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Ramakant Bhardwaj, Pushan Kumar Dutta, Pethuru Raj, Abhishek Kumar, Kavita Saini,
Alfonso González Briones, Mohammed K.A. Kaabar (Eds.)
Hybrid Information Systems
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Journal of Intelligent Systems

Fleyeh (Ed.), since 
ISSN -X
Hybrid
Information
Systems
Non-Linear Optimization Strategies with Artificial
Intelligence

Edited by
Ramakant Bhardwaj, Pushan Kumar Dutta, Pethuru Raj,
Abhishek Kumar, Kavita Saini, Alfonso González Briones
and Mohammed K.A. Kaabar
Mathematics Subject Classification 2020
37N40, 90C27, 93C35

Editors
Prof. Dr. Ramakant Bhardwaj Dr. Abhishek Kumar
Department of Mathematics Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Amity University Kolkata Chandigarh University
Major Arterial Road, Action Area II NH-5 Chandigarh-Ludhiana Highway
Rajarhat, New Town 140413 Mohali
700135 Kolkata Punjab, India
West Bengal, India [email protected]
[email protected]
Dr. Kavita Saini
Dr. Pushan Kumar Dutta Galgotias University
Amity University Kolkata Plot No. 2, Yamuna Expressway, Sector 17-A
Major Arterial Road, Action Area II 203201 Gautam Buddh Nagar
Rajarhat, New Town Greater Noida
700135 Kolkata Uttar Pradesh, India
West Bengal, India [email protected]
[email protected]
Dr. Alfonso González Briones
Dr. Pethuru Raj Facultad de Ciencias
Reliance Jio Platforms Ltd. University of Salamanca
AECS Layout, C-Block Calle Espejo
D002, Prospect Princeton Apartment 37007 Salamanca, Spain
Manipal County Road [email protected]
560068 Bangalore
Karnataka, India Prof. Dr. Mohammed K.A. Kaabar
[email protected] Professor of Mathematics
Samarkand International University of Technology
Samarkand 140100, Uzbekistan
[email protected]

ISBN 978-3-11-132979-6
e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-133113-3
e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-133118-8

Library of Congress Control Number: 2024935939

Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek

The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie;
detailed bibliographic data are available on the internet at http://dnb.dnb.de.

© 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Cover image: StationaryTraveller/iStock/Getty Images Plus
Typesetting: Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd.
Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck

www.degruyter.com
Contents
Contributing authors IX

Bhupinder Singh, Pushan Kumar Dutta, Christian Kaunert

Synchronizing neural networks, machine learning for medical diagnosis,
and patient representation: looping advanced optimization strategies
assisting experts for complex mechanisms behind health and disease
detection 1

Upinder Kaur
The future of predictive health: evaluating the role of neural network based
hybrid models in healthcare 19

Kirti Verma, Vineeta Shrivastava, Neeraj Chandnani,

M. Sundararajan, Adarsh Mangal
An overview of new trends on deep learning models for diabetes risk
prediction 47

Vinit Kumar, Prabhjot Kaur, Sukhpreet Kaur

A study on the detection and diagnosis of cervical cancer using machine
and deep learning models 57

Umang Garg, Rahul Singh Pundir, Mahesh Manchanda,

Neha Gupta, Ram Bhawan Singh
Sentiments and opinions shared on social media during the COVID-19
pandemic using machine learning techniques 71

Pooja Dixit, Kusumlata Gehlot

Combining decision tree and Bayesian networks for improved predictive
analytics 91

Sakshi, Tushar Mehrotra, Priyanka Tyagi, Vishal Jain

Emerging trends in hybrid information systems modeling in artificial
intelligence 115

Rakhi Chauhan
Hybrid approaches for improving cybersecurity and network intrusion
system 153
VI Contents

Abhijit Paul, Kunal Das, Saurav Sen

IoT security enhancement through blockchain solutions 167

Jatin Arora, Saravjeet Singh, Monika Sethi, Gaganpreet Kaur,

G.S. Pradeep Ghantasala
Securing cloud data exchange related to IoT devices: key challenges
and its machine learning solutions 177

G. Nagendra Babu, K. Harikrishna, K. Venkatewara Rao

Hybrid information systems for modeling traffic management and
control 201

Vishal Jain, Archan Mitra

Integrative hybrid information systems for enhanced traffic maintenance
and control in Bangalore: a synchronized approach 223

Rohit Rastogi, Yati Varshney

A comprehensive study for weapon detection technologies for surveillance
under different YoloV8 models on primary data 241

Sateesh Kourav, Kirti Verma, Mukul Jangid, Sunil Kumar Shah

Strategic design of asymmetric graphene and ReS2 field-effect transistors
using nonlinear optimization and machine learning 269

Manisha Singh, Purvee Bhardwaj, Amit Kumar Mishra, Ramakant Bhardwaj

Recent advancements in perfect difference networks for image recognition:
a survey and analysis 307

Anuj Kumar Gupta, Sukhdeep Kaur, Prabhjeet Kaur, Tanuja kumari Sharma
Image to text to speech: a web-based application using optical character
recognition and speech synthesis 329

Rajesh Sisodia, Archan Mitra, Sayani Das

Biomimicry and nature-inspired solutions for environmental
sustainability 343

Gautam Yadav, Nishant Kumar, Rohit Rastogi

Intelligent analysis of flowers and knowledge generation: an empirical study
for agriculture 4.0 355
 Contents VII

Debosree Ghosh, Pushan Kumar Dutta, Mostafa Abotaleb

Harnessing the power of hybrid models for supply chain management
and optimization 407

Mostafa Abotaleb, Pushan Kumar Dutta

Optimizing long short-term memory networks for univariate time series
forecasting: a comprehensive guide 427

Mostafa Abotaleb, Pushan Kumar Dutta

Optimizing bidirectional long short-term memory networks for univariate
time series forecasting: a comprehensive guide 443

Mostafa Abotaleb, Pushan Kumar Dutta

Optimizing convolutional neural networks for univariate time series
forecasting: a comprehensive guide 459

Mostafa Abotaleb, Pushan Kumar Dutta

Optimizing gated recurrent unit networks for univariate time series
forecasting: a comprehensive guide 473

Maad M. Mijwil, Mostafa Abotaleb, Pushan Kumar Dutta

Artificial intelligence-based diagnosis and treatment of childhood bronchial
allergies 491

Index 501
Contributing authors
Chapter 1 India
Dr. Bhupinder Singh [email protected]
Sharda School of Law
Sharda University Dr. Adarsh Mangal
Greater Noida Department of Mathematics
Uttar Pradesh Engineering College
India Ajmer, Rajasthan
Email: [email protected] India
[email protected]
Prof. (Dr.) Christian Kaunert
Dublin City University Dr. M. Sundararajan
Dublin Department of Mathematics and Computer
Ireland Science
Email: [email protected] Mizoram University
Aizawl, Mizoram
Chapter 2 India
Dr. Upinder Kaur [email protected]
Department of CSE
Akal University Chapter 4
Bathinda Dr. Vinit Kumar
Punjab Chandigarh Group of Colleges – Landran
India Ajitgarh, Punjab
[email protected] India
[email protected]
Chapter 3
Dr. Kirti Verma Dr. Prabhjot Kaur
Associate Professor Chandigarh Group of Colleges – Landran
Department of Engineering Mathematics Ajitgarh, Punjab
Gyan Ganga Institute of Technology India
and Sciences (GGITS) [email protected]
Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh
India Dr. Sukhpreet Kaur
[email protected] Chandigarh Group of Colleges – Landran
Ajitgarh, Punjab
Dr. Vineeta Shrivastava India
Department of Computer Science and [email protected]
Engineering
Lakshmi Narain College of Technology Chapter 5
Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh Dr. Rahul Singh Pundir
India Department of CSE
[email protected] Graphic Era Hill University
Dehradun, Uttarakhand
Dr. Neeraj Chandnani India
Institute of Advance Computing [email protected]
SAGE University
Indore
Madhya Pradesh

https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111331133-203
X Contributing authors

Dr. Umang Garg Dr. Kusumlata Gehlot

Department of CSE Dezyne E’Cole College
Graphic Era Hill University Ajmer, Rajasthan
Dehradun, Uttarakhand India
India [email protected]
[email protected]
Chapter 7
Dr. Mahesh Manchanda Sakshi
Department of CSE Department of Computer Science
Graphic Era Hill University and Engineering
Dehradun, Uttarakhand Sharda University
India New Delhi
[email protected] India
[email protected]
Dr. Ashish Gupta
Department of CSE Tushar Mehrotra
Tula’s Institute of Technology Department of Computer Science
Dehradun, Uttarakhand and Engineering
India Sharda University
[email protected] New Delhi
India
Dr. Ram Bhawan Singh [email protected]
Department of CSE
Tula’s Institute of Technology Dr. Priyanka Tyagi
Dehradun, Uttarakhand Department of Computer Science
India and Engineering
[email protected] Sharda University
New Delhi
Dr. Manish Kumar India
Department of CSE [email protected]
Landran Campus
Ajitgarh, Chandigarh Dr. Vishal Jain
India Department of Computer Science
[email protected] and Engineering
Sharda University
Dr. Amit Kumar Mishra New Delhi
Jain (Deemed-to-be-University) India
Bengaluru [email protected]
Karnataka
India Chapter 8
[email protected] Dr. Rakhi Chauhan
Chitkara University Institute of Engineering
Chapter 6 and Technology
Dr. Pooja Dixit Chitkara University
Dezyne E’Cole College Punjab
Ajmer, Rajasthan India
India [email protected]
[email protected]
 Contributing authors XI

Chapter 9 Dr. Gaganpreet Kaur

Dr. Abhijit Paul Chitkara University Institute of Engineering
Department of Information Technology and Technology
Amity University Chitkara University
Kolkata, West Bengal Rajpura, Punjab
India India
[email protected] [email protected]

Kunal Das Dr. G.S. Pradeep Ghantasala

Department of Information Technology Chitkara University Institute of Engineering
Amity University and Technology
Kolkata, West Bengal Chitkara University
India Rajpura, Punjab
[email protected] India
[email protected]
Saurav Sen
Department of Information Technology Chapter 11
Amity University Dr. G. Nagendra Babu
Kolkata, West Bengal Department of CSE
India Jain (Deemed-to-be University)
[email protected] Bengaluru, Karnataka
India
Chapter 10 [email protected]
Dr. Jatin Arora
Chitkara University Institute of Engineering Dr. K. Harikrishna
and Technology Department of CSE
Chitkara University Mohan Babu University
Rajpura, Punjab Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh
India India
[email protected] [email protected]

Dr. Saravjeet Singh Dr. K. Venkatewara Rao

Chitkara University Institute of Engineering Department of CSE
and Technology Mohan Babu University
Chitkara University Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh
Rajpura, Punjab India
India [email protected]
[email protected]
Chapter 12
Dr. Monika Sethi Dr. Vishal Jain
Chitkara University Institute of Engineering Department of Computer Science and
and Technology Engineering
Chitkara University Sharda School of Engineering and Technology
Rajpura, Punjab Sharda University
India Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh
[email protected] India
[email protected]
XII Contributing authors

Dr. Archan Mitra Punjab Engineering College

Department of Mass Communication Chandigarh
School of Media Studies (SOMS) India
Presidency University [email protected]
Bangalore, Karnataka
India Sunil Kumar Shah
[email protected] Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering
Chapter 13 Gyan Ganga Institute of Technology
Yati Varshney and Sciences
Department of CSE Jabalpur
ABES Engineering College Madhya Pradesh
Ghaziabad India
Uttar Pradesh [email protected]
India
[email protected] Chapter 15
Manisha Singh
Dr. Rohit Rastogi Department of Computer Science
Department of CSE CKMC
ABES Engineering College Satna
Ghaziabad Madhya Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh India
India [email protected]
[email protected]
Dr. Purvee Bhardwaj
Chapter 14 Department of Physical Science
Sateesh Kourav RNTU
Department of Electronics and Communication Bhopal
Engineering Madhya Pradesh
Indian Institute of Information Technology, India
Design and Manufacturing [email protected]
Jabalpur
Madhya Pradesh Dr. Amit Kumar Mishra
India Department of Computer Application
[email protected] Sagar Institute of Science and Technology
Gandhinagar
Kirti Verma Bhopal
Associate Professor Madhya Pradesh
Department of Engineering Mathematics India
Gyan Ganga Institute of Technology [email protected]
and Sciences (GGITS)
Jabalpur Dr. Ramakant Bhardwaj
Madhya Pradesh Department of Mathematics
India Amity University
[email protected] Kolkata
West Bengal
Mukul Jangid India
Department of Electronics and Communication [email protected]
Engineering
 Contributing authors XIII

