and indirectly
insects benefit humans in several ways. Some by-products such as
honey, royal jelly, bee-wax, propolis, silk, and their bodies for human
consumption that obtained from species of insects, that discussed
below.

Honeybee
Honeybees are social organisms, that live in their hive and usually
contain a single reproductive female ‘the queen’, and a lot of
 Insects: Ecological Role, Importance, Edible and Harmful 91

thousands of facultatively sterile females ‘the workers’. From the

summer and spring months, hundreds to some thousands of male
honeybees are produced. But during the autumn months, they die
and are released outside from the hive. The queens of the species
Apis mellifera are most commercially used in the spring and summer
months. A honey bee (Apis mellifera) can lay 2000 eggs or moreover
per day. The worker bees mostly survive about 5 weeks in summer
yet have a longer life span during the winter months. The queen
bee is competent alive up to five years, whereas it mostly died by a
substitution of a queen within two years. These societal and diligent
insects produce various products such as honey, pollen, royal jelly,
beeswax, propolis, and venom; bee’s products which are obtained
from the hive of honey that is collected and used by people in
medicinal and nutritional.

Honey
Honey obtained from the Honey bees that is undoubtedly high on the
product lists. Honey is merely sugary, viscous fluid that used through

Fig. 4: Honey (Image source: http://www.goggle.com)

92 Scope and Challenges of Science, Engineering and Technology

humans for several nutritional and medical purposes. It is produce

through honey bees which consume by humans.15 discussed honey
as the main source of energy for bees. It is collected from at the base
of flowers, fruit juice and cane juice. Mostly honey is obtained from
the western honey bee (Apis mellifera). The collection of nectar from
plants is done by worker bees. Worker bees carry nectar in a specific
pouch on their gut before transferring it to the bees hive. Honey
is more significant than just a food, because is used in cosmetic
industry, as industrial raw materials, as animal feeds and as brewing
ingredients.2 It is also used for making candies, cakes and bread.

Royal Jelly
The royal jelly harvested in large amounts by humans can be found
in the chamber of Queen bee, that used as several cosmetic products
like shampoo, hand cream. Royal jelly has protein-rich, fatty acids,
vitamins, sugars, hormones, and minerals that are essential for the

Fig. 5: Royal Jelly (Image source: http://www.google.com)

 Insects: Ecological Role, Importance, Edible and Harmful 93

development of the larvae. Doctors recommend the use of Royal

Jelly as a medicine because it prevents and helps to moderate
allergic symptoms, control cholesterol levels, muscle dystrophy,
and other health-related problems. Royal jelly is a special nutrient
used in the feeding of larvae and queen bee, which is secreted from
hypopharyngeal and mandibular glands of 5 to 15 days old worker
bees.13,14

Bee Wax
Bee wax secreted from the glands that located in the abdomen of the
worker bees. Bee wax used in cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry:
in preparing candles, lubricant for sewing thread (by shoemakers) and
industrial use.2 Thousand mounds of bee wax are used for making
shaving creams, cold creams, polishes, castings of models, carbon
paper and other products.

Fig. 6: Beeswax (Image source: http://www.google.com)

94 Scope and Challenges of Science, Engineering and Technology

Fig. 7: Propolis (Imgae source: http://www.google.com)

Propolis
Propolis is a natural resinous mixture that is prepared from tree sap
of collected conifers, pines, flowers, and small buds. Apart from
this, it is also collected in small amounts from the saliva of bees.
Propolis prevents entry of water to the hive which maintains constant
humidity and also serves as a control over the air flow towards the
hive.1,8 Propolis is also known as bee glue. It is used to seal the cracks
and gaps. Nowadays , it is being investigated as a possible treatment
for cancer, bowel problems and reducing blood pressure.21

Silkworm
Silkworm (Bombyx mori) is a holometabolous, commercially
significant, highly domesticated insect. It is a well-known, most
beneficial insect that is often regarded as the Queen of textiles.
Silkworm choose white mulberry leaves as a food. The larvae of
silkworms mostly prefer to feed on mulberry leaves (Morus alba)
and after the fourth molt of larvae, they crawl to reach the placed twig
and spin its silken cocoons.
 Insects: Ecological Role, Importance, Edible and Harmful 95

Silk
Silk is obtained from the caterpillars of the Silkworm moth (Bombyx
mori). Silkworm is an economically valuable insect for humans
the primary producer of fiber. Another economic importance is the
preparation of gut by Silkworm that is used in surgery and fishing
purposes. For the preparation of gut, firstly separation of the intestine
from Silkworm, made into strings, dried, treated, and then finally
packed.

