Chapter 1

KENYA: ATLAS OF THE CHAGING ENVIRONMENT

Environmental Features and challenges – pillar to Vision 2030

ENVIRONMENT AND ECONOMIC STABILITY......................................................................................................2

ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS FOR 2012........................................................................................................................4
FIVE WATER TOWERS – KENYA’S WATER CATCHMENTS – FLAGSHIP PROJECT FOR 2012.............................................7
SPECIAL ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES, CHARACTERISTICS, AND CHANGES OF THE “FIVE
WATER TOWERS............................................................................................................................................................8
THE ABERDARE RANGE...................................................................................................................................................8
MOUNT KENYA.............................................................................................................................................................11
THE MAU FOREST COMPLEX AND MARMANET FORESTS..............................................................................................12
Critical link to Kenya’s economic sectors and future growth..................................................................................15
Environmental and economic threats.......................................................................................................................15
MOUNT ELGON..............................................................................................................................................................16
THE CHERANGANI HILLS...............................................................................................................................................17
TOURISM........................................................................................................................................................................18
BIODIVERSITY................................................................................................................................................................24
THREATENED SPECIES...................................................................................................................................................24
ENERGY..........................................................................................................................................................................27
FUELWOOD....................................................................................................................................................................27
ELECTRICITY..................................................................................................................................................................28
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES.....................................................................................................................................30
PETROLEUM...................................................................................................................................................................30
ENVIRONMENTALLY INDUCED DISASTERS WITH POTENTIAL IMPACT ON VISION 2030.................32
DROUGHTS IN KENYA...................................................................................................................................................32
FLOOD PRONE AREAS.....................................................................................................................................................34
Floods in Bundalangi...............................................................................................................................................35
Floods in Tana River District..................................................................................................................................39
References..........................................................................................................................................................................42

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Environment and economic stability

Kenya Vision 2030 is the new country’s development blueprint covering the period 2008 to 2030. It
aims at making Kenya a newly industrializing, “middle income country providing high quality life
for all its citizens by the year 2030”. Vision 2030 is based on three pillars: the economic pillar, the
social pillar, and the political pillar. In one way or the other, these pillars are all interrelated and the
fibre that binds them together is the natural environment, with its inherent supply of renewable and
non-renewable goods and services.

Figure 1: Thematic Overview of the Kenya Vision 2030

Source: GoK, Kenya Vision 2030

Development objectives and the need to protect and maintain the natural environment must go hand
in hand. This is because, environmental Sustainability, including the conservation of biodiversity,
underpins human well-being (UN 2005). Our natural environment not only provides us with the
basic goods needed for sustenance such as water, food, and fibre, but also purifies the air and water;
produces healthy soils; cycles nutrients; and regulates the climate (WRI 2007). These ecosystem
services provided by the environment are important for the development and maintenance of a
healthy lifestyle and in national wealth creation and poverty reduction (UN 2005).

Currently, Kenya’s population is nearly 38 million, having grown from just 8 million in 1960. With
a yearly growth rate of 2.8 per cent it is projected to reach 51 million by 2025 (Thaxton 2007).
Vision 2030 should plan for and ensure an equivalent economic growth to cater for this. About two
thirds of her (this) population lives in rural areas and the proportion living in urban areas has
exploded from 7.4 per cent in 1960 to 21.3 per cent in 2007 (UNDP 2008). By 2030, it is projected
that 33 per cent of Kenyans will live in urban areas (UNPD 2007) and delivery of vision 2030 must
also take these facts into consideration.

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Figure 2: by the year 2030, the proportion of Kenyan’s living in urban areas will be about
33%. Source UNPD 2007

Increasing the number of people living in the same area adds pressure on land and its resources. In
a hypothetical situation in which land is shared equally among the population base, as time passes
and population increases, each individual’s share of land would decrease, as illustrated in figure 3

Figure 3: Kenya’s shrinking land base: the amount of land available to each person in Kenya has
changed from 9.6 hectares in 1950 to 1.7 hectares in 2005. It is projected that available land will
further decline to 0.3 hectares per person by 2050. Ashbindu, please get high resolution

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Environmental goals for 2012
The Government of Kenya understands and appreciates the import function the environment plays
in underpinning development and indeed the achievement of the vision 2030 through the regulatory
systems that support Agriculture, energy supply livelihood strategies and tourism. Table 1
illustrates the cross cutting nature of environment across the two pillar of vision 2030.