Chapter 16 Dr. Archan Mitra

Dr. Anuj Kumar Gupta School of Media Studies
Department of CSE Presidency University
Chandigarh Group of Colleges Bangalore
Mohali Karnataka
Punjab India
India [email protected]
[email protected]
Sayani Das
Dr. Sukhdeep Kaur Institute of Mass Communication Film and
Department of CSE Television Studies
Chandigarh Group of Colleges Kolkata
Mohali West Bengal
Punjab India
India [email protected]
[email protected]
Chapter 18
Dr. Prabhjeet Kaur Gautam Yadav
Department of CSE Department of CSE
Chandigarh Group of Colleges ABES Engineering College
Mohali Ghaziabad
Punjab Uttar Pradesh
India India
[email protected] [email protected]

Dr. Tanuja Kumari Sharma Nishant Kumar

Department of CSE Department of CSE
Chandigarh Group of Colleges ABES Engineering College
Mohali Ghaziabad
Punjab Uttar Pradesh
India India
[email protected] [email protected]

Dr. Amit Kumar Mishra Dr. Rohit Rastogi

Jain (Deemed-to-be-University) Department of CSE
Bengaluru ABES Engineering College
Karnataka Ghaziabad
India Uttar Pradesh
Email: [email protected] India
[email protected]
Chapter 17
Dr. Rajesh Sisodia
School of Media Studies
Presidency University
Bangalore
Karnataka
India
[email protected]
XIV Contributing authors

Chapter 19 Pushan Kumar Dutta

Debosree Ghosh School of Engineering and Technology
Department of Computer Science and Amity University Kolkata
Technology Kolkata
Shree Ramkrishna Institute of Science and West Bengal
Technology India
Jaynagar [email protected]
West Bengal
India Chapter 21
[email protected] Mostafa Abotaleb
South Ural State University
Dr. Pushan Kumar Dutta Chelyabinsk
School of Engineering and Technology Russia
Amity University [email protected]
Kolkata
West Bengal Pushan Kumar Dutta
India School of Engineering and Technology,
[email protected] Amity University Kolkata
Kolkata
Mostafa Abotaleb West Bengal
South Ural State University India
Chelyabinsk [email protected]
Russia
[email protected] Chapter 22
Mostafa Abotaleb
Chapter 20 South Ural State University
Mostafa Abotaleb Chelyabinsk
South Ural State University Russia
Chelyabinsk [email protected]
Russia
[email protected] Dr. Pushan Kumar Dutta
School of Engineering and Technology
Pushan Kumar Dutta Amity University Kolkata
School of Engineering and Technology Kolkata
Amity University Kolkata West Bengal
Kolkata India
West Bengal [email protected]
India
[email protected] Chapter 23
Mostafa Abotaleb
Chapter 21 South Ural State University
Mostafa Abotaleb Chelyabinsk
South Ural State University Russia
Chelyabinsk [email protected]
Russia
[email protected]
 Contributing authors XV

Dr. Pushan Kumar Dutta Mostafa Abotaleb

School of Engineering and Technology Department of System Programming
Amity University Kolkata South Ural State University
Kolkata Chelyabinsk
West Bengal Russia
India [email protected]
[email protected]
Dr. Pushan Kumar Dutta
Chapter 24 School of Engineering and Technology
Maad M. Mijwil Amity University Kolkata
Computer Techniques Engineering Department Kolkata
Baghdad College of Economic Sciences West Bengal
University India
Baghdad [email protected]
Iraq
[email protected]
Bhupinder Singh✶, Pushan Kumar Dutta, Christian Kaunert
Synchronizing neural networks, machine
learning for medical diagnosis, and patient
representation: looping advanced
optimization strategies assisting experts
for complex mechanisms behind health
and disease detection
Abstract: The integration of machine learning techniques, particularly neural net-
works, into the field of medical diagnosis has shown great promise in recent years.
The twenty-first century has witnessed an explosion of healthcare data generated
through various sources, ranging from electronic health records and medical imaging
to wearable devices and genomic sequencing. This deluge of information presents
both opportunities and challenges for the medical community. On the one hand, it
holds the potential to revolutionize healthcare by enabling earlier disease detection,
personalized treatment plans, and more effective patient management. On the other
hand, the sheer volume and complexity of healthcare data pose formidable obstacles
for human experts to extract meaningful insights and make timely decisions. In re-
sponse to this data-driven healthcare landscape, machine learning and, in particular,
neural networks have emerged as indispensable tools for medical professionals.
These computational techniques offer the capacity to analyze vast datasets, recognize
subtle patterns, and provide data-driven recommendations that can augment the ca-
pabilities of healthcare practitioners. Furthermore, advanced optimization strategies
have become instrumental in fine-tuning the performance of machine learning mod-
els, thereby enhancing their utility in the realm of medical diagnosis. This research
endeavors to explore the synergy between synchronizing neural networks, advanced
optimization strategies, and patient representation in the context of health and dis-
ease detection. By combining these elements, we aim to create a framework that not
only improves the accuracy of diagnostic predictions but also aids medical experts in
deciphering the intricate mechanisms underpinning the observed health outcomes. In

✶
Corresponding author: Bhupinder Singh, Sharda School of Law, Sharda University, Greater Noida,
Uttar Pradesh, India, Orcid ID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4779-2553
Pushan Kumar Dutta, Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, ASETK, Amity
University, Kolkata, India, Orcid ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4765-3864
Christian Kaunert, International Security, Dublin City University, Ireland,
Orcid ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4493-2235

https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111331133-001
2 Bhupinder Singh, Pushan Kumar Dutta, Christian Kaunert

doing so, it aspires to bridge the gap between the data-rich, yet often opaque, world of
medical diagnostics and the clinical expertise of healthcare professionals.

Keywords: EHRs, health and disease detection, machine learning, medical diagnosis,
neural networks

1 Introduction
The field of healthcare has witnessed a remarkable transformation with the advent of
machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI). Among the myriad applications of AI in
healthcare, one of the most promising and challenging domains is medical diagnosis and
patient representation. The complexities inherent in understanding the mechanisms be-
hind health and disease detection have driven the exploration of advanced optimization
strategies to synchronize neural networks and facilitate expert decision-making.
Machine learning algorithms, particularly neural networks, have demonstrated ex-
ceptional capabilities in analyzing vast volumes of medical data, from patient records
and diagnostic images to genetic information. These algorithms hold the potential to
not only assist healthcare professionals in diagnosing diseases but also to uncover intri-
cate patterns and insights that might elude the human eye. However, realizing this po-
tential is contingent on overcoming the hurdles posed by the inherent complexity and
variability of medical data. The scope of the chapter lies in the following aspects:
1. Introduce the need for advanced AI techniques to support clinical decision-
making and enhance understanding of complex disease mechanisms.
2. Provide a background on the use of neural networks and machine learning for
medical diagnosis and patient health modeling.
3. Discuss challenges in representing patient data and complexity of disease detection.
4. Present an idea of synchronizing neural network and machine learning models
with clinical knowledge to create optimal hybrid diagnostic systems.
5. Explain advanced optimization strategies to find best model configurations and
parameters settings.
6. Propose an approach for looping optimization process to continuously integrate
clinician feedback for improved performance.
7. Demonstrate a framework for assisting medical experts by elucidating complex
correlations learned by models related to disease detection.
8. Discuss methods for evaluative comparisons against clinician’s diagnostic perfor-
mance and standard prediction techniques.
9. Present results on hybrid model diagnosis, optimization processes, and discov-
ered disease mechanisms.
10. Highlight implications for improved clinical decision support, personalized medi-
cine, and better patient health outcomes.
 Synchronizing neural networks, machine learning for medical diagnosis 3

11. Conclude with limitations and future extensions for enhanced hybrid diagnostic
systems.

The scope focuses on leveraging synchronization of neural networks and machine

learning with clinical knowledge and advanced optimization techniques to create inte-
grated diagnostic systems that can match or surpass human expert performance while
providing insights into complex disease mechanisms. The crux of the challenge lies in
creating synchronized neural networks that can not only learn from diverse data sour-
ces but also effectively communicate their findings to healthcare experts. This synchro-
nization aims to bridge the gap between the computational power of AI systems and
the clinical expertise of healthcare professionals, creating a synergistic relationship
where machines complement the diagnostic acumen of human experts [1].
The advanced optimization strategies play a pivotal role in achieving this synchroni-
zation. These strategies encompass a range of techniques, from fine-tuning neural net-
work architectures to optimizing training parameters and leveraging transfer learning
[2]. By tailoring these optimization strategies to the unique demands of medical data anal-
ysis, it becomes possible to enhance the performance, reliability, and interpretability of
AI-driven diagnostic tools. In this multidisciplinary pursuit, we delve into the intricate in-
terplay between machine learning, medical diagnosis, and patient representation, aiming
to unravel the complex mechanisms underpinning health and disease detection. By loop-
ing advanced optimization strategies into the equation, we endeavor to assist healthcare
experts in harnessing the full potential of AI as a partner in the quest for improved
healthcare outcomes. This research embarks on a journey to explore the frontiers of AI-
enabled medical diagnosis, where the synergy between man and machine holds the
promise of a more precise, accessible, and proactive healthcare landscape [3].

1.1 Significance of medical diagnosis

The significance of medical diagnosis in the realm of healthcare cannot be overstated.

It is the pivotal first step in the patient care continuum, laying the foundation for
timely and accurate treatment decisions. Medical diagnosis serves as the compass that
guides healthcare professionals in understanding the nature of a patient’s ailment,
from common illnesses to rare diseases. It not only alleviates suffering but also saves
lives by enabling early interventions and personalized treatment plans [4].
The medical diagnosis is instrumental in resource allocation, ensuring that health-
care facilities optimize their resources by focusing on patients who require immediate
attention. In an era of evolving medical technology and data-driven insights, diagnosis
has evolved beyond clinical judgment to include cutting-edge tools like AI and machine
learning [5]. Also, the significance of medical diagnosis extends to public health, as it
enables the tracking and monitoring of diseases on a larger scale. Accurate and timely
diagnosis aids in disease surveillance, outbreak management, and the development of
4 Bhupinder Singh, Pushan Kumar Dutta, Christian Kaunert

preventive measures. The medical diagnosis stands at the forefront of healthcare, serv-
ing as a linchpin for effective patient care, research, and public health initiatives. Its
significance reverberates through every facet of the healthcare ecosystem, driving ad-
vancements that ultimately improve the quality of life and well-being of individuals
and communities worldwide [6].

1.2 Role of machine learning in healthcare

The role of machine learning in healthcare is nothing short of transformative. It has

emerged as a powerful ally in the pursuit of more precise, efficient, and personalized
healthcare solutions. Machine learning algorithms, particularly neural networks, have
the ability to analyze vast amounts of medical data with unprecedented speed and accu-
racy. They excel at identifying intricate patterns, making predictions, and uncovering in-
sights that can inform critical healthcare decisions. Yet, machine learning in healthcare is
not without its challenges. Issues of data privacy, interpretability, and bias must be ad-
dressed to ensure ethical and responsible use. Nonetheless, the integration of machine
learning into healthcare promises to revolutionize the industry by enhancing diagnostic
accuracy, improving treatment outcomes, and advancing our understanding of complex
diseases. It represents a compelling synergy between cutting-edge technology and the
pursuit of better health and well-being for individuals and communities worldwide [7].

1.3 Need for synchronized neural networks and advanced

optimization strategies in healthcare
The need for synchronized neural networks and advanced optimization strategies in
healthcare is driven by the ever-increasing complexity and volume of medical data,
as well as the imperative to improve diagnostic accuracy and patient care. In the
realm of healthcare, data comes from diverse sources, including electronic health re-
cords (EHRs), medical images, genetic sequencing, and wearable devices. To harness
the full potential of this wealth of information, it is imperative to develop neural net-
works that can effectively learn from and collaborate with one another [8].
Synchronized neural networks enable the integration of insights from various
data modalities, creating a holistic patient representation. For example, they can com-
bine clinical data with genetic information and imaging results to provide a compre-
hensive view of a patient’s health. This synchronization enhances diagnostic accuracy
and aids healthcare professionals in making more informed decisions, particularly in
complex and multifaceted cases.
To achieve this synchronization, advanced optimization strategies play a pivotal
role. These strategies involve fine-tuning neural network architectures, optimizing
training parameters, and leveraging techniques like transfer learning [9]. With tailor-
 Synchronizing neural networks, machine learning for medical diagnosis 5

ing these strategies to the nuances of healthcare data analysis, it becomes possible to
enhance the performance, reliability, and interpretability of AI-driven diagnostic
tools. Moreover, they facilitate efficient model training and convergence, allowing for
faster and more responsive healthcare applications. The need for synchronized neu-
ral networks and advanced optimization strategies in healthcare is driven by the aspi-
ration to provide more accurate and comprehensive patient care. By harmonizing the
capabilities of AI systems and optimizing their performance, we aim to unlock the po-
tential for earlier disease detection, more tailored treatments, and ultimately, im-
proved healthcare outcomes for individuals and communities [10].

