Pre-Calculus
1ST SEMESTER / QUARTER 1 / PPT-BASED Mikaela Kristel Alcon (Mika)
2.3. Johannes Kepler
LESSON 1 : Conic Sections
> a German mathematician and
1. Parts of a Two-Napped Cone astronomer who, during the Renaissance,
revised the understanding of planetary
orbits. Kepler demonstrated that the orbits
of planets were not circular but elliptical,
with the sun at one focus
3. Formation of a Two-Napped Cone
> a two-napped (or double) right circular
cone is created when a straight line
intersects a vertical line at a fixed point and
rotates about that point. The cone consists
of two parts (nappes) joined at the vertex,
with the rotating line known as the generator
and the fixed line as the axis.
1.1. Axis 4. Conic Sections
> the fixed line about which the cone is > when a plane intersects the two-napped
formed cone in different ways, it forms different
1.2. Upper Nappe conic sections:
> the upper part of the cone 4.1. Circle
1.3. Generator > formed if the plane is perpendicular to the
> the line that rotates around the vertex to axis and does not pass through the vertex
form the surface of the cone 4.2. Ellipse
1.4. Vertex > formed if the plane is not perpendicular to
> the fixed point where the nappes meet the axis and does not pass through the
1.5. Lower Nappe vertex
> the lower part of the cone 4.3. Parabola
2. Mathematicians > formed when the plane is parallel to one
2.1. Menaechmus generator, cutting only one nappe
> a Greek mathematician credited with 4.4. Hyperbola
discovering the shapes formed by the > formed if the plane is parallel to two
intersection of a plane and a right circular generators and cuts through both nappes
cone, which gave rise to the different conic 5. Degenerate Conic Sections
sections > when plane intersects specific parts of cone
2.2. Aristotle 5.1. Point
> while primarily known as a philosopher, it > occurs when the plane passes through the
is suggested that Aristotle had an intuitive vertex, degenerating a circle or ellipse
understanding of conic shapes, particularly 5.2. Line
the circular orbits of planets, a belief held for > the degenerate form of a parabola
nearly 2000 years 4.3. Intersecting Lines
> the degenerate form of a hyperbola
Pre-Calculus
1ST SEMESTER / QUARTER 1 / PPT-BASED Mikaela Kristel Alcon (Mika)
2. Equation of Circle
LESSON 2 : Circles
2.1. Standard Equation
1. Circle
C (0, 0) C (h, k)
> set of all points in a plane that are
2 2 2 2 2 2
equidistant from a fixed point, known as the 𝑥 +𝑦 =𝑟 (𝑥 − ℎ) + (𝑦 − 𝑘) = 𝑟
center. The constant distance from the
2.1.1. Example #1
center to any point on the circle is called the
C (0, 0) r = 2
radius
2 2 2
1.1. Solving for radius 𝑥 +𝑦 =2
2 2
𝑥 +𝑦 = 4
2.1.2. Example #2
C (2, 4) r = 2
2 2
(𝑥 − 2) + (𝑦 − 4) = 4
2 2
(𝑥 − 2) + (𝑦 − 4) = 4
2.2. General Equation
C (0, 0) C (h, k)
2 2 2 2 2
𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑟 = 0 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝐷𝑥 − 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0
2.2.1. Example #1
C (0, 0) r = 2
1.1.1. Distance Formula 2
𝑥 +𝑦 −2 = 0
2 2
2 2
𝑥 +𝑦 − 4 = 0
2.2.2. Example #2
C (2, 4) r = 2
2 2
𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦 − 8𝑦 + 16 = 4
2 2
𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4𝑥 − 8𝑦 + (4 + 16 − 4) = 0
2 2
𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 16 = 0
LESSON 3: Parabolas
1. Parabola
> set of all points in a plane that are
2 2
𝑑= (𝑥2 − 𝑥1) + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1) equidistant from a fixed point, called the
2 2 focus, and a fixed line, called the directrix
𝑟= (𝑥 − 0) + (𝑦 − 0)
2. Parts of Parabola
2 2
𝑟= 𝑥 +𝑦 2.1. Vertex
2 2 2
𝑟 =𝑥 +𝑦 > point on the parabola that is equidistant
1.2. Solving for center from the focus and the directrix. It is the
1.2.1. Midpoint Formula point where the parabola changes
direction
𝑚= ( 𝑥1+𝑥2
2
,
𝑦1+𝑦2
2 )
Pre-Calculus
1ST SEMESTER / QUARTER 1 / PPT-BASED Mikaela Kristel Alcon (Mika)
2.2. Focus 3.2. General Equation
> fixed point inside the parabola. Every
V (0, 0) V (h, k)
point on the parabola is equidistant from