Table 1: The crosscutting underlying nature of the environment, a key pillar to achieve vision 2030

In the social pillar, Kenya aims to be a nation living in a clean, secure and sustainable environment
by the year 2030. To achieve this, the nation has set goals such as the increase of forest cover from
less than 3 per cent at present to 4 per cent and to lessen by half all environment related diseases by
the year 2012 (GoK 2007).

Among the strategies for achieving these goals is promoting environmental conservation for better
support to the economic pillar flagship projects and for the purposes of achieving the Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs); improving pollution and waste management through the design and
application of economic incentives; and the commissioning of public-private partnerships (PPPs)
for improved efficiency in water and sanitation delivery. Kenya will also enhance disaster
preparedness in all disaster-prone areas and improve the capacity for adaptation to global climatic
change. In addition the country will also harmonize environment-related laws for better
environmental planning and governance (GoK 2007).

Forests cover only 3 per cent of Kenya’s land area, yet they provide crucial services to the people.
They are significant in terms of their contribution to the national economy by provision of direct
and indirect goods and services. They trap and store rain water; regulate river flow and prevent
flooding; help recharge ground water tables; improve soil fertility; reduce soil erosion and sediment
load in river water; help regulate local climate conditions; and, act as carbon reservoirs and sinks.

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They also serve as cultural, ceremonial and recreational sites and provide a variety of wood and
non-wood products (KFWG 2008).

(Source ???)
Caption:
Get high resolution

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Figure 4: Forests are concentrated in the moist highlands of Kenya where the human population
and agricultural production are also concentrated. In the extensive semi-arid regions, forests are
mainly found on isolated hills and in discontinuous narrow bands along riverbeds. Kenya has a total
of 129 forest reserves.

Sources:
“Protected areas extracted from the 2007 World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA). The WDPA is a joint product of
UNEP and the IUCN, prepared by UNEP-WCMC and the IUCN WCPA working with Governments, the Secretariats of
MEAs and collaborating NGOs. For further information: [email protected]” (WDPA 2007)

Forest cover: UMD 2001.

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Figure 5: Area under forest and vegetation, 1994 - 2005
Source: Kenya Forestry Service, 2006

Many forests are traditionally important for cultural ceremonies and as sacred sites to local
communities, and specific tree species have cultural values. It is estimated that 530 000 forest-
adjacent households (which amount to 2.9 million people living within five kilometres from
forests) derive direct benefits from indigenous closed-canopy forests. This amounts to 10 per cent
of Kenya’s population (Wass, 1995). Estimates indicate that in some areas, the forestry sector
contributes about 70 percent of the forest adjacent households’ cash income (Wass, 1995).

Forests play a critical role in water catchment for the country. Close to three-quarters of Kenya’s
electricity is derived from hydropower. Forests contribute to the availability of water for electrical
power generation, especially because of their role as water catchments and in reducing siltation of
hydroelectric dams. About 71 percent of the domestic energy consumed in the country comes from
wood. Out of the 20 million cubic meters of fuelwood consumed annually, 95 percent is collected
from forests and rangelands (MENR, 1994).

Five Water Towers – Kenya’s water catchments – flagship project for 2012
The five “water towers” of Kenya – Mount Kenya, the Aberdare Range, the Mau Forest Complex,
Mount Elgon, and the Cherangani Hills are the five largest forest blocks in the country, and are all
montane forests. They form the upper catchments of all the main rivers in Kenya (except the Tsavo
River originating from Mt. Kilimanjaro). The “water towers” are sources of water for irrigation,
agriculture, industrial processes as well as to all installed hydro-power plants, which produce some
70 percent of Kenya’s electricity output [Photo of Hydro-electric plan/Dam]. These montane
forests are also surrounded by the most densely populated areas of Kenya, because they provide
enough water for intensive agriculture and urban settlements (DRSRS and KFWG 2006). Their
importance in supply of timber and non-timber products to the communities living within their
surroundings cannot be over emphasized. As such these forests are important and support
livelihoods for all Kenyans in one way or another.

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Figure 6: The five water towers of Kenya
Source: WRI 2007

Special environmental features, characteristics, and changes of the “five water towers

The Aberdare Range

The Aberdare Range is located in central Kenya, on the eastern edge of the Rift Valley. The forest
belt of the Aberdare Range comprises a number of forest reserves, including Aberdare, Kikuyu
Escarpment, Kijabe Hill, Kipipiri and Nyamweru, as well as some forest areas in the Aberdare
National Park. The forests cover over 250 000 ha. These forests form part of the upper catchments
of Tana River, Kenya’s largest river, as well as Athi, Ewaso Nyiro (North) and Malewa rivers.
They are also the main catchments for the Sasumua and Ndakaini dams, which provide most of the
drinking water to Nairobi [photo of Sasumua or Ndakaini dams]. The forests are characterized by a
high diversity of vegetation types, because of the wide altitudinal range (from 1 800 to 3 600
metres) and the climatic differences between the slopes. In addition, the Aberdare Range offers
spectacular scenery for tourism (DRSRS and KFWG 2006).