1.4 Research objectives

The research objectives of any study serve as its guiding pillars, setting a clear direction
for investigation and analysis. The research objectives are driven by the ambition to
revolutionize healthcare through cutting-edge technology, ensuring that AI not only en-
hances diagnostic accuracy but also upholds ethical standards and ultimately leads to
improved healthcare delivery and patient well-being. The research objectives are to:
– design and implement synchronized neural networks capable of seamlessly inte-
grating multiple data modalities in healthcare, including clinical records, medical
images, genomic data, and sensor-generated information;
– refine and optimize neural network architectures to maximize their diagnostic
accuracy and predictive capabilities while ensuring computational efficiency,
scalability, and ease of interpretability;
– explore and implement advanced optimization strategies specifically tailored to
healthcare datasets, including hyperparameter tuning, transfer learning, and reg-
ularization techniques, to enhance model performance and convergence;
– create a holistic patient representation model that captures the intricacies of indi-
vidual health profiles by leveraging synchronized neural networks, thereby en-
abling more accurate and comprehensive diagnostic assessments;
– evaluate the practical utility and clinical applicability of the developed synchro-
nized neural networks by conducting validation studies across a range of medical
domains, such as disease diagnosis, treatment recommendation, and prognosis
prediction;
– address ethical considerations related to data privacy, security, and the responsi-
ble use of AI in healthcare;
– develop mechanisms to protect patient confidentiality and mitigate potential
biases in AI-driven diagnoses; and
– disseminate research findings through academic publications, presentations at
conferences, and knowledge sharing with healthcare stakeholders to contribute
to the advancement of AI in healthcare and its practical implementation.
6 Bhupinder Singh, Pushan Kumar Dutta, Christian Kaunert

These research objectives collectively strive to bridge the gap between cutting-edge AI
technology and the complexities of healthcare, with the ultimate goal of enhancing
medical diagnosis and patient representation while upholding ethical and clinical
standards.

1.5 Contributions of the paper

This chapter makes significant contributions to the intersection of AI and healthcare.

Firstly, it introduces an innovative approach to medical diagnosis by proposing syn-
chronized neural networks that can seamlessly integrate diverse healthcare data
sources, providing a holistic patient representation. This contribution enhances diag-
nostic accuracy and empowers healthcare professionals with a more comprehensive
view of patient health [11]. The chapter delves into advanced optimization strategies
tailored to healthcare, optimizing neural network architectures and training parame-
ters. These strategies significantly improve model performance and convergence,
making AI-driven diagnostics more efficient and interpretable. The research also ad-
dresses ethical concerns, offering solutions for data privacy and bias mitigation, en-
suring responsible AI deployment [12].
This chapter demonstrates the applicability of synchronized neural networks in
real healthcare scenarios, potentially revolutionizing disease detection, treatment
planning, and patient care. By fostering interdisciplinary collaboration between AI ex-
perts and healthcare professionals, it bridges the gap between technology and clinical
needs, paving the way for transformative advancements in the field [13].

2 Synchronizing neural networks: medical diagnosis

The synchronization of neural networks in the context of medical diagnosis repre-
sents a paradigm shift in healthcare technology. Medical diagnosis is a complex and
critical task that often demands insights from various data sources, including clinical
records, medical images, genomic data, and patient history. Conventional diagnostic
approaches, while valuable, may fall short in handling the multidimensionality of
healthcare data. This is where synchronized neural networks come into play [14].
Synchronized neural networks are designed to harmonize the information from
disparate sources, effectively creating a unified and holistic patient representation.
They possess the ability to integrate these diverse data streams, each providing
unique insights into a patient’s health, and convert them into a more comprehensive
understanding [15]. This synchronicity empowers healthcare professionals with a
richer, multidimensional view of patient health, enabling more accurate and timely
diagnoses. These neural networks have the capacity to identify subtle and intricate
 Synchronizing neural networks, machine learning for medical diagnosis 7

patterns within the data that might elude human observers. They excel at recognizing
correlations and trends, even in large and complex datasets, which can be immensely
valuable in early disease detection and precise prognostication. By analyzing both
structured and unstructured data, they can uncover hidden insights that have the po-
tential to revolutionize diagnostic accuracy [16].
The synchronized neural networks facilitate the integration of emerging technol-
ogies such as AI and machine learning into the healthcare ecosystem. Their ability to
adapt and learn from new data enables them to stay up-to-date with the latest medical
research and clinical guidelines. This adaptability ensures that healthcare providers
have access to cutting-edge diagnostic tools that evolve alongside medical knowledge.
It transcends the limitations of traditional diagnostic approaches by seamlessly inte-
grating diverse healthcare data sources, enhancing diagnostic accuracy, and contrib-
uting to early disease detection. It is a transformative step toward a future where AI-
driven diagnostic tools work in tandem with healthcare professionals, ushering in an
era of more precise, personalized, and effective patient care [17]. This is done by train-
ing multiple neural networks on the same medical data, and then using a synchroni-
zation algorithm to ensure that all of the networks produce the same output for a
given input. The one way to synchronize neural networks is to use a technique called
consensus learning. This technique works by iteratively updating the weights of each
neural network until all of the networks agree on a common output. This technique
works by training a smaller neural network, called the student network, to mimic the
output of a larger neural network, called the teacher network. The student network is
trained on a dataset of outputs from the teacher network, and the goal is for the stu-
dent network to produce the same outputs as the teacher network for any given
input. Knowledge distillation can be used to synchronize both recurrent neural net-
works and convolution neural networks [18].
Synchronizing neural networks have several benefits for medical diagnosis. First,
they help to improve the accuracy of diagnosis. This is because it is less likely that all
of them will make the same mistake. Second, they help to reduce the risk of bias in
diagnosis. This is because they will be trained on a more diverse dataset of medical
data [19].
Synchronizing neural networks are still a relatively new technique, but they have
the potential to revolutionize the field of medical diagnosis. By improving the accuracy
and reliability of diagnosis, they can help to improve patient outcomes and save lives.
There are some specific examples of how they can be used for medical diagnosis.
Cancer detection: Synchronized neural networks can be used to detect cancer
cells in medical images, such as MRI scans and X-rays. This can help doctors to diag-
nose cancer earlier and more accurately.
Disease diagnosis: Synchronized neural networks can be used to diagnose a wide
range of diseases, including heart disease, stroke, and Alzheimer’s disease. This can
help doctors to provide patients with the best possible treatment.
8 Bhupinder Singh, Pushan Kumar Dutta, Christian Kaunert

Risk assessment: Synchronized neural networks can be used to assess a patient’s

risk of developing certain diseases. This information can be used to develop personal-
ized prevention plans for patients.

2.1 Use of neural networks in synchronizing data

The use of neural networks in synchronizing data or processes represents a powerful

and versatile application of AI technology. Neural networks, inspired by the human
brain, are inherently adept at recognizing patterns and relationships within data,
making them invaluable for tasks such as time-series analysis, signal processing, and
coordination of multiple neural networks. In time-series analysis, neural networks
excel at uncovering hidden temporal dependencies within sequential data. They can
forecast future values based on historical patterns, detect anomalies or trends, and
make predictions with remarkable accuracy. This capability has far-reaching implica-
tions, from financial forecasting and climate modeling to predicting disease outbreaks
or optimizing supply chain management [20].
Signal processing benefits immensely from neural networks’ ability to extract
meaningful information from noisy or complex data. They can filter, denoise, and en-
hance signals, making them invaluable in applications such as speech recognition,
image processing, and even processing of biomedical signals like electroencephalogra-
phy or electrocardiography data. With synchronizing multiple neural networks, it be-
comes possible to perform intricate signal processing tasks that involve multimodal
data fusion or the coordination of different processing stages. Furthermore, coordi-
nating multiple neural networks to work together effectively is a burgeoning field
with immense potential. This concept mirrors the collaboration seen in the human
brain, where specialized neural networks cooperate to accomplish complex tasks. In
AI, this coordination might involve ensembling multiple neural networks for im-
proved accuracy or orchestrating the exchange of information between neural net-
works to tackle multifaceted problems. For example, in autonomous driving systems,
multiple neural networks may collaborate to handle perception, decision-making, and
control simultaneously [21].
The use of neural networks to synchronize data or processes is emblematic of the
adaptability and versatility of AI technology. Whether it is analyzing time-series data,
refining signals, or orchestrating the cooperative efforts of multiple neural networks,
this approach has the potential to enhance problem-solving across a spectrum of do-
mains, pushing the boundaries of what AI can achieve in the modern world [22].
 Synchronizing neural networks, machine learning for medical diagnosis 9

3 Machine learning for medical diagnosis: aid

in medical diagnosis and datasheet
Machine learning for medical diagnosis is a well-established and increasingly influen-
tial field that holds the promise of revolutionizing healthcare. At its core, this domain
leverages machine learning algorithms and models to assist healthcare professionals
in diagnosing a wide range of diseases and medical conditions. The fundamental idea
is to harness the power of data-driven insights to enhance the accuracy, speed, and
objectivity of medical diagnoses. The central to the success of machine learning in
medical diagnosis is the utilization of vast datasets containing a wealth of medical in-
formation. These datasets may encompass patient records, medical images, clinical
notes, laboratory results, and even genomic data. By meticulously curating and pre-
paring these datasets, researchers can train machine learning models to recognize
patterns, anomalies, and subtle indicators that might be difficult to discern through
conventional methods [23].
The applications of machine learning in medical diagnosis are far-reaching. They
span from the early detection of diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular
conditions to the identification of rare or genetic disorders. Machine learning models
can assist radiologists in interpreting medical images like X-rays, MRI, and CT scans,
often with remarkable precision. Furthermore, these models can aid in risk assess-
ment, treatment planning, and prediction of patient outcomes, empowering health-
care providers to make more informed decisions [24].
The notable advantages of machine learning in medical diagnosis are its potential
to reduce human error and subjectivity. These algorithms rely on data-driven evi-
dence, which can help mitigate biases and variations in diagnosis that may arise due
to individual expertise or cognitive biases. However, the successful integration of ma-
chine learning into medical practice necessitates rigorous validation, ethical consider-
ations, and compliance with privacy regulations to ensure the safety and well-being
of patients [25].
The machine learning for medical diagnosis represents a transformative leap for-
ward in healthcare. By harnessing the vast potential of data and algorithms, it holds the
promise of improving diagnostic accuracy, reducing healthcare costs, and ultimately en-
hancing patient outcomes. As this field continues to evolve, it will play an increasingly
pivotal role in shaping the future of medicine, enabling healthcare professionals to de-
liver more precise, personalized, and efficient care to individuals and communities
around the world [26]. The datasheet for machine learning models in the context of
medical diagnosis is a critical component of ensuring their responsible and ethical
deployment. In the field of healthcare, where the stakes are high and patient’s well-
being is paramount, transparency and accountability are essential. A datasheet for a
machine learning model provides comprehensive information about its design, training
data, and performance metrics, aiding in its evaluation and monitoring [27].
10 Bhupinder Singh, Pushan Kumar Dutta, Christian Kaunert

The datasheet typically includes details about the model’s architecture, such as
the type of neural network used, the number of layers, and the specific algorithms
employed. It outlines the characteristics of the training data, including its size, source,
and any data preprocessing steps. Importantly, it highlights the model’s performance
metrics, detailing its accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and any potential biases that
may have been identified during testing [28]. The datasheet should encompass infor-
mation about the model’s limitations and potential failure modes. Understanding
these limitations is crucial for healthcare professionals who rely on the model’s assis-
tance in diagnosis and treatment planning. It helps to ensure that the model is used
judiciously and that its predictions are interpreted in the appropriate clinical context
[29]. The ethical considerations are also a significant part of the datasheet. It should
outline measures taken to protect patient privacy, comply with data regulations (e.g.,
HIPAA), and address any potential biases in the training data or model predictions.
This transparency promotes trust among healthcare providers and patients, assuring
them that the model’s use is responsible and secure [30].
The datasheet for machine learning models in medical diagnosis serves as a vital
tool for ensuring transparency, accountability, and ethical use of these powerful tech-
nologies in healthcare. It enables healthcare professionals to make informed decisions
based on a clear understanding of the model’s capabilities, limitations, and ethical
safeguards, ultimately contributing to the responsible advancement of AI in medi-
cine [31].