the focus and the directrix up/downward: up/downward:
2 2
2.3. Directrix 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 = 0 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0
> fixed line outside the parabola. Points on
left/right: left/right:
the parabola are equidistant from both 2 2
𝐵𝑦 + 𝐸𝑥 = 0 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐷𝑦 + 𝐸𝑥 + 𝐹 = 0
the directrix and the focus
2.4. Principal Axis 3.2.1. Example #1
> line that passes through the vertex and V (0, 0) p = 2
2
the focus, perpendicular to the directrix. It 𝑥 = 8𝑦
2
is the axis of symmetry for the parabola 𝑥 − 8𝑦 = 0
2.4.1. x-axis 3.2.2. Example #2
> up/downward: 𝑦 = 0 ; 𝑦 = 𝑘 V (2, 4) p = 2
2.4.2. y-axis 2
(𝑥 − 2) = 8(𝑦 − 4)
> left/right: 𝑥 = 0 ; 𝑥 = ℎ 2
(𝑥 − 2) = 8(𝑦 − 4)
2.5. Latus Rectum (Focal Width)
LESSON 4: Ellipse
> line segment that passes through the
focus and is perpendicular to the 1. Ellipse
principal axis. The endpoints of the latus 1.1. set of all points (𝑥, 𝑦) in a plane such that the
rectum lie on the parabola, and its length sum of their distances from two fixed points,
is 4𝑝, where 𝑝 is the distance from the called foci (singular: focus), is constant
vertex to the focus 2. Parts of an ellipse
3. Equation of Parabola 2.1. Foci
3.1. Standard Equation > the two fixed points in an ellipse. The sum
of the distances from any point on the
V (0, 0) V (h, k)
ellipse to the foci is constant
up/downward: up/downward: 2.2. Vertices
2 2
𝑥 = ± 4𝑝𝑦 (𝑥 − ℎ) = ± 4𝑝(𝑦 − 𝑘) > the two fixed points in an ellipse. The sum
of the distances from any point on the
left/right: left/right:
2 2 ellipse to the foci is constant
𝑦 = ± 4𝑝𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑘) = ± 4𝑝(𝑥 − ℎ)
2.3. Center
3.1.1. Example #1
> midpoint of the line segment joining the
V (0, 0) p = 2 two vertices
2
𝑥 = 4(2)𝑦 2.4. Major Axis
2
𝑥 = 8𝑦 > the longest line segment that can be
3.1.2. Example #2 drawn through the center of the ellipse,
V (2, 4) p = 2 passing through both vertices.
2
(𝑥 − 2) = 4(2)(𝑦 − 4) 2.5. Minor Axis
2
(𝑥 − 2) = 8(𝑦 − 4) > the shortest line segment that can be
drawn through the center of the ellipse,
Pre-Calculus
1ST SEMESTER / QUARTER 1 / PPT-BASED Mikaela Kristel Alcon (Mika)
perpendicular to the major axis 2
( 2
𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 9 + 4 𝑦 + 4𝑦 + 4 = 64 )
2.6. Principal Axis 2 2
𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 9 + 4𝑦 + 16𝑦 + 16 − 64 = 0
> the line that passes through both foci and 2 2
𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 6𝑥 + 16𝑦 − 39 = 0
the center of the ellipse is called the 4. Properties of Ellipse
principal axis. It is the axis along which the 4.1. C (0, 0)
ellipse is longest
Horizontal Major Vertical Major Axis
2.7. Co-Vertices
Axis PA: y-axis ; x=0
> points on the ellipse where the minor axis PA: x-axis ; y=0
intersects the ellipse
3. Equation of Ellipse V (± 𝑎, 0) (0, ± 𝑎)
3.1. Standard Equation
M (0, ± 𝑏) (± 𝑏, 0)
3.1.1. C (0, 0)
Horizontal Major Axis Vertical Major Axis F (± 𝑐, 0) (0, ± 𝑐)
PA: x-axis ; y=0 PA: y-axis ; x=0
4.2. C (h, k)
2 2 2 2
𝑥
+
𝑦
= 1
𝑥
+
𝑦
= 1 Horizontal Major Vertical Major Axis
2 2 2 2
𝑎 𝑏 𝑏 𝑎 Axis PA: y-axis ; x=0
3.1.2. C (h, k) PA: x-axis ; y=0
Horizontal Major Axis Vertical Major Axis V (ℎ ± 𝑎, 𝑘) (ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑎)
PA: x-axis ; y=k PA: y-axis ; x=h
2 2 2 2 M (ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑏) (ℎ ± 𝑏, 𝑘)
(𝑥−ℎ) (𝑦−𝑘) (𝑥−ℎ) (𝑦−𝑘)
2 + 2 = 1 2 + 2 = 1
𝑎 𝑏 𝑏 𝑎
F (ℎ ± 𝑐, 𝑘) (ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑐)
3.2.1. Example #1
V (3, -2)
2 2
𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 6𝑥 + 16𝑦 − 39 = 0
2 2
𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 9 + 4𝑦 + 16𝑦 + 16 = 39 + 9 + 16
2 2
(𝑥 − 3) + 4𝑦 + 16𝑦 = 64
2 2
(𝑥 − 3) + 4(𝑦 + 2) = 64
1
64 ((𝑥 − 3)2 + 4(𝑦 + 2)2 = 64)
2 2
(𝑥−3) (𝑦+2)
64
+ 16
=1
3.2. General Equation
C (0, 0) C (h, k)
2 2 2 2
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 𝐹 = 0
3.2.1. Example #1
V (3, -2)
2 2
(𝑥−3) (𝑦+2)
64
+ 16
=1
( )
2 2
(𝑥−3) (𝑦+2)
64 64
+ 16
=1
2 2
(𝑥 − 3) + 4(𝑦 + 2) = 64