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Figure 7: The Aberdares forest
Get better map of Aberdares forest

Aberdares forest. C Lambretches

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Ndakaini dams

3 time-series change maps (1980??, 1990, 1995/7, 2000, 2007/8) from RCMRD
Environmental situation based on the change maps

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Mount Kenya
Mount Kenya, is Africa’s second highest peak (5 199 meters above sea-level). It rises out of the
central highlands, which are bisected by the Great East African Rift Valley, one of Africa’s best-
known geological features.

C. Lambrechts) – snow icecap???

Mt. Kenya forests are located on the equator, 180 km north of Nairobi and on Africa’s second
highest mountain. Most of the forest belt is protected as National Reserve with some forest areas
located within the National Park. They cover over 220,000 ha and form the upper catchments of the
Tana and Ewaso Nyiro rivers. Mt. Kenya forests alone are estimated to meet more than 40 per cent
of the country’s water needs (DRSRS and KFWG 2006).

Figure 8: Mount Kenya forest

(Source ???) Get better map of Mt. Kenya Forest
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Like the Aberdare Range, the forest vegetation is highly diverse. Mt. Kenya forests are rich in
terms of species, in particular plant species. The area has very attractive scenery that is highly
appreciated by tourists and local inhabitants. It therefore has great potential for domestic and
foreign tourism.

3 time-series change maps (1980s??, 1990s, 1995/7, 2000, 2007/8) from RCMRD
Environmental situation based on the change maps

1987 1995

2000 2002 Data sources:-

 LandsatTM
image taken in
February 1987,
TRFFC
 LandsatTM
images taken on 19
March 1995, USGS /
UNEP/GRID-Sioux
Falls
 LandsatET
M images taken on 5
February 2000,
USGS / UNEP/GRID-
Sioux Falls
 LandsatET
M images taken on 10
February 2002,
USGS / UNEP/GRID-
Sioux Falls

All are false color

compositions
(bands4,3 and 2)

Figure 9: Changes in the Lower Imenti forest

The forest thinned between 1987 and 1995, and almost entirely disappeared by 2000. By 2002,
forest regeneration is occurring in the entire area following eviction of squatters.
(Source ???)
This is sample. Please insert the change pairs from RCMRD

The Mau Forest Complex and Marmanet forests

The forests of the Mau Complex when combined cover an area of over 400,000 ha. The Mau
Complex is the largest remaining closed canopy forest block in Eastern Africa. They are located on
the western side of the Rift Valley. They span north-south from Eldama Ravine to Narok and east-
west from Nakuru to Kericho (figure 10). This Complex forms the largest closed-canopy forest
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ecosystem in Kenya, as large as the forests of Mt. Kenya and the Aberdare combined. It is the
single most important water catchment area in Rift Valley and western Kenya (DRSRS and KFWG
2006).

Figure 10: Mau Forest Complex and Marmanet forests

(Source ???) Get a zoom in map of Mau complex ad Marmanet forests

Through the ecological services provided by its forests, the Mau Complex is a natural asset of
national importance that supports key economic sectors in the Rift Valley and western Kenya,
including energy, tourism, agriculture (cash crops such as tea and rice; subsistence crops; and
livestock), and water supply. The Mau Complex is particularly important for two of the three
largest foreign currency earners: tea and tourism [Photo of Tea plantation/processing in Kericho].

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Figure 11: Critical water catchments, Mau Complex
(Source ???)
Caption:
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The Marmanet forests are located on the eastern escarpment of the Rift Valley, north of Nyahururu.
They comprise five forests reserves: Lariak, Marmanet, Ol Arabel, Rumuruti and Uaso Narok
(figure 11). In 2001 it is estimated that the Marmanet forests covered some 43 524 hectares (UNEP
2008). what is the current coverage)

Figure 12: Critical water catchments, Marmanet forests

(Source ???)
Caption:

Critical link to Kenya’s economic sectors and future growth

The annual market value of goods and services generated in the tea, tourism and energy sectors
alone to which the forests of the Mau Complex and Marmanet have contributed, is in excess of
Kshs 20 billion. This does not reflect provisional services such as water supply to urban areas
(Bomet, Egerton University, Elburgon, Eldama Ravine, Kericho, Molo, Nakuru, Narok, and Njoro)
or support to rural livelihoods, in particular in the Lake Victoria basin outside the tea growing
areas. This figure also does not reflect potential economic development in the catchments of the
Mau Complex and Marmanet, particularly in the energy sector. The estimated potential hydropower
generation in the Mau Complex catchments is approximately 535 megawatts, representing 57% of
the current total electricity generation capacity in Kenya (UNEP 2008).