4 Patient representation: electronic health

records (EHRs)
Patient representation, particularly through the use of EHRs, is a pivotal aspect of mod-
ern healthcare that has fundamentally transformed the way patient’s information is
captured, stored, and utilized. EHRs serve as the digital backbone of patient representa-
tion, encapsulating a wealth of structured data such as medical histories, treatment
plans, medications, laboratory results, and demographic information. These records
provide a comprehensive and dynamic snapshot of an individual’s health journey, mak-
ing them an invaluable resource for healthcare professionals [32].
EHRs have revolutionized patient care by enhancing the accessibility and porta-
bility of medical information. Gone are the days of sifting through paper records;
EHRs enable healthcare providers to access a patient’s complete medical history with
a few clicks, fostering quicker and more informed decision-making. Moreover, EHRs
facilitate seamless communication and information exchange among different health-
care settings, ensuring that relevant patient data is readily available to specialists, pri-
mary care physicians, and emergency responders alike [33].
 Synchronizing neural networks, machine learning for medical diagnosis 11

Beyond structured data, patient representation extends to unstructured data

sources like medical images and clinical notes. These data types add depth to the pa-
tient’s narrative by capturing visual information and qualitative assessments. Medical
imaging, such as X-rays, MRIs, and CT scans, offers a window into anatomical and
pathological details, aiding in diagnosis and treatment planning. Clinical notes, auth-
ored by healthcare professionals, provide context and insights into patient interac-
tions, symptoms, and treatment responses, enriching the patient’s representation and
enhancing continuity of care [34].
The significance of patient representation goes far beyond immediate clinical
benefits. It supports longitudinal analysis, enabling healthcare providers to track dis-
ease progression, assess treatment efficacy, and identify trends that might inform pre-
ventive measures [35]. Also, patient representation plays a pivotal role in research,
quality improvement initiatives, and public health efforts, as aggregated EHR data
can be analyzed to uncover population-level health insights and support evidence-
based medicine [36].
Patient representation also comes with challenges, including issues related to
data privacy, interoperability between different EHR systems, and the need for stan-
dardized data formats and terminologies to ensure seamless data exchange [37]. De-
spite these challenges, patient representation through EHRs and other data sources
continues to evolve, promising to enhance healthcare delivery, improve patient out-
comes, and contribute to a more data-driven and patient-centered healthcare land-
scape [38].

5 Looping advanced optimization strategies behind

health and disease detection
Looping advanced optimization strategies in the context of machine learning repre-
sents a dynamic and critical approach to enhancing the training and performance of
complex models. In the ever-evolving field of deep learning, where the model archi-
tectures can be intricate and datasets massive, the choice of optimization strategy can
significantly impact the efficiency and effectiveness of model training [39].
Stochastic gradient descent, Adam, RMSprop, and various forms of gradient de-
scent optimization are among the advanced techniques that play a pivotal role in this
context. These strategies introduce a level of adaptability and sophistication to the
model’s learning process, effectively fine-tuning the parameters to converge toward
the optimal solution [40]. They help mitigate challenges such as vanishing gradients
or slow convergence, which are common when training deep neural networks. Loop-
ing, in this context, implies a cyclical or iterative approach to optimization. It ac-
knowledges that model training is often not a one-size-fits-all endeavor. Instead, it
requires ongoing adjustments and refinements to ensure that the model’s perfor-
12 Bhupinder Singh, Pushan Kumar Dutta, Christian Kaunert

mance continually improves. This iterative optimization process can involve tweaking
learning rates, adjusting batch sizes, and monitoring convergence criteria, among
other parameters [41].
The significance of looping advanced optimization strategies becomes particularly
evident when dealing with complex mechanisms behind health and disease detection,
as mentioned in the research paper’s title. In healthcare, where high-dimensional and
heterogeneous data are prevalent, model performance and interpretability are para-
mount. Employing advanced optimization techniques allows researchers and practi-
tioners to navigate the complexities of medical data, adapt to changing patient profiles,
and ultimately deliver more accurate and reliable diagnostic tools [42].
It is essential to strike a balance between complexity and computational efficiency.
Advanced optimization strategies can demand substantial computational resources,
and fine-tuning too many parameters may lead to overfitting. Thus, looping advanced
optimization strategies should be guided by a thorough understanding of the specific
problem domain, careful experimentation, and a commitment to achieving the best pos-
sible model performance while maintaining computational feasibility [43]. The looping
advanced optimization strategies in machine learning are dynamic approaches that
bring adaptability and efficiency to the training of complex models. In the context of
healthcare and disease detection, this methodology holds the potential to unlock deeper
insights from medical data and improve the accuracy of diagnostic models, ultimately
contributing to more precise and effective healthcare solutions [44].

6 Complex mechanisms behind health

and disease detection
The complex mechanisms behind health and disease detection represent a multiface-
ted interplay of biological, clinical, and technological factors that converge to facilitate
the identification, understanding, and management of various health conditions. This
intricate web of mechanisms encompasses a wide spectrum of processes, ranging
from molecular interactions within the human body to the advanced technologies
used in diagnostic and medical imaging [45]. At the molecular level, health and dis-
ease detection involves unraveling the genetic, biochemical, and cellular intricacies
that underpin both normal physiological functions and pathological deviations. This
includes the study of genetic mutations, gene expression patterns, protein interac-
tions, and cellular responses to external stimuli. Understanding these molecular
mechanisms is fundamental to identifying the genetic and molecular markers associ-
ated with diseases, aiding in early diagnosis and personalized treatment strate-
gies [46].
Clinical mechanisms encompass a broad array of diagnostic and screening techni-
ques employed by healthcare professionals to detect diseases and monitor the health
 Synchronizing neural networks, machine learning for medical diagnosis 13

of individuals. These mechanisms include medical imaging modalities like X-rays,

MRIs, CT scans, and ultrasound, which enable the visualization of anatomical struc-
tures and the identification of abnormalities. Clinical laboratory tests, such as blood
tests, biopsies, and genetic screenings, provide valuable insights into a patient’s health
status, helping diagnose conditions and track treatment progress [47].
Technological mechanisms play an increasingly pivotal role in health and disease
detection, particularly with the advent of AI and machine learning [48]. Advanced algo-
rithms are capable of processing and analyzing vast volumes of medical data, identify-
ing patterns, and assisting healthcare professionals in diagnosing diseases. Machine
learning models can learn from historical patient data to predict disease risks, optimize
treatment plans, and even automate disease detection in medical images [49].
The interplay between these mechanisms extends to public health and epidemiol-
ogy, where the surveillance of disease outbreaks and the monitoring of population
health inform disease prevention and control strategies. The complex mechanisms be-
hind health and disease detection represent a dynamic fusion of biological, clinical,
and technological elements [50]. The synergy of these mechanisms drives advance-
ments in early disease detection, precision medicine, and healthcare innovation, ulti-
mately leading to better health outcomes for individuals and communities worldwide.
Understanding and dissecting these mechanisms is at the forefront of medical re-
search and healthcare practice, with the goal of improving the understanding and
management of health and disease [51].

7 Conclusion and future scope

The research at the intersection of synchronizing neural networks, machine learning
for medical diagnosis, patient representation, and advanced optimization strategies
represents a pioneering endeavor with profound implications for healthcare and dis-
ease detection. This multidimensional approach embodies the evolving synergy be-
tween cutting-edge technology and the intricacies of the human body’s health and
disease mechanisms.
The integration of synchronized neural networks into medical diagnosis and pa-
tient representation marks a significant stride toward more precise and holistic
healthcare. These networks, with their capacity to seamlessly integrate diverse data
modalities, offer the potential for early disease detection, personalized treatment
planning, and a deeper understanding of complex medical conditions. By harmoniz-
ing structured data like EHRs with unstructured data such as medical images and clin-
ical notes, these networks provide healthcare professionals with a comprehensive
view of a patient’s health, aiding in more accurate diagnoses and informed treatment
decisions.
14 Bhupinder Singh, Pushan Kumar Dutta, Christian Kaunert

The research further emphasizes the role of advanced optimization strategies in

the machine learning landscape. By fine-tuning neural network architectures, opti-
mizing training parameters, and employing iterative optimization techniques, this re-
search enhances the efficiency, accuracy, and interpretability of AI-driven diagnostic
tools. These strategies are essential in addressing the complexities of healthcare data,
especially in the context of intricate mechanisms behind health and disease detection.
As this research advances, it is essential to address ethical considerations, data pri-
vacy, and responsible AI deployment in healthcare rigorously. Ensuring that patient
data is handled with utmost care and that AI models are free from biases is paramount.
Additionally, interdisciplinary collaboration between machine learning experts, health-
care professionals, and data scientists is crucial to ensure that AI-driven solutions align
with clinical needs and adhere to best practices in healthcare.
The future scope of research in synchronizing neural networks, machine learning
for medical diagnosis, and patient representation is exceptionally promising and
wide-ranging. Firstly, the development of even more sophisticated synchronized neu-
ral networks that can seamlessly integrate diverse healthcare data sources, including
genomic data and real-time patient monitoring, is anticipated. These networks may
enable the prediction of disease risks, the early detection of subtle health changes,
and the optimization of treatment strategies, paving the way for a new era of preci-
sion medicine. Advanced optimization strategies will continue to evolve, adapting to
the ever-expanding volumes of medical data and the increasingly complex neural net-
work architectures. Research may delve into automated hyperparameter tuning, self-
learning neural networks, and the optimization of neural networks for real-time ap-
plications, such as wearable healthcare devices and telemedicine.
The responsible deployment of AI in healthcare will remain a focal point, with a
growing emphasis on transparency, interpretability, and regulatory compliance. As AI
models play a more prominent role in diagnosis and treatment planning, developing
explainable AI techniques and robust frameworks for ethical AI use will be para-
mount to ensure patient trust and safety. The interdisciplinary nature of this research
will foster greater collaboration between healthcare institutions, AI research centers,
and governmental bodies. Establishing standardized regulations and guidelines for AI
use in healthcare settings will be essential to uphold ethical standards, patient pri-
vacy, and data security while harnessing the full potential of AI in improving health-
care delivery and patient outcomes. The future of synchronizing neural networks and
machine learning in healthcare holds immense potential for revolutionizing the field.
As these technologies become increasingly integrated into clinical practice, they will
empower healthcare professionals with the tools and insights needed to provide more
accurate, personalized, and effective care, ultimately leading to improved health and
well-being for individuals and communities worldwide.
 Synchronizing neural networks, machine learning for medical diagnosis 15

Assignment questions
1. What is the role of advanced AI techniques in supporting clinical decision-
making?
2. How can neural networks and machine learning be used for medical diagnosis
and patient health modeling?
3. What are the challenges in representing patient data and the complexity of dis-
ease detection?
4. How can neural network and machine learning models be synchronized with
clinical knowledge to create optimal hybrid diagnostic systems?
5. Can you explain the advanced optimization strategies used to find the best model
configurations and parameter settings?
6. How can we loop the optimization process to continuously integrate clinician
feedback for improved performance?
7. How does this framework assist medical experts by elucidating complex correla-
tions learned by models related to disease detection?
8. What methods are used for evaluative comparisons against clinician’s diagnostic
performance and standard prediction techniques?
9. Can you present results on hybrid model diagnosis, optimization processes, and
discovered disease mechanisms?
10. What are the implications for improved clinical decision support, personalized
medicine, and better patient health outcomes?
11. What are the limitations and future extensions for enhanced hybrid diagnostic
systems?
12. How can synchronized neural networks integrate multiple data modalities in
healthcare?
13. What ethical considerations need to be addressed when using AI in healthcare?
14. How can synchronized neural networks improve the accuracy of medical diagnosis?
15. What role do neural networks play in synchronizing data or processes?
16. How has machine learning revolutionized medical diagnosis?
17. What information should a datasheet for a machine learning model include?
18. How have EHRs transformed patient representation?
19. What challenges exist in patient representation through EHRs and other data
sources?
20. How can patient representation through EHRs contribute to a more data-driven
and patient-centered healthcare landscape?
16 Bhupinder Singh, Pushan Kumar Dutta, Christian Kaunert

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Upinder Kaur
The future of predictive health: evaluating
the role of neural network based hybrid
models in healthcare
Abstract: The healthcare sector is on the cusp of a revolution, driven by machine
learning and artificial intelligence, especially neural network-based hybrid models.
Through the integration of diverse data processing and learning techniques, these
groundbreaking models are set to reshape predictive healthcare.
This comprehensive review examines the applications, effectiveness, and func-
tionalities of hybrid neural network models in healthcare. In these models, neural
networks and other cutting-edge learning strategies are combined to enhance the ac-
curacy of predictive analytics and decision-making abilities. Their collaborative ap-
proach transcends the limitations of traditional one-model systems by combining the
power of diverse learning methodologies.
In our analysis, neural network-based hybrid models have the potential to trans-
form healthcare. Diagnostic accuracy isn’t the only benefit these models provide;
they’re catalysts for more effective treatment plans, shifting healthcare from reactive
to proactive. Precision forecasts help lead to an early intervention healthcare system,
which significantly improves patient outcomes.
Healthcare is moving into a more responsive, preventative, and predictive era,
thanks to hybrid models. Their early detection, accurate diagnosis, and tailored treat-
ment plans are redefining patient care. Nevertheless, it is not without challenges that
they will be able to achieve their full potential. In order to utilize their full potential,
it is imperative to address issues related to data security, privacy, and the necessity
for robust infrastructure development. These issues require further research and
strategic policy-making in order to leverage their full potential to its full potential.
The development of neural network-based hybrid models is at the forefront of an
impending revolution in healthcare. In healthcare, they hold the key to transforming
the methods of predicting, diagnosing, and treating patients. Data-driven, individualized
treatment will become a tangible reality as we realize their potential and overcome the
associated challenges. Powered by the synergy between cutting-edge technology innova-
tion and patient-centered care, this paradigm shift in healthcare will usher in a new era
of medical advancements and improved health outcomes.