Lac Insect
The fragile lac insect (Leccifer lacca) is the most precious gift of
nature that produces a resinous secretion. Lac insects are plant sap
feeders.19,20 therefore thrive well only on certain plant species known
as Lac hosts. The products obtained from Lac insect is resin, wax and
dye. In India, lac insect is mostly grown on the trees such as Kusum,
Ber, and Palas.

Lac
lac had a wide range of roles in the applications from ancient times
of food pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, perfumes, varnishes, paints,
polishes, adhesives, jewelry, and fabric dyes.

Uses as a Medicine
Some insects contain drugs inside their body, which is used as a
cure. Cochineal insects (Dactylopius coccus) contain carminic acid,
which helped in the treatment of whooping cough. Bristle beetles
contain Cantharidine oil that helps in the treatment of hair restorers.
The domestic silkworm (Bombyx mori) helps in the treatment of
leucorrhoea and chronic diarrhea. Maggots and honey have healing
properties in both chronic and surgical wounds. Honey is the
carrier in unani and ayurvedic medicines. Another product of
honeybee is royal jelly that is used for the treatment of postmenopausal
symptoms.
96 Scope and Challenges of Science, Engineering and Technology

Edible Insects
Edible insects are vastly nutritious and a correct source of essential
nutrients that are necessary for the human diet. Insects have a
specifically rich source of digestible proteins, fats, fibers, and
micronutrients, but their nutritional value varies highly depending
on the species, life stages, habitat, and diet of the insect. The
management of insects as a sustainable source of nutrition requires
better methods to ensure organized and controlled large-scale
production and processing of insects as mini livestock to improve
their conservation.3,12 Some edible insects humans prefer as
food that related to the insect orders such as Coleoptera (beetles),
Lepidoptera (caterpillars), Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, and ants)
Orthoptera (grasshopper, locusts, and crickets) and Hemiptera
(cicadas, leafhopper, planthoppers, scale insects and true bugs).
Chitin is believed to be indigestible by humans, but different studies
have discovered active chitinase in human gastric juices, especially
in tropical countries where entomophagy is common.4

Harmful Insects
Some insects are harmful to crops, humans as well as other animals.
They spread diseases and damage crop fields. Some usual household
pests such as termites, ants, cockroaches, fleas, booklice, furniture
beetles, carpet beetles, bed bugs, houseflies, cloth moths enter our
houses for shelter, food, and to build a nest. These types of pests
are damage our clothes, furniture and spoil food items. Apart from
this, they are also capable of spreading bacteria and allergens. These
household pests are controlled by fumigation, proper maintenance of
hygiene, and spreading insecticides. Many insects influence domestic
animals as a parasitoid. few insects are ectoparasites like fleas, bugs,
mosquitos, and lice. Apart from this, some can live as endoparasites
i.e., bot-fly larvae in sheep. Some insects are extremely dangerous
for human health (i.e. Mosquitoes, Tse-Tse fly, Lice, Screwworm
flies, Oriental rat flea, Horseflies, Black flies, etc). Mosquitoes cause
diseases like Yellow Fever, Malaria, Dengue, Zika Fever that have
negative impacts on human health. Tse-Tse flies cause diseases i.e.,
 Insects: Ecological Role, Importance, Edible and Harmful 97

Sleeping Sickness. Screwworm flies lay their eggs on the wound

of pets and farm animals. Some general pests destroy crops and
damage the stored grains. Herbivorous insects damage 18% of world
agricultural production and this is mainly controlled by chemical
methods.9 Locust migrates with swarms. When these swarms
invasion they destroy the entire crop fields of an area.

Conclusion
The extensive number of bats, birds, and freshwater fish have
mostly dependent on insects for their food. From another point
of view, humans are also dependent on insect pollination because
insect pollinators provide nutritious fruits and vegetables which are
beneficial for the public. In this chapter, the main highlights on how
much insects are important for the ecosystem, pollination, agricultural
as byproducts for humans and also discussed insects how harmful to
humans as well as agricultural fields. About insect populations, we
should think of how much they are significant for nature, agricultural
fields, education, medicine, and humans. We cannot conserve every
single species of insect. So it is necessary to spread maximum
awareness about the insect population, their precipitous decline in
our local peoples.

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