4-5 time-series change maps of Mau – (1980, 1990, 1995/7, 2000, 2007/8) from RCMRD

Environmental and economic threats

Despite its critical importance for sustaining current and future economic development, the Mau
Complex has been impacted by extensive illegal, irregular and ill planned settlements, as well as
illegal forest resources extraction. Degazettement of forest reserves (excisions) and continuous

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widespread encroachments have led to the destruction of some 104 000 hectares representing over
24 per cent of the Mau Complex area over the last 10 years. In 2001, 61 023 hectares of forest in
the Mau Complex were excised. In addition, people have encroached into some 43 700 hectares in
the remaining protected forests of the Mau Complex. In the Marmanet forests, between 11 000 to
12 000 hectares have been lost to illegal and irregular settlements (UNEP 2008). Such an extensive
and on going destruction of key natural assets for the country is a matter of national concern which
present significant environmental and economic threats. [Picture of Logging and intensive human
settlement in Marmanet/Mau Forest]

Mount Elgon
Mt. Elgon forests are located north of Lake Victoria on the Kenya-Uganda border. The forest belt is
protected as a National Park and a Forest Reserve; the latter covers 73,706 ha. Mt. Elgon forms the
upper catchment area for two major rivers: Nzoia and Turkwel rivers. It also provides water to the
Malakisi River that crosses the small scale farming area south of the mountain before entering
Uganda (DRSRS and KFWG 2006). The forest has species that are globally threatened including
some that are endemic get some examples, making the area a priority for species conservation and a
major attraction for tourists.

Figure 13: Mount Elgon

(Source ???) Get a zoom in map of Mount Elgon

3 time-series change maps (1980??, 1990, 1995/7, 2000, 2007/8) from RCMRD
Sat images, etc
Environmental situation based on the change maps

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The Cherangani Hills
The Cherangani Hills forests comprise a number of forest reserves covering the Cherangani hills on
the western ridge of the Great Rift Valley. The forests cover an area of some 120,000 ha and form
the upper catchments of the Nzoia, Kerio and Turkwel rivers (DRSRS and KFWG 2006).

Figure 14: Cherangani Hills

(Source ???) Get a zoom in map of Cherangani Hills

Change pairs ?? (1990??, 1995/7, 2000, 2007/8)

Environmental situation based on the change maps

NOTE: Encroachment and illegal cultivation

Change maps should show the illegal expansion of farms into forests (if any) and should highlight
the threat to indigenous forest conservation. Also show population density areas and areas
threatened by illegal cultivation.

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TOURISM
Over the past years, the tourism industry has been one of the three largest foreign exchange earners
for Kenya. In 2007, consolidated earnings from tourism amounted to Kshs 65.4 billion. It is also a
major source of employment providing at least 400 000 jobs in the formal sector and over 600 000
in the informal sector. Kenya, in the economic pillar of vision 2030, aims to be among the top 10
long haul tourist destinations in the world offering a high-end, diverse, and distinctive visitor
experience that few of her competitors can offer (GoK 2007). This explains why Tourism is
targeted as the leading sector in achieving the goals of the Vision 2030.

Savannah grassland

Lions in natural Habitat Giraffe and background Mt Kilimanjaro

Kenya’s game parks and spectacular wildlife attract nearly two million tourists each year (UN-
Water 2006). Wildlife conservation is thus a high priority. Formed in 1946, Nairobi National Park,
just outside the city, was the country’s first protected area. By 2008, about 75 237.9km2 (WDPA
2007) of the nation’s land area had been set aside as national parks and game reserves.