Keywords: Hybrid Neural Networks, Healthcare, CNN, LSTM, RNN and DepHNN

Upinder Kaur, Department of CSE, Akal University, e-mail: [email protected]

https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111331133-002
20 Upinder Kaur

1 Introduction
Computing and artificial intelligence (AI) have taken center stage in today’s health-
care landscape, ushering in a new era of revolution. Hybrid models based on neural
networks have been identified as pioneering agents of change among these innova-
tions. The intricacies of deep learning are seamlessly integrated with the robustness
of other computational paradigms, making these models particularly compelling for
healthcare applications due to their fusion of precision and analytical capabilities.
In the realm of personalized treatment plans, hybrid models have a quintessen-
tial application. In addition to allowing healthcare professionals to analyze and inter-
pret vast datasets, these tools also enable them to design treatment strategies based
on the individual patient’s needs. Therefore, healthcare interventions can be tailored
to meet the needs of each patient, potentially enhancing therapeutic results and mini-
mizing adverse effects.
In addition, these hybrid models have ushered in revolutionary advancements in
the field of diagnostics, especially in medical imaging. Due to their impressive capabil-
ities in image recognition, they are capable of identifying anomalies, such as tumors,
in radiology scans with an unprecedented degree of accuracy. A holistic approach,
when combined with comprehensive insights obtained from other algorithms, pro-
vides a more accurate and reliable diagnostic picture.
Predictive analytics powered by these hybrid models are pioneering new fron-
tiers in healthcare management. Healthcare facilities are able to better equip them-
selves and respond to patient admissions due to their remarkable ability to forecast
events such as disease outbreaks and disease outbreaks. By taking a proactive ap-
proach, resources can be allocated more effectively and patient care can be provided
more effectively.
Pharmaceuticals are not immune to the effects of these transformative forces.
Traditional drug discovery is time-consuming and expensive, but neural network-
based models are changing that. Through the analysis of extensive chemical libraries,
rapid identification of promising compounds, and streamlining of the clinical trial
process, they expedite the early stages of drug development.
Moreover, wearable health technology provides a valuable means for monitoring
and interpreting biometric data in real time. Through the analysis of continuous
streams of information, clinicians and individuals are provided with timely insights
about potential health risks and overall well-being.
Innovations must, however, be approached cautiously. It is possible for misdiag-
noses to occur when automated systems are overused. A significant concern remains
the protection of personal health data. In examining neural networks, sometimes re-
ferred to as “black boxes,” meticulous care must be taken to ensure transparency of
the decision-making processes.
Finally, the integration of neural network-based hybrid models is undeniably
promising as we navigate the complexities of healthcare’s future. Nevertheless, to
 The future of predictive health 21

fully realize their potential for improving patient care, a balanced approach that con-
siders their challenges is necessary.

2 Background and literature

There has been an exponential rise in research and innovation in the field of hybrid
neural networks in healthcare over the past few years, similar to a meteoric rise.
There were 99 new publications introduced during the year 2023, representing an as-
tonishing growth rate of 28.45%. There is no doubt that hybrid neural networks have
the potential to revolutionize healthcare, as evidenced by this surge. With 93 publica-
tions in 2022 and 56 in 2021, the field has seen an impressive 75% increase in research
output in just 2 years. As the healthcare landscape evolves, it is more important than
ever to harness hybrid neural networks’ capabilities.
Even in the modest years of 2018 and 2019, researchers showed a consistent pres-
ence despite the recent surge. In 2002 and 2003, there was just one publication a year,
and now there are hundreds. Fast forward to 2023, hybrid neural networks are firmly
entrenched as a major focus in healthcare. Innovations are redefining healthcare de-
livery, diagnostics, and treatment paradigms with each passing year, extending the
breadth of applications and deepening knowledge. Our odyssey of hybrid neural net-
works in healthcare begins in 2024 with renewed promise, and the possibilities seem
endless.
Also, researching hybrid neural networks in healthcare in academic databases re-
veals their profound impact. According to Web of Science, there are 368 papers dedi-
cated to this subject, illustrating the impressive enthusiasm and dedication driving
this field forward. Based on Scopus, an academic database, 209 papers explore the
multifaceted role hybrid neural networks play in healthcare. The burgeoning knowl-
edge base in this area gets an extra boost from PubMed, which specializes in medical
research.
Hybrid neural networks in healthcare have attracted a lot of research activity, as
these numbers demonstrate. There is a diverse group of researchers exploring this
technology’s vast potential and transformative possibilities. The symbiotic relation-
ship between AI and healthcare is not only thriving but also fundamentally reshaping
the approach to addressing healthcare challenges. This rich reservoir of scholarly
work continues to illuminate the path toward groundbreaking innovations, poised to
enhance countless lives worldwide. Human ingenuity, collaboration, and unwavering
dedication characterize the journey of hybrid neural networks in healthcare, herald-
ing a brighter, more promising future for the healthcare industry and patient well-
being on a global scale.
Contemporary research in hybrid neural networks within the healthcare domain
is dynamic and multifaceted, spanning a wide range of academic disciplines. In the
22 Upinder Kaur

top tier, computer science dominates with 205 publications, which constitute 58.91%
of the total research output. This preeminence highlights the importance of computer
science in shaping the convergence of technology and healthcare. With 140 publica-
tions, engineering follows closely behind, furthering the application of hybrid neural
networks in healthcare, thus catalyzing the field’s transformation.
However, this research odyssey transcends disciplinary boundaries as 43 papers
are published in telecommunications. Interdisciplinary nature serves as a testament
to how technology and healthcare go hand in hand. Biological and chemical sciences
converge in mathematical computational biology (26 publications) and chemistry (23
publications), paving the way for innovative healthcare solutions by fusing them with
AI-driven technologies.
The field of medical informatics takes a prominent stance with 22 publications.
Hybrid neural networks bridge the gap between raw medical data and their transfor-
mative capabilities. Furthermore, instruments and instrumentation contributes 20
publications to advance cutting-edge healthcare tech. There is an intricate dance be-
tween science and technology, encapsulated in different domains (17 publications),
along with the strategic applications of operations research and management science
(15 publications), demonstrating how hybrid neural networks are going to reshape
healthcare.
Furthermore, materials science (14 publications) and healthcare sciences services
(13 publications) examine the material properties that underpin healthcare technolo-
gies. The integration of physical and biological sciences within the healthcare domain
is evident in 13 publications in physics and 10 publications in life sciences biomedi-
cine. Several publications decipher the complexities of healthcare using mathematical
modeling (10 publications).
Medicine is dominated by neurosciences neurology (eight publications) and radi-
ology nuclear medicine medical imaging (seven publications), which harness hybrid
neural networks to revolutionize medical imaging and diagnosis. Healthcare manage-
ment and environmental health are two crucial facets of the healthcare tapestry,
highlighted in general internal medicine (six publications). Additionally, information
science library science (five publications) and environmental sciences ecology (five
publications) highlight the versatility of hybrid neural networks.
Among the interdisciplinary explorations, business economics explores health-
care innovations’ economic implications. Meanwhile, biochemistry, molecular biol-
ogy, energy fuels, and robotics are bringing biology and technology together to create
innovative healthcare solutions. Biotechnology, applied microbiology, construction
building technology, and oncology are examples of healthcare’s diverse spectrum of
applications, demonstrating hybrid neural networks’ broad reach. There are many as-
pects of medical research that are influenced by optics, pharmacology, and remote
sensing.
Besides these well-defined domains, seemingly distant fields like research experi-
mental medicine, biophysics, cardiovascular system cardiology, electrochemistry, geo-
 The future of predictive health 23

chemistry, geophysics, geology, mechanics, nursing, physiology, and social sciences

weave an intricate tapestry of interdisciplinary possibilities. Hybrid neural networks
can have profound societal impacts on healthcare as demonstrated by this collabora-
tive effort.
This collective global endeavor to advance hybrid neural networks in healthcare
is highlighted by an array of illustrious authors including Abdelaziz, A; Salama, AS;
and Riad, AM.
A research compass for navigating healthcare’s vast terrain is these keywords
like deep learning, neural networks, algorithms, cloud computing, classification, diag-
nosis, chronic kidney disease, linear regression, forecasting, and artificial neural net-
works. The healthcare industry and the well-being of individuals worldwide benefit
from researchers charting innovative courses around these keywords. Ingenuity, col-
laboration, and dedication are driving this journey into the synergy of technology and
healthcare, heralding a brighter, more promising future for all involved.
A multifaceted landscape of hybrid neural networks in healthcare transcends dis-
ciplinary boundaries, fostering innovation and collaboration. Deep learning and neu-
ral networks are key keywords that guide its evolution among top authors from
various fields. As the healthcare industry faces complex challenges, this dynamic eco-
system promises to shape a brighter future. Figure 1 encapsulates the outcomes of our
analysis, encompassing publication and citation trends, keyword analysis, top au-
thors, and research area categorization.

3 Neural networks in healthcare

Embracing neural networks in healthcare represents a monumental leap toward a fu-
ture in which technology and medicine will converge in unprecedented ways. These
advanced computational models are not only transforming healthcare; they are rede-
fining it as well. Hybrid neural networks, which combine traditional neural network
approaches with cutting-edge algorithms, are at the forefront of this revolution. Figure 2
provides a comprehensive classification of various hybrid neural networks. In order to
recognize patterns and analyze data, traditional neural networks have laid the ground-
work. By learning and adapting from vast datasets, these models have already made
significant progress in diagnostic imaging and patient data analysis. This has been fur-
ther enhanced by hybrid neural networks. The hybrid network achieves a higher level
of precision and versatility by combining traditional learning capabilities with innova-
tive computational techniques.
A tangible impact of this innovation can be seen in the field of personalized medi-
cine. The capabilities of hybrid neural networks in processing data are paving the
way for a new era of treatment customization due to their ability to process nuanced
data. In addition to improving outcomes, they also represent a new paradigm in pa-
24 Upinder Kaur

Figure 1: It presents a comprehensive overview: (A) illustrates the trends in publication and citation
spanning from 2002 to 2023 within the hybrid healthcare domain, (B) provides an analysis of available
research works categorized by their respective research areas, (C) showcases the top authors making
significant contributions to the hybrid healthcare domain, and (D) offers an analysis of the top keywords
using Vos Viewer.

tient-centered care because they enable a greater level of individualization in treat-

ment plans.
Diagnostic networks play a pivotal role in diagnostics. These hybrid models pro-
vide clinicians with a powerful tool for interpreting complex medical images, en-
abling them to make more accurate and comprehensive diagnoses. An early diagnosis
of a disease can have a significant impact on treatment paths and patient outcomes.
The accuracy of the diagnosis is particularly important in early disease detection.
Additionally, hybrid neural networks are useful in the operational domain of
healthcare. Predictive analytics are revolutionizing healthcare management, enabling
institutions to anticipate and prepare for challenges ranging from the influx of pa-
tients to outbreaks of diseases. In addition to optimizing resource utilization, proac-
tive approaches lead to a more efficient healthcare system.
In addition, these models are also contributing to a paradigm shift in the pharma-
ceutical industry. As hybrid neural networks sift through extensive chemical data-
bases, the traditionally laborious and time-consuming process of drug discovery is
 The future of predictive health 25

being accelerated, leading to the identification of potential therapeutic candidates

with remarkable speed and accuracy.
A further benefit of the increase in wearable health technology is that it provides
these networks with a continuous stream of data that can be analyzed in real time.
Patients and clinicians alike will receive timely and actionable health information
based on this ongoing analysis of health trends and risks.
Despite its technological marvels, this marvel is not without its challenges. It is
imperative to pursue a cautious approach when relying on such advanced systems,
particularly when taking into account the risks of misdiagnosis and the ethical impli-
cations related to the privacy of personal information and the interpretability of
algorithms.
The role that neural networks, and in particular hybrid models, play in navigat-
ing the complex landscape of modern healthcare is undeniably transformative. In ad-
dition to enhancing patient care, streamlining healthcare operations, and accelerating
medical research, these technologies have the potential to have a significant impact.
Although their benefits must be fully realized, they must be approached with a bal-
anced perspective, embracing both their strengths and conscientiously addressing
their challenges. Incorporating neural networks into healthcare is more than just a
step toward improvement; it represents an opportunity to usher in a new era of medi-
cal advancement. Figure 2 shows the classification neural network-based hybrid mod-
els for healthcare.