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Figure 12: Kenya’s protected areas
WDPA (2007)
Caption:

Environment is a critical link between economic sectors and the vision of future tourism growth.
For example, the rivers flowing from the Mau Complex are the lifeline for major tourism
destination areas including: Maasai Mara Game Reserve and Lake Nakuru National Park [Pictures
of wildlife attraction in Nakuru and Maasai Mara Parks]. In 2007, the revenue from the entry fees
alone amounted to Kshs 650 million and Kshs 513 million for the Maasai Mara and Lake Nakuru
respectively. The annual indirect revenues from tourism in those two conservation areas are
estimated to be in excess of Kshs 5 billion. Those rivers are also the lifeline for a number of other
conservation areas of which the tourism potential is not yet fully developed, including: Kakamega
National Reserve; Kerio Valley National Reserve; South Turkana National Reserve; Lake Baringo;
and Lake Natron (UNEP 2008). [Pictures of birds in Kakamega, Baringo, Natron]

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These conservation areas host a high diversity of fauna and flora. For example, three of them –
Kakamega, Baringo, and Natron - are classified as Important Bird Areas, Kakamega and Baringo
hosting each over 450 bird species, while Natron is the main breeding area for the Lesser
Flamingos in the Rift Valley. Other Important Bird Areas that depend on rivers flowing from the
Mau Complex include: Koguta Swamp (Kenya – Sondu River); Kusa Swamp (Kenya – Nyando
River); Serengeti National Park (Tanzania – Mara River), Mara Bay and Masirori Swamp
(Tanzania – Mara River) (UNEP 2008).

Inlet for Lake Nakuru

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Aerial view of Lake Nakuru

The Aberdare National Park receives an average 50,000 visitors annually. The scenery is
spectacular and the high upland waterfalls are a special attraction. The north and south east of the
park are as yet undeveloped but have unique attractions. Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) has
identified sites in the south with potential for forest walks and hiking routes to Kinangop peak. In
the north, areas for fishing, hiking and horse riding have been identified. The tourism potential of
the Aberdares remains largely untapped (UNEP, KWS, RHINO ARK and KFWG 2003).

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Figure 13: Mau complex forests and Marmanet forests: critical water catchments to major
conservations areas/ parks. (Source ???)
Caption??:

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Figure 14: Marmanet forests: critical to major conservations areas
(Source ???)
Caption???:

The rivers flowing from Marmanet forests provide water to five major conservation areas: Lake
Baringo, Lake Bogoria National Reserve, Samburu National Reserve, Buffalo Springs National
Reserve and Shaba National Reserve (figure 14). In 2007, the entry fees alone in those five
conservation areas generated revenues in the range of Kshs 100-200 million (UNEP 2008).

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Biodiversity
Kenya has an estimated 6 506 higher plant species, 359 mammals, 1079 birds (of which 344 are
breeding birds), 61 reptiles, 63 amphibians and 34 fish species (Survey of Kenya 2003;
EarthTrends 2003). In addition, there are an estimated 21 575 insect species for a total of 29 673
species excluding molluscs and other invertebrates (Survey of Kenya 2003). Kenya ranks second
highest among African countries in bird and mammal species richness (Biggs et al. 2004).

Threatened Species
The closed canopy forests are major habitats for a disproportionately large percentage of the
country’s wildlife and other biodiversity, an important feature for ecosystem health and the tourism
industry. Though forests cover just over 3 per cent of Kenya's area, they contain 50 per cent of the
nation's tree species, and it is estimated that they harbour 40 per cent of the larger mammals, 30 per
cent of birds and 35 per cent of the nation’s butterflies. The indigenous forests have both endemic
and threatened species (KFWG 2008). About half of Kenya’s threatened mammals and birds are
found in its forests (Survey of Kenya 2003)

Tana River mangabey, green sea turtle

According to the 2006 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
(IUCN) report, Kenya’s threatened species include 33 species of mammals, 28 breeding bird
species, 5 species of reptiles, 4 of amphibians, 29 of fish, 16 molluscs species, 11 species of other
invertebrates, and 103 plant species.

[Insert photos of key species– great mammals, colourful birds and reptiles, fish]

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Sokoke scops owl, hawksbill turtle

Examples of endangered species include the Sokoke scops owl (Otus ireneae); Taita blue-banded
papilio (Papilio desmondi teita); the highly endangered Tana River mangabey (Cercocebus
galeritus) and the Tana River red colobus (Piliocolobus rufomitratus); the green sea turtle
(Chelonia mydas) and the critically endangered hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata).

[Insert pictures of each instead of this paragraph]

Image available at http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/staticfiles/NGS/Shared/StaticFiles/

animals/images/primary/green-sea-turtle.jpg; and http://bajatortuga.com/images/hawksbill-
turtle.jpg).

NOTE: Should have a one or two page spread of photos of endangered species

For Kenya to achieve the goals of quadrupling tourism’s annual GDP contribution to over Ksh 80
billion, raise international visitors from 1.8 million in 2006 to 3 million in 2012 and increase hotel
beds from 40 000 to about 65 000, combined with an emphasis on a high quality service, It has to
improve the infrastructure in and around its touristic attraction sights including airports/airstrips
and road network without impacting on the environment.

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Figure XXX: airport density and protected areas
(Source ???)

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ENERGY

The provision of adequate and secure sources of energy in its various forms is essential for any
country’s growth and economic development (Source???). Kenya’s quest to attain a 10 per cent
annual GDP growth rate for the next 25 years under Vision 2030 would face serious hurdles if the
nation does not secure adequate and reliable energy sources. Present sources of energy in the
country are heavily reliant on the environment; fuelwood accounts for about 70 per cent of all
energy consumed (in rural areas it is up to about 90 per cent of energy use); petroleum 21 per cent;
and electricity only 9 per cent of which hydropower sources account for more than 64 per cent
(check correct number). The Government's sector-development priorities include measures to shift
the pattern of energy consumption towards modern forms of energy (e.g. electricity and petroleum),
in order to protect the environment and to provide energy forms necessary for economic growth
(GoK and UNEP, 2002, GoK, 2002). The section below looks at the various sources of energy
currently available in Kenya and their relation to the natural environment

Figure 16: National energy consumption. Source: Economic Survey, 2000/2008

Fuelwood
The Current fuelwood demand in Kenya surpasses supply. Trends indicate a rapidly diminishing
fuelwood resource base (figure XXXX). The government of Kenya states that by 2002, the fuelwood
demand was estimated to be growing at 2.7 per cent against a 0.6 per cent growth in sustainable
supply. Excessive reliance on fuelwood, and the supply/demand imbalance, puts a huge burden on
forests thereby accelerating land degradation (GoK 2008). Unless the nation shifts away from this
reliance on fuelwood, the excessive demand will increase the pressure on the already vulnerable forest
resources.

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Logging in Kakamega forest.
C. Lambrechts

Figure 17: Fuelwood supply, demand and deficit. Source: MENR 1994

Electricity
Kenya's electric power generation capacity in the year 2005 was 5.5 billion kilowatt hours (IEA
2007). Currently, hydropower accounts for about 57.34 per cent of the total. Petroleum based,

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geothermal and wind account for 31.34 per cent, 10.53 per cent and less than 0.1 per cent
respectively (GoK 2008).

Figure XXXX: Electricity power generation capacity from various sources as at June 2000
Source: GoK 2008

The water used in hydropower generation comes from dams on major rivers emanation from Kenya’s
five water towers (section XXX). Deforestation, land cover conversion, or any other activity that
degrades these water towers will in turn lead to a reduction in the amount of electricity generated
(since more than half of the electricity generated is from hydropower), hence directly impacting the
attainment of vision 2030.

Figure XXX: Electricity generation, consumption and installed capacity. Source:

http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_time_series.cfm?fips=KE#elec

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Figure XXX: Location of power stations
(Source ???)
Caption??

Renewable energy sources

Eighty one per cent of the energy used in Kenya is from renewable sources (REN21. 2008) although
solid biomass (fuelwood) is the most widely used, geothermal energy is by far the most developed
renewable energy form, accounting for about 10.5 per cent of all the electricity produced in the
country. The exploitation of solar, wind, and biogas energy, is still very low in spite of existing great
potential (GoK 2008).

Petroleum
Kenya imports all her petroleum requirements either in form of crude oil or finished petroleum
products. Petroleum accounts for over 70 per cent of total modern energy consumed and accounts
for a significant proportion of the national import bill. Most of the petroleum fuels are consumed in
the transport sector and in electricity production.

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Kenya has in the recent past geared up her petroleum exploration efforts, a major step towards
provision of the energy needed to drive the attainment of Vision 2030. To this end, several blocks
(inland and offshore) have been leased to petroleum exploration companies (figure XXXX).
Adherence to high environmental standards during the exploration and production process is
necessary in order to protect the environment. This is especially so given that some of these blocks
overlap existing protected areas.

Figure XXX: Petroleum exploration blocks awarded to various companies

Source: Protected areas WDPA 2007, Exploration blocks: Deloitte 2007.