3.1 Traditional neural networks

Healthcare has historically relied on traditional neural network models to advance

medical technology and improve patient care in a wide range of fields. It is necessary
to emphasize that these models, such as deep neural networks (DNNs), recurrent neu-
ral networks (RNNs), and convolutional neural networks (CNNs), have unique charac-
teristics that make them suitable for various applications in healthcare. Figure 3
shows CNN, RNN, DNN, and more hybrid neural networks.

3.1.1 Deep neural networks (DNNs)

DNNs are characterized by their multiple hidden layers, which each extract and re-
fine features from the input data. The DNNs in healthcare employ large datasets of
patient information including clinical records, lab results, and demographic informa-
tion. They are capable of identifying intricate patterns and correlations that are other-
wise imperceptible to humans. When analyzing patient data in predictive analytics,
DNNs can analyze health risks or disease progression, continuously refining their pre-
dictions as new information becomes available. A deep learning network makes com-
 Deep Neural Networks
26

Traditional Neural
Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN)
Networks
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN)

Time series analysis

CNN-RNN Hybrids
Image + sequence data
Upinder Kaur

CNN-LSTM (Long Short Term Memory) Medical image sequence analysis

Neural Network-Based Hybrid
RNN-Transformer Hybrids Medical literature analysis
Models for Healthcare
Hybrid Feature Fusion Network
Hybrid
Models
DepHNN

Hybrid Stacked CNN and Residual Feedback GMDH-LSTM

Hybrid Deep Learning Models

Autoencoder-Based Hybrid CNN-LSTM

Neural Network Models, PCA, and SWLDA

Figure 2: Classification of hybrid neural networks.

 The future of predictive health 27

plex decisions based on a comprehensive understanding of the data through an itera-

tive learning process, where each layer builds upon the previous one [1].

3.1.2 Recurrent neural networks (RNNs)

RNNs are distinguished by their loops, allowing information to persist. An RNN pro-
cesses sequential data in healthcare settings such as patient vital signs over time or ge-
nomic sequences. It is their internal state that controls their output, which is influenced
by “memories” of previous inputs. When monitoring a patient’s condition continuously,
this feature is particularly useful for determining how the patient’s condition changes
over time. It can analyze both the present and the previous heart rhythms in order to
detect abnormalities, providing both a dynamic and temporal analysis of a sequence of
ECG readings [1].

3.1.3 Convolutional neural networks (CNNs)

CNNs are specialized for processing data with a grid-like topology such as images. The
primary use of CNNs in medical imaging is image analysis. In these algorithms, edges,
textures, and shapes are identified by applying filters or “kernels” to the image. By
building a comprehensive understanding of the image with each layer, these net-
works identify more complex features. It is possible, for example, for a CNN to ini-
tially identify basic shapes or edges in one layer before recognizing more complex
structures like tissues or anomalies in a deeper layer when analyzing radiology scans.
The hierarchical feature extraction process is important in tasks such as detecting tu-
mors in MRI scans, where the CNN must recognize subtle characteristics indicating
malignancy [2].
As a result, these traditional neural network models – DNNs, RNNs, and CNNs –
are tailored to their specific applications in healthcare. The use of DNNs is optimized
for the analysis of large and complex datasets, the use of RNNs for the analysis of se-
quential and temporal data, and the use of CNNs for the processing and interpretation
of medical images. Combined, these models present the cutting-edge of AI in health-
care, as they provide more accurate diagnostics, more personalized treatments, and
more efficient patient care, while continuing to evolve to meet the increasing de-
mands of medical research.
28 Upinder Kaur

3.2 Hybrid models in healthcare

3.2.1 CNN-LSTM

The integration of long short-term memory networks (LSTMs) and CNNs into a cohe-
sive hybrid model represents an important advancement in healthcare technology [1,
3]. LSTMs are effective at understanding and predicting sequences over time, while
CNNs are exceptionally adept at analyzing spatial features in data such as images. It
provides a robust tool for a variety of critical applications in healthcare, thanks to its
synergistic integration.

Analysis of medical videos is one of the most impressive applications of CNN-

LSTM hybrids. The examination may include a detailed analysis of sequential MRI
images of a beating heart or time-lapse microscopy videos of cellular activities. A CNN
component is capable of identifying subtle features and patterns within each frame as
well as extracting spatial information from each frame. Additionally, the LSTM layers
add a temporal dimension to this analysis, monitoring changes, and developments
over time. Due to this dual capability, it is possible to obtain a complete and nuanced
understanding of dynamic biological processes which facilitates accurate diagnosis
and treatment planning.

The CNN-LSTM architecture has proven to be one of the most robust algorithms
when it comes to wearable health technology, which constantly collects vital
health data on the wearer. Often, these devices are used to monitor metrics such as
heart rate, blood oxygen levels, and glucose concentration over a long period of time.
LSTM layers provide contextual insight into the data points over time by analyzing spa-
tial details in the CNN component of the hybrid model. The combination of these two
methods has been demonstrated to be particularly effective in detecting early signs or
predicting potential health crises, thus providing proactive healthcare interventions.

The CNN-LSTM hybrid model offers invaluable benefits in intensive care units
(ICUs), where continuous patient monitoring is crucial. Through its CNN layers, it
can process a constant stream of imaging data such as X-rays. In addition, the LSTM
layers are capable of interpreting other types of sequential data over time including
vital signs and telemetry data. In this manner, healthcare professionals are able to
gain a comprehensive, real-time overview of the health status of a patient. A clinical
decision support system enhances the quality of care by enabling clinicians to make
informed decisions quickly and respond to changes in a patient’s health status in a
timely manner.
Ultimately, the CNN-LSTM hybrid model illustrates the innovative strides being
made in medical technology. Combined with the spatial analysis capabilities of CNNs
and the sequential data interpretation capabilities of LSTMs, this model provides a
powerful tool for applying to a variety of aspects of healthcare. This hybrid model
 The future of predictive health 29

offers the potential to improve patient outcomes and streamline healthcare processes
through detailed medical imaging analysis and real-time patient monitoring. Medical
diagnostics and treatment are poised to benefit from the deployment of CNN-LSTM
hybrids as technology continues to evolve.

3.2.2 Autoencoder based on CNN and LSTM

Hybrid CNN-LSTM models based on autoencoders are a significant advance in health-

care technology. Using this innovative framework, medical data analysis can be per-
formed efficiently and effectively using CNNs, LSTMs, and autoencoders [4].

3.2.2.1 Integration of key architectures

Spatial analysis using CNNs: The CNN component of the hybrid model focuses on
interpreting spatial features of image data. In order for accurate diagnosis, CNNs
contribute a deep level of analysis by detecting and understanding spatial hierarchies
and intricate patterns in medical images.

For processing time-series or sequential data, LSTMs are an excellent choice.

The temporal dynamics of medical data, such as the changes observed in sequential
imaging or physiological data over time, require this aspect of the model to be
understood.

Data refinement with autoencoders: At the core of this hybrid model lies the au-
toencoder. It serves a dual purpose here by compressing data and reducing noise at
the same time. The initial purpose of the system is to refine medical imaging data,
reducing noise and enhancing clarity. By preprocessing the data, we can ensure that
the LSTM and CNN analyses are based on the most accurate and relevant information.
After the data has been refined, the autoencoder extracts key features to prepare it
for deeper analysis by the CNN and LSTM layers.
The implementation of an autoencoder-based hybrid CNN-LSTM model in health-
care represents a significant advance in medical technology, particularly in the areas
of medical video analysis and wearable health monitoring.
Medical video analysis is a field in which this innovative model excels due to its
meticulous analysis of complex video data such as cellular growth sequences or cardiac
function videos. A nuanced understanding of spatial dynamics and temporal dynamics
is facilitated by its ability to scrutinize sequential images in detail. An understanding of
both normal physiology and pathological processes can only be achieved through this
dual analysis.
The model has a particularly profound impact on wearable health technology.
The hybrid model offers a new approach to interpreting health metrics continuously
monitored by devices. Additionally, it is capable of tracking and detecting long-term
30 Upinder Kaur

health trends and anomalies as well as parsing instantaneous data. A key component
of this advanced capability is the ability to detect health issues at an early stage,
which enables pre-emptive medical interventions and strategies to be developed.
Hybrid models are distinguished by their multidimensional approach to medical
data analysis. By combining CNNs’ spatial precision with LSTMs’ temporal and contex-
tual depth, it successfully combines the advantages of both technologies. Through the
integration of an autoencoder, the quality of the data fed into the network can be fur-
ther refined, improving the overall accuracy and reliability of the analysis. A compre-
hensive, all-encompassing approach like this is invaluable to healthcare professionals
because it allows us to interpret both immediate and longitudinal data for the pur-
pose of diagnosing and treating patients effectively.
The autoencoder-based hybrid CNN-LSTM model illustrates the power of combin-
ing cutting-edge computational methods. This new technology has the potential to rev-
olutionize medical diagnostics and monitoring, offering deeper insights into complex
health conditions and promoting more tailored, effective patient care. Our continued
innovation and refinement of such technologies will have an undeniable impact on
the future landscape of healthcare.

3.2.3 Confluence of neural network models, PCA, and SWLDA

A breakthrough combination is emerging in the dynamic field of healthcare technology:

the combination of neural networks with advanced statistical methods such as principal
component analysis (PCA) and stepwise linear discriminant analysis (SWLDA). There
are a multitude of applications in the medical field that will be redefined by this fusion,
which is more than an advance; it is a paradigm shift [5].
The advanced framework consists of the following elements: A neural network is
a computational framework that is designed after the structure of the human brain,
which is capable of learning from vast amounts of data and taking decisions while
making these decisions. This innovative model relies on them.
Data analysis uses PCA to reduce data dimensionality as a pivotal technique. A
PCA distills complex data structures while retaining essential variance by transform-
ing data into linearly uncorrelated variables.
With this method, stepwise regression is combined with linear discriminant anal-
ysis to select sequential features. The model is iteratively refined by focusing on the
features that have the greatest discriminative power.

Using PCA to optimize neural networks: When dealing with complex, high-dimensional
data, PCA plays a crucial role. The data complexity of neural networks is reduced by inte-
grating PCA before processing. It accelerates computation processes as well as strength-
ens the network’s resilience to overfitting, ensuring robust and reliable performance.
 The future of predictive health 31

Optimization of decision-making with SWLDA: The output of PCA-enhanced neural

networks is fine-tuned with SWLDA. The SWLDA model refines its output by incorpo-
rating features with strong discrimination properties, ensuring accuracy and rele-
vance in tasks that require accurate classification, especially those that require
accurate analysis.
Medical technology has changed dramatically since neural networks were com-
bined with PCA and SWLDA, heralding a new era.
It improves diagnostic capabilities by increasing the ability to interpret EEG and
ECG signals. Despite the reduction in dimension of the data, the combined model is
able to extract valuable insights. A major leap forward in medical diagnosis has been
achieved with the ability to decipher complex signals more accurately.
Its prowess can be seen in the rapidly growing field of biometrics. Data with high
dimensions, like facial patterns or fingerprints, can be processed quickly with this tech-
nique. A biometric system must be able to achieve quick and accurate identification.
In addition to its importance in predictive health analytics, the model has a simi-
larly significant impact in the field of econometrics. Using large datasets for epidemio-
logical studies or outbreak prediction requires the quick processing of large datasets.
Healthcare professionals can adopt a more proactive approach, thanks to the model’s
advanced computation capabilities and precision in data analysis. Predictive and pre-
ventive healthcare strategies can be achieved through the prediction and pre-emptive
address of health concerns enabled by the model.
To conclude, neural networks are transforming the field of healthcare technology
in conjunction with PCA and SWLDA. In medical care, this powerful convergence sig-
nals the advent of an era marked by enhanced precision, efficiency, and predictive ca-
pabilities, ultimately leading to more proactive, precise, and personalized approaches.