[Pictures of cars in traffic and electricity generating plant as main petroleum users]

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ENVIRONMENTALLY INDUCED DISASTERS WITH POTENTIAL IMPACT ON
VISION 2030

Natural disasters almost always affect human activity in one way or another. In many cases, these
disasters are accompanied with loss of lives and massive destruction of property. Kenya has always
been plagued by a string of natural disasters principal among them being the twin weather related
disasters: Drought and flooding. As the nation strives to achieve her development goals, Kenya
must bear in mind that poorly planned development can turn a recurring natural phenomenon into a
human and economic disaster (WB 2008). This section examines the occurrence and effects of
drought and flooding in Kenya.

Droughts in Kenya
In Kenya, droughts occur in a cyclic pattern. In the recent years, critical drought periods throughout
the country were experienced in 1984, 1994, 2000 and 2005-06. Further analysis of specific district of
Marsabit, Turkana and Wajir showed that the drought episodes follow the same trend but differ in
intensity. In the case of Marsabit district the drought episodes were recorded in 1983-1984, 1991-
1992, 1994, 1995-1996, 2000 and 2006. Turkana district on the other hand, shows persistent drought
in 1983, 1984, 1985, 1988, 1990, 1992-1993, 1994, 1996, 2000 and 2002, 2004 and 2006. In Wajir
district the worst years 1983-1984, 1985, 1987, 1991-1992, 1994, 1996, 2000 and 2005. (Sources??)

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 Effects of Drought

(Source ???)
Caption:, Get high resolution

b
1
NDVI anomalies

-1

-2
a
-3

-4
Jan-82

Jan-83

Jan-84

Jan-85

Jan-86

Jan-87

Jan-88

Jan-89

Jan-90

Jan-91

Jan-92

Jan-93

Jan-94

Jan-95

Jan-96

Jan-97

Jan-98

Jan-99

Jan-00

Jan-01

Jan-02

Jan-03

Jan-04

Jan-05

Jan-06

Jan-07

Jan-08

Year

Fig XXX: NDVI anomalies computed for the whole country using NOAA NDVI from 1982-Sep
2008 to determine drought severity. Years in which drought is persistent is shown by troughs below
normal, which was the zero axis of NDVI anomalies. Critical drought years in the country were
1984, 2000 and 2005-06 among others. SPOT vgt NDVI are used to illustrate the vegetation
condition over the country during a drought year (a) and good year (b).

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Flood prone areas
Floods occasionally cause disaster in Kenya. Many areas in Kenya especially north eastern, coast
and western Kenya are susceptible to floods. The frequency and occurrence of floods in many parts
of the country has increased tremendously in the last 10 to 15 years. Rangeland districts of Kenya
largely experience flashfloods that occur mainly within the rainy seasons.

In 1997/98 the El Nino phenomenon affected many parts of Kenya causing damage worth millions
of shillings, loss of lives, famine and waterborne disease epidemics. With inadequate preparation
for the El Nino floods, national resources were over-stretched in the response phase (Source ???).

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C. Lambrechts
Caption???:

Floods in Bundalangi
Budalangi division lies to the north of Lake Victoria shores near the Kenya-Uganda border, Busia
District. Rainfall pattern in Budalangi is mainly bi-modal (two rainfall seasons in a year). The
major season occurs in March to May (the long-rains season) while the other season (short-rains)
occurs in October to December.

The entire population of the division is estimated to be 64,000 people. River Nzoia traverse the
district causing floods in lower areas as it enters Lake Victoria. Construction of Dykes on the river
began in 1977 and was completed in 1984. The dykes have a total length of 34.6 km comprising of
16.2 km in the Northern and 18.4 km on the Southern part. Budalangi region has been identified
with floods for decades. Nzoia River in Budalangi division is prone to annual flooding. In 2007,
more than 28,000 families were affected by floods with 8,000 being displaced and 2,000
surrounded by water (Source ???).

35
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(Source ???)
Caption:
Use either of the photos

36
KENYA ATLAS CHAPTER 1 REVISED DRAFT – PLEASE DO NOT QUOTE
(Source ???)
Caption:
Use either of the photos

37
KENYA ATLAS CHAPTER 1 REVISED DRAFT – PLEASE DO NOT QUOTE
Large areas of forests upstream from the source & near the rivers have been cleared to make room
for mainly settlement and farmland. As a result, less vegetation is left to protect the soil, which is
quickly lost to rivers thus raising the river bed, so the rivers will overflow their banks easily.

A lasting solution to the flooding problem has not yet been found. Every year the area floods, lives
are lost, others are evacuated, relief assistance is sought, during dry seasons survivors go back to
their land and rebuild their homes and with the next rains, they go through the same cycle.