3.2.4 Dynamics of hybrid deep learning models in healthcare

There has been a seismic shift in the healthcare landscape today, largely due to the
emergence of hybrid deep learning models. Medical practice and research are being
transformed by these new models, which break free from conventional constraints.
As part of this evolution, distinct deep learning architectures are strategically amal-
gamated. A CNN is known for its ability to handle sequential data and capture tempo-
ral dynamics. RNNs are known for their ability to handle sequential data and capture
temporal dynamics [1, 6]. The hybrid models combine the spatial understanding of
CNNs with the sequential insight of RNNs by merging such architectures. The conflu-
ence of these architectures enhances their inherent strengths and also addresses their
individual challenges effectively. Consequently, the outcome is a composite model
that provides healthcare professionals with sophisticated decision-making tools, thus
reshaping the contours of data-driven medical care.
32 Upinder Kaur

A significant advancement has been made in the field of medical imaging as a re-
sult of these models. Through the combination of CNNs and RNNs, it has been possible
to refine the interpretation of medical images ranging from MRIs to X-rays. By using
this enhanced approach, nuanced clinical markers, essential for accurate diagnosis, are
not overlooked. In addition, hybrid models are becoming increasingly popular as the
healthcare sector strives to offer individualized treatments, analyzing both historical
and current patient data to generate predictive health narratives. It is possible to pro-
vide timely and personalized interventions by providing insight into potential health
trajectories. Similarly, wearable health technologies have found in these models a reli-
able ally. They provide real-time insights into health metrics, sounding alarms at the
slightest deviation from normal health practices. Furthermore, in the complex field of
drug discovery, the process of developing an idea into a clinical trial has been stream-
lined. It has now become easier and more efficient to develop drugs by utilizing hybrid
models that combine feature extraction and optimization techniques.

3.2.5 Hybrid stacked CNN and residual feedback GMDH-LSTM deep learning model

Deep learning models that are designed primarily for processing structured grid data
such as images. A CNN consists of a series of convolutional layers in which filters are
applied to input data in order to extract a hierarchy of features. The GMDH algorithm
is a self-organizing modeling algorithm that provides forecasting, classification, and
clustering for complex systems. The model is iteratively synthesized and selected from
a set of polynomial models in accordance with a specific criterion [7]. The LSTM is a
type of RNN that is designed for the processing of sequences and maintaining long-term
dependencies in the data. With the inclusion of residual feedback, the LSTM cells are
provided with more than just a typical input, but also a version of the input from previ-
ous layers, thereby improving gradient flow and model performance. The hybrid model
incorporates a CNN and GMDH-enhanced LSTM with residual feedback, allowing it to
extract features hierarchically and comprehend sequences while self-organizing and
adapting to complex data structures. Image processing or structured data can be proc-
essed using CNN layers that handle spatial hierarchies. The GMDH algorithm then per-
forms a fine-tuning and selection process after the feature extraction process has been
completed. Furthermore, the LSTM layers are equipped with residual feedback that en-
ables them to analyze temporal sequences and long-term patterns of data.
In scenarios requiring both spatial and sequential processing, this hybrid deep
learning model is particularly effective. For instance, in the field of medical diagnosis,
it may be possible to analyze a series of MRI images taken over time to determine
both the spatial details within each image and the temporal changes occurring be-
tween them. Using both historical patterns and real-time fluctuations, it could be used
as a tool to interpret patterns in time-series stock market data. Due to its adaptability,
it can also be used for a range of applications, from video analytics in real time,
 The future of predictive health 33

where both scene interpretation (via CNN) and sequence prediction (via LSTM) are
essential, to advanced environmental monitoring, where changes in spatial datasets
over time can be useful indicators of larger phenomena.

3.2.6 DepHNN for EEG-based depression screening

The DepHNN, which is a novel neural network model [3], stands out as a ground-
breaking hybrid developed specifically for the purpose of interpreting EEG data in the
context of depression, which serves as a breakthrough in the field. Depression diagno-
sis and treatment monitoring have become easier with this model.

DepHNN’s: It is an hybrid architecture blends multiple neural networks. EEG data

processing is optimized by each element of this amalgamation.

Excellence at feature extraction: DepHNN excels at extracting relevant features

from complex EEG signals. Considering the high dimensionality and noise inherent in
EEG data, this is challenging. A convolutional layer meticulously sifts through elec-
trode data to identify patterns indicative of depression.

Analyzing temporal data: EEG data displays a sequential nature over time, capturing
dynamic electrical activity of the brain. LSTMs or similar variants are incorporated
into DepHNN to embrace this characteristic. Depressive states can be accurately as-
sessed by understanding both instantaneous neural activities and the evolution of
those activities over time.

Classification mechanism: After processing EEG data, DepHNN applies dense neural
layers with appropriate activation functions. By analyzing the EEG patterns, the
model is able to determine if depressive states are present.

The DepHNN system revolutionizes depression screening and treatment moni-

toring. The noninvasive, real-time analysis makes it an invaluable diagnostic tool. Di-
agnostic arsenals are enhanced. The utility of DepHNN goes beyond its application to
initial diagnosis and extends to ongoing monitoring of the patient. EEG can be used to
assess treatment effectiveness, detect relapses, and detect early signs of recovery by
tracking subtle changes in EEG patterns.
Moreover, DepHNN promotes deeper exploration of the neural basis of depres-
sion in the field of research. The method facilitates the analysis of EEG patterns
among diverse groups including individuals with and without depression. Depressive
disorders are characterized by complex neural characteristics, which provide re-
searchers with an effective tool for investigating and understanding them.
Ultimately, DepHNN is not merely a new neural network model; it is a break-
through in mental health, poised to significantly enhance clinical practice and re-
search in understanding and treating depression.
34 Upinder Kaur

3.2.7 Hybrid feature fusion network

The hybrid feature fusion network represents a significant leap in neural network de-
sign, skillfully combining various data inputs to enhance predictive accuracy and ro-
bustness. This sophisticated model operates in distinct yet interconnected phases,
each contributing to its overall efficacy [6, 8–11].

Feature extraction: At the beginning, the network focuses on extracting essential

features from images, texts, and time-sequenced data. There are several types of neu-
ral networks that can be deployed for this purpose: CNNs are highly efficient when
processing images, whereas RNNs are adept at handling sequential data. By analyzing
the data deeply, these architectures are able to distill key attributes and produce de-
tailed feature maps.
During the fusion phase, all the extracted features go through various stages and
then are merged to form a more powerful network. There are various sources of dis-
tinctive features that will be integrated in order to create a unified and comprehen-
sive map of the distinct features. An effective method for achieving the fusion of this
information can be achieved through a combination of several techniques, such as
direct concatenation, weighted summations that emphasize key characteristics, or
more complex, multitier fusion layers that combine features in nonlinear and often
hierarchical ways.

Incorporating Monte Carlo dropout: As the enhanced features progress through the
dense layers of the network toward making predictions, the Monte Carlo dropout
plays a crucial role in achieving this goal. Monte Carlo dropout differs from tradi-
tional dropout methods in that it maintains randomness even during the inference
stage whereas conventional dropout methods preserve randomness only during train-
ing. This method effectively creates a form of ensemble prediction within a single
model by repeatedly processing inputs and producing a variety of outputs in a certain
way. In this way, Bayesian characteristics are not only imparted to the model but also
valuable insights into the level of certainty with which it can be predicted from a
model, which is why it is an advantageous approach. This feature is particularly use-
ful when dealing with ambiguous or inconclusive data patterns.
This chapter presents a novel approach for combining hybrid features in neural
networks in order to achieve comprehensive information processing, which has a sig-
nificant impact on improving the predictability and robustness of the network. In con-
junction with the use of Monte Carlo dropout, it adds an additional layer of robustness
to the model’s predictions when coupled with this added layer of robustness and reli-
ability. There is no doubt that this attribute is extremely important in fields where
there are high stakes such as medical diagnosis and financial forecasting.
In addition to this, Monte Carlo dropout provides an insightful perspective on the
uncertainty of prediction. As a result of this report, stakeholders are provided with a
clear understanding of the level of confidence that the model has in its predictions.
Another random document with
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elmulás kilátástalan kapuján, a semmibe, a mely előtt remegve,
megtörten, roskadozva gyülekeztek öregek és fiatalok, más férfiak és
más nők, a kiknek nem telt be a sorsuk úgy mint nekik.
Nagy csokor friss, piros rózsa volt a fiatal nő fejénél. Vajjon ki
tette oda? Ó Mary is szerette volna teleszórni virággal a nőt, a férfit
és a kicsi gyermeküket. Le tudott volna térdelni a fehér, kavicsos
úton a sírok között, hogy annak a két embernek a mindent betöltő
szerelmét imádkozza meg a maga számára.
Abban a pillanatban egész primitiven nőnek érezte magát és
egyszerű vágyakkal telt meg a szíve.
Másnap megvette a dombormű fotografiáját, mikor hazajött, az
íróasztala mellé akasztotta és azóta ott lógott. Sokszor tévedt rá a
tekintete, de annak a júniusi délutánnak kinzó, de olyan gyönyörű
nyugtalansága ma tért vissza először.
Levette a szegről a képet, a lámpához vitte és hosszan nézte. A
fiatal nőt nézte, a ki háttal állt hozzá a halál kapujában.
Aztán a tükörhöz ment, feltűzte a haját és lassan levetkőzött.
Neki épen olyan sima, egyenletesen csavart kontya, épen olyan
finoman karcsú teste volt mint annak, csak a férfi nem állt mellette,
a kinek olyan gyönyörű mozdulattal, annyi bizalommal tegye vállára
a kezét.
Újra az Oszkár hangját hallotta: «Mary!» Az ő ölelései jutottak
eszébe és szégyelni kezdte a mezítelenségét. Milyen más volt az,
mint a mit a kis szürke képen látott maga előtt, milyen más, mint a
rég elmult júniusi délután vágyakozása.
Feledni akarta furcsa, reménytelen, nevetséges szerelmét.
Lefeküdt, két kezét erősen rászorította a mellére és magyarázni
kezdte magának, hogy ő már harmincz éves, Oszkár huszonöt.
Oszkárt ő sohasem fogja többé látni… A körmeit belemélyesztette a
fehér bőrébe és a hirtelen fájdalomra egyszerre jól esett Roth Ervinre
gondolni, valakire, a ki nagyon, nagyon gyengéden szereti őt, olyan
régen már, mindig őt, csak őt.
 IX.

Csendes, egyforma napokat élt Mary Feldoffingban. Az apja nem

említette többé Roth Ervint. Ő, ha egyszer belebeszélte magát
valamibe, akkor nagyon tüzelt, aztán meg elfelejtette a dolgot
egészen. Már nem aggasztotta leánya jövője, az ilyesmi nála csak
addig tartott, a míg beszélt róla és még akkor is egyetlen szóval meg
tudta nyugtatni az, a ki eltalálta a kellő szót, vagy a ki épen
befolyással volt rá. Mary mindig befolyással volt rá, kis gyermekkora
óta az történt, a mit ő akart, ha egyáltalán érdemesnek találta
akarni.
Általában keveset szóltak bele egymás dolgaiba, mindketten a
maguk útját járták, Mary gyakran napokig nem látta az apját, de ha
találkoztak, mindig úgy találkoztak, mint a jó pajtások. Nem űzte
őket össze soha a kényszerűség, a mindennapi családi ebédek és
vacsorák, a melyekhez ugyanazon órában, ugyanazon asztalhoz
ülnek le ugyanazon emberek, hogy korlátlanul meggyötörjék
egymást a kellemetlenségeikkel és rossz kedvükkel.
Nekik örömet szerzett minden ebéd, a melyet együtt költöttek el,
ünnepszámba mentek nagy sétáik és az esték, a melyeken
elbeszélgettek sokáig.
Most mégis örült Mary, hogy az apja majdnem állandóan
Münchenben volt és már napok óta haza sem nézett.
Az április gyönyörű volt és abban a magától érthetődő, csendes,
napfényes világban minden magától érthetődő, csendes és
napfényes lett. Kicsit álomszerű volt a helyzet a berlini élet után, de
tisztább és világosabb sokkal. Annyi izgalom után jól esett Marynek
otthon lenni megint, úgy érezte, mintha végre visszaült volna egy
kényelmes, régen megszokott karosszékbe, a melyből csak nagy
elhatározás után állt fel egyszer, hogy aztán ezerszer megbánja.
Belesimult a gyermekkora óta megszokott életbe, hagyta, hogy a
napok teljenek, a hogy épen a sors hozza őket, az ő akarata és
beleavatkozása nélkül.
Egy szombat éjjel azt álmodta, hogy kis gyermeke volt és
gyönyörű vasárnapra ébredt.
A nap nagy, széles sugárban esett az arczába, az ablak nyitva
volt és olyan friss fény áradt be, a milyen csak tavasszal lehetséges.
Gyorsan felkelt és sétára indult a széles, fehér úton, a még
többnyire üres, bezárt nyaralók között.
Egészen elhagyatott volt az út. Mary a berlini utolsó vasárnapjára
gondolt. Mennyi ember tolongott az utczákon. Szép volt akkor az
Unter den Linden, ünnepies és tarka. Sok díszruhás asszony járt
virággal a kezében és a gyermekek majdnem mind fehérben voltak.
Oszkár pedig ott állt a kirakat előtt háttal hozzá. Ő megszólította,
meg kellett szólítania, ajkára tódult az öröm akaratlanul is. Oszkár is
örült nagyon. – Mary! – Milyen kedvesen mondta a nevét.
A visszaemlékezésre meleg lett a Mary arcza, a szíve sebesebben
vert, kicsit elakadt a lélekzete is, elhagyta a napok óta tartó
nyugalma és szerette volna, ha megint találkozik Oszkárral, ha feléje
jönne most egyszerre, a már gyengén, nyáriasan fehérporos úton.
Egy szép nyaralóhoz ért, a melynek jól ápolt kertjében már nyilni
kezdtek a jáczintok és tulipánok, nagy rácsos kapuja előtt pedig egy
kis nyomorék fiú állt. A lábai görbék voltak, túlnagy, kopott kabátja,
öreg arcza, nagy feje, rosszul illettek törpe kis alakjára.
Az iskolából jöhetett, a vasárnapi istentiszteletről, mert táska volt
a hátán, most pedig ott állt és várt.
Maryt nagyon meghatotta a kis fiú és ő is megállt az út másik
felén.
 Jött egy fiú, meg egy leány. A fiú nagy volt és erős, egykorú
lehetett a kis törpével, de az vállig sem ért neki.
– Mit csinálsz itt? – kérdezte a nyomorék társától.
– Várok.
– Miért nem csöngetsz?
– Csengettem már, de nem hallják.
– Várj, majd rázom az ajtót.
A leány nevetni kezdett, rongyos, sötétkék gallérja hátra csúszott,
az akasztóláncz, a mely úgy látszik útközben szakadt le, a szájában
lógott és rágott rajta.
– Ne rázd az ajtót, minálunk nem szabad – kérte a kicsi fiú az
erős fiút.
De az nevetett, félrelökte a szegény görbelábút, jól megrázta az
ajtót, még gyorsan egyet lódított a kis sántán, hogy neki esett a
kerítésnek, aztán a galléros lánynyal együtt elszaladt. Mary és a kis
fiú pedig vártak tovább.
Végre jött egy férfi, a ki a házmester lehetett és a gyermek apja.
– Miért nem csengetsz, kis csúnya?
– Csengettem.
– Nem hallottam, szegény fiam.
– Kétszer is csengettem, akkor bizonyosan nem szól.
– Dehogy is nem szól.
A házmester megnyomta a csengőt, nem szólt, erősebben
nyomta és akkor szólt.
– Igazad van, nem szól jól, meg kell nyomni erősebben.
 A kis fiú már benn volt a kertben.
– Jaj apám, én nem bírom olyan erősen nyomni.
Megindult fel a lépcsőn, nehezen, lassan, a kezével segített,
ijesztő kis szörnyeteg volt a táskájával hátán, négykézláb a lépcsőn.
– Bizony én nem bírom olyan erősen, kétszer is nyomtam, nem
szólt – ismételte, miközben az apja bezárta a kaput, aztán ölbe vette
a szegény kis fiát.
Mary is tovább ment az úton, nagyon meghatotta a kis sánta, de
aztán ezzel kapcsolatban is magára kellett gondolnia.
– Nem szól, vagy csak nem bírom olyan erősen nyomni? Nem
tudom. – Ez járt a fejében folyton. Nem szól, csak az biztos.
Valakinek jönnie kellene, a ki megnyomja erősen, hogy szóljon,
aztán az ölébe vegye őt, mint a kis nyomorékot az apja.
A fehér út kanyarodott egyet, Mary a kis katholikus templomhoz
ért. Bement! A mise már vége felé járt. A pap gyorsan mormogta a
hosszú latin mondatokat, két egészen kis fiú ministrált, értelmetlenül
motyogva közbe, kemény, szigoru és szent dolgokat.
A miseruhát a pap vállán a Mary anyja hímezte volt, nagy, piros
selyemrózsákat keresztszemmel.
Három miseruhát hímezett az édes anyja, egyet az esküvője
emlékére, egyet a Mary keresztelőjére és egyet, mikor már nagyon
beteg volt… a halálára.
Mindig hímezett reggeltől estig. Az apja egy nagy képet festett
róla, ott lóg mindig a műteremben, azon is hímez. Mary nagyon
tudott csudálkozni ezen gyermekkorában, most nem csudálkozott,
most már bámulta.
A mai asszonyok számára nem is léteznek már ezek a végnélküli
kézimunkák.
 És mégis gyönyörű lehetett az anyjának színes selyemszálakkal
nagy virágokat hímezni és egy üres szövetdarabot telis-tele szórni
velük. Ő bizonyosan átérezte az öltögetés fontosságát és tudott
hozzá gondolkodni szépen.
Három ilyen miseruha, egy piros rózsás, egy nefelejtses, egy
fehér liliomos fekete bársonyon, egész asszony-élet.
Mary a piros rózsákat nézte, ő bizonyosan sohasem lesz olyan
boldog, mint az anyja volt, mikor ezeket a nagy virágokat varrta a
műterem ablakában és közbe-közbe rámosolygott a férjére. Talán
mégis a régi asszonyoknak volt igazuk.
A mise véget ért, a rózsák eltüntek, a templom kiürült és Mary is
ment.
Lement a tó partjára, leült egy nagy kőre, épen a domb alatt, a
melyen a házuk állt.
Szemben ült a nappal, behunyta a szemét és a behunyt szemén
át piros volt minden, fényes, piros és azt hitte, soha ki sem nyitja
többé a szemét.
Nagyon szép volt és jó, megmagyarázhatatlan boldog érzés
beszélt hozzá, a mely épen olyan titokzatosan jön, mint a nagy,
oknélküli bánatok. A nap pedig sütött és úgy nyugodott a Mary
arczán, mint egy nagy, simogató kéz.
Az anyjára gondolt Mary, a hímzéseire, a gyermekkorára, a
vasárnap varázsát élvezte, egész valójára ráborult valami gyöngéd,
lágy, mosolygó emlék. Delet harangoztak és a harangzúgást követő
csendben ismét az Oszkár hangját hallotta… Mary!
Most ez is szép volt és egyáltalán nem szomorú. A tó csillogott a
déli fényben, a hegyek kéken látszottak a tavaszi, párás levegőben, a
túlsó parton, mint egy mesebeli vár, úgy állt virágos fák között, a
leonii kastély.
 A starnbergi hajó ment el fehéren füstölve, széles barázdát
szántott a vizen, a mely hullámokba veszve simult el a part felé,
hogy benedvesedtek és fényesek lettek a kavicsok a Mary lábainál.
Mary meg volt győződve róla, hogy ma eljön Roth Ervin és reá
várt. Ott várt, mert tudta, hogy a házuk kapujából megláthatja őt.
Egy vonatot hallott fütyülni messziről, a a szíve elszorult,
nehezebben kapott lélekzetet. Most jött, ha jön egyáltalán. Várt!
Izgatott lett. Inkább a bizonytalanság hozta magával. Ha nem jön,
azt sem bánja, talán megkönnyebbülést is érzett volna, ha nem jön.
De jött! A kertjük kapuja ismerősen nyikorgott, otthon kereste
előbb, minden úgy történt, a mint Mary gondolta. Még várnia kell
egy kicsit. Most felér a házhoz, megkérdi, hogy ő otthon van-e? Azt
mondják nem, sétálni ment. Ervin elindul, hogy találkozzék vele. A
kertkapuból meglátja őt és… Már lépéseket is hallott maga mögött.
Mary nem mozdult, egyszerre csend lett, a kavics már nem
csikorgott, Ervin megállt, mikor már egészen közel ért hozzá.
Ismét csak a hullámok csobogása hallatszott, a mint a köveket
mosták a napfényen.
Egy percz, két percz, aztán Mary lassan megfordult és újra látták
egymást hat év után.
– Jöjjön, üljön le mellém – mondta Mary és Roth Ervin leült egy
másik nagy kőre.
Nagyon elfogult volt, Mary kezdett beszélgetni. Aztán
elgondolkozott ő is.
– Emlékszik mikor utóljára ültünk itt? – kérdezte.
– Emlékszem Mary, egy szeles alkonyat volt, magának egészen
szétborzolta a haját a szél. Akkor is így ült mellettem, mint most,
hogy csak profilban láttam. Egyetlen egyszer sem nézett rám és úgy
mesélt soká. Arról mesélt, hogy régen a nők haja zenélt, ha a szél
belefujt és maga akkor egy indiai királyleány volt, a kinek sarkig ért
a fekete haja és abban hordott nagy különös színű bogáncsokat. A
Gangesben fürdött és tánczolt a holdfényen gyöngyökkel telehintett
zöld fátyolban. Aztán fekete ruhában feküdt egy puha, vörös
kereveten, sok, sok selyem párnán, a melyeknek orchidea szaguk
volt. Emlékszik még maga is?
– Emlékszem. Milyen régen is volt, mikor én még ilyenekre
gondoltam. Azóta valaki beszélt nekem egy indiai lányról, de az
szőke volt és agyontánczolta magát, mert szeretett, elhervadt, mint
egy rózsaszínű orchidea. Így még szebb, de ez sem én voltam.
Szomorú mindez nagyon.
– Nem, nem szomorú, Mary. Én úgy vártam, hogy leteljék az idő
és újra eljöhessek magához. Egyszer Münchenben is jártam,
elmentem az atelierhez, a mely előtt annyiszor vártam magára,
akkor mentem, mikor tudtam, hogy senki sincs ott. Lipcséből jöttem
titokban… felmentem a lépcsőkön is, fel kellett mennem. Aztán
odatámasztottam a fejemet az előszobaajtó üvegéhez és talán arra
vártam, hogy valami meg fog elevenedni odabenn. Hogy maga fog
kijönni Mary. Nagyon szerettem hat év előtt is és most még sokkal
jobban szeretem. Nem tudtam soha sem egészen és igazán
megmondani mennyire. Nem értem, mindig olyan ostoba voltam, ha
mellettem volt, elbutított a boldogság. Miért is szeretem annyira?
Egy hétig csak látnom és hallanom kellene, a míg aztán telítve az
egyéniségétől, magamhoz jönnék… Nem tudok egy hétig várni már,
hat évig vártam a mai napra. Hat évig türelmetlen voltam és árva.
Nem akarja megpróbálni velem az életet Mary?
– Nem tudom, én már olyan fáradt vagyok.
– Ne mondja azt, az nem helyes, maga még fiatal és szebb mint
valaha. Csak az élnitudás hiányzik magából, mint a legtöbb
emberből. Igen sokat töri a fejét és gondolkodik az életen. Olyan az,
mint ha a művészek, a helyett, hogy hangszereiken játszanának,
azok elemzésével foglalkoznának, sorra vizsgálnák a húrokat,
kiszednének egyes részeket, míg végre már nem is adna hangot az a
hangszer.
A élet hangszer Mary, a melyet a természet formál, a mely
rejtélyesen formálódik olyanná, a milyen, a játszani tudók számára.
Úgy kell venni, mint valami kész egészet, valami magától érthetődőt,
a melynek készségébe avatatlan kézzel belenyulni nem szabad.
– Ezt Oszkár is mondhatta volna, ha ő tudna így beszélni –
gondolta Mary.
Ervin folytatta: – Mary, próbálja meg szeretettel és művészettel
élni a maga életét és ne törje a fejét más lehetőségeken. Adja ide a
kezét. Én úgy szeretem magát. Lesz egy jó meleg szobánk, egy
kandallónk, nagy butorok és sok, sok gyönyörű esténk, mikor
megvárja míg befejezem a munkát, a puha vörös kanapén, a
selyemvánkusok között várja meg Mary és én azt mondom – Gyere
ide – maga hozzám jön Mary és mesél nekem és én minden mást
elfelejtek. Akarom, hogy maga is csak engem tudjon és semmi,
semmi mást a világon.
Szikrázott a napsugár a homokon, tülekedő bogarak zümmögtek,
forró volt az ég és Marynek jól esett erről a nagy szerelemről
hallania. Egy kicsit várt még, aztán két kezébe fogta az Ervin kezét,
az arczához szorította és valami gyöngéd, nagy megnyugvásra
gondolt, a mely kedves volt, derüs és finom, mint az édes anyja
hímzette miseruhán a piros virágok.