(Source ???)
Caption:
Get high resolution photo

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KENYA ATLAS CHAPTER 1 REVISED DRAFT – PLEASE DO NOT QUOTE
DEPHA
Caption???:

Floods in Tana River District

The Tana River Delta is amongst the top three of Kenya's largest and most important freshwater
wetland systems with a significant local community of cattle herders and others dependent on it and
who have done so for centuries. The Tana district is generally dry and prone to drought, however,
the Delta area experiences a bimodal type of rainfall pattern that is often erratic with mean annual
rainfall ranges between 750 and 1250mm (DEPHA 2008). It comprises of a diverse range of
habitats from coastal forests, grasslands and semi-arid Acacia thorn bush to mangroves, salt marsh,
sand dunes and permanent and seasonal fresh water pools.

Tana River enters the sea near Kipini, into Ungwana (Formosa) Bay, a delta base of 40 kilometers
wide. The Tana River is the longest in Kenya being over 1000km long and it has a catchment area
of 95 000 km² starting on Mount Kenya (ANCH, 2004). About 30km upstream from the sea, it
gives off a branch which leads to the complex of tidal creeks, flood plains, coastal lakes and
mangrove swamps known as the Tana Delta. The Delta covers some 1 300 km² behind a 50m high
sand dune system which protects it from the open ocean in Ungwana Bay. The current mouth of the
river near Kipini is not its natural mouth but used to be the estuary of a smaller river, the Ozi.

Insert change pair images of before and after showing shift of mouth of river

The mouth of the Tana was located about 30 km. southward, now called Mto Tana. In the 1860's, a
channel was dug to connect Belazoni (along the Tana river) to Kau (on the Ozi) and after a
particularly heavy flooding event at the end of the 19th century, the river broke through and this
artifical connection widened and became the principal mouth - the Mto Tana only functioning
during periods of flooding (Source ???). [This text can be used as caption for change pairs]

Flash flooding occurs in the delta region of Kipini immediately after Garsen. For example,
following heavy rains experienced during the period 13th – 16th June, 2008, Garsen and Kipini
39
KENYA ATLAS CHAPTER 1 REVISED DRAFT – PLEASE DO NOT QUOTE
areas were highly affected with over 1 443 families displaced (DEPHA, 2008). The road from
Garsen to Hola was cut-off and over 3 800 acres of farmland submerged (DEPHA, 2008) [photo of
the road cut-off from floods].

DEPHA
Caption:

40
KENYA ATLAS CHAPTER 1 REVISED DRAFT – PLEASE DO NOT QUOTE
 41
KENYA ATLAS CHAPTER 1 REVISED DRAFT – PLEASE DO NOT QUOTE
References

References (Vision 2030, five water towers, tourism, ……)

Include references from Original chapter 1 from Sioux Falls

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UNEP, KWS, RHINO ARK and KFWG 2003. United Nations Environment Programme, Kenya
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Destruction of the Aberdare Range Forests

UNEP (2008). Mau Complex and Marmanet forests, Environmnetal and economic contributions,
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May 2008. Accessed November 20, 2008 at: http://www.unep.org/pdf/Mau-
Complex_20May08.pdf

Aerial photographs taken in 2005 during an aerial point sampling exercise above Eastern Mau and
South West Mau forest reserves.

Aerial photographs taken in 2006 during an aerial point sampling exercise above Lariak,
Marmanet, Ol Arabel, Rimuruti and Uaso Narok forest reserves.

Akotsi, E., Gachanja, M. (2004). Changes in the Forest Cover in Kenya’s Five « Water Towers »
2000-2003. Kenya Forests Working Group, Department of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing.
Nairobi. Kenya Forests working Group.

Akotsi, E., Gachanja, M., Ndirangu, J. (2006). Changes in the Forest Cover in Kenya’s Five «
Water Towers » 2003-2005. Department of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing, Kenya Forests
Working Group. Nairobi. Kenya Forests Working Group.

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Nkako, F., Lambrechts, C., Gachanja, M., Woodley, B. 2005. Maasai Mau Forest Status Report
2005. Narok, Ewaso Ngiro South Development Authority.

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Nyariki, D. M., Makau, B. F., Ekaya, G. M. (2005). Emergency Off‐take Handbook. Arid Land
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KFSSF: 2008 Long Rains Assesment Report. 21st – 25th July 2008
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Protected areas: WDPA 2007

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KENYA ATLAS CHAPTER 1 REVISED DRAFT – PLEASE DO NOT QUOTE
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