Engineering Surveying.

1 (CE 304)
Chapter.1
Introduction to Surveying

Fraidoon ALKOZAI
Civil Engineering Department
Engineering Faculty, Kabul University
Spring Semester/Year 1393
Lesson Objectives
 Introduction
1. Surveying
2. Geomatics
3. Early history of surveying
4. Plane surveys
5. Geodetic surveys
6. Types of surveys…..
Lesson Objectives
 Introduction
7. Modern surveying equipment
8. Use of old surveying equipment
9. Importance of surveying
10. Safety
11. Liability Insurance
12. Opportunities in Surveying
 Introduction
 SURVEYING
 Or: Surveying is the science and art of
determining the relative positions of points
above, on, or beneath the earth’s surface and
locating the points in the field.
Or
 Is the science of determining the dimensions
and contour(three dimensional characteristics)
of the earth’s surface by measurement of
distances, directions, and elevations.
 Introduction
 GEOMATICS
 Is an integrated approach to the
measurement, analysis, management,
storage, and presentation of the descriptions
and locations of spatial data.

Geomatics=Geodesy+Geoinformatics
Introduction
 EARLY HISTORY OF SURVEYING
 Surveying is as old as recorded civilization.
 The Babylonians, 2500 B.C.
 India and China, the same time period.
 Egypt, 1400 B.C.

 Instruments
 Ropes, ancient leveling frame. (Egyptians).
 Odometer, groma and chorobate. (Romans)
 Brief History of Surveying:
1. Surveying had it’s beginning in Egypt about 1400 BC
 Land along the Nile River was divided for taxation.
Divisions were washed away by annual floods.
 “ROPE-STRETCHERS” Egyptian surveyors were created to
relocate the land divisions (measurements were made with
ropes having knots at unit distances).
 Extensive use of surveying in building of Egyptian
monuments (Historical).
2. Greeks: expanded Egyptian work and developed
Geometry.
 Developed one of the earliest surveying instruments
– Diopter (a form of level).
 Brief History of Surveying:
3. Romans: developed surveying into a science to
create the Roman roads and land division systems.
 Surveyors held great power, had schools and a
professional organization
 Developed several instruments:
• Groma – cross instrument used to determine lines and right angles
• Libella – “A” frame with a plumb bob used for leveling
• Chorobates – 20’ straight edge with oil in notch for leveling
4. Middle Ages: land division of Romans continued in
Europe.
 Quadrans – square brass frame capable of turning angles
up to 90° and has a graduated scale developed by an
Italian named Von Piso.
 Brief History of Surveying:
5. 18th & 19th Century in the New World: the need
for mapping and marking land claims caused
extensive surveying, especially by the English.
 1785: United Stated began extensive surveys of public
lands into one mile square sections
• 30 states surveyed under the U.S. Public Land System
(also called the Rectangular System)
 1807: United States Geological Survey founded to
establish an accurate control network and mapping
 Famous American Surveyors: George Washington, Thomas
Jefferson, George Rogers Clark, Abe Lincoln and many
more.
 Brief History of Surveying:
6. 20th Century and Beyond: As technology advanced,
population increased, and land value caused
development of licensure for surveyors in all states.
 Educational requirements for licensure began in the early
1990’s
 Capable of electronic distance measurement, positioning
using global positioning systems, construction machine
control, and lidar “Light detection and ranging” (scanning)
mapping
 Involvement in rebuilding of the infrastructure and
geographic information systems (GIS)
 Shortage of licensed professionals is projected well into
the 21st century
 Introduction

Figure 1.1 (p. 3)

Ancient leveling frame.
Surveying, 5/E by Jack McCormac
Copyright © 2004 by John Wiley & Sons,
Inc. All rights reserved.
 Introduction

Figure 1.2 (p. 4)

Groma, a Roman surveying device used for laying off right angles.
 Introduction

Figure 1.3 (p. 4)

Chorobate, another Roman surveying device.
Surveying, 5/E by Jack McCormac
Copyright © 2004 by John Wiley & Sons,
Inc. All rights reserved.
 Introduction

Two Categories of Surveying:

1. Plane Surveying.

2. Geodetic Surveying.
 Introduction
1. PLANE SURVEYING
 The earth is considered to be a flat surface
and the north-south lines are assumed to be
parallel.
 Plane Surveys are made on small areas.
 Farms, buildings, and most construction works.
 It can be shown that an arc along the earth’s
curved surface of 11.5 miles(18.5km) in
length is only approximately 0.05ft(0.015m)
longer than the plane or chord distance
between its ends.
 Introduction

Figure 1.4 (p. 5)

Drawing showing north-south and east-west lines for the earth's surface. Later
these will be referred to as latitude and longitude lines.
Introduction
2. GEODETIC SURVEYING
 Are adjusted for the curved shape of the
earth’s surface.
 Can be applied to both small and large
areas.
 Most geodetic surveys are made by
government agencies.
 To establish a network of reference points.
 It is more accurate.
Introduction
 TYPES OF SURVEYS
1.Land Surveys
 Are the oldest type of surveys and have
been performed since earliest recorded
history.
 They are normally plane surveys.
 Made for locating property lines,
subdividing land, determining land areas.
 Also called property surveys, boundary
surveys, or cadastral surveys (public
lands).
Introduction
2. Topographic Surveys
 Topographic Surveying – collecting data
and preparing maps showing the locations
of natural man-made features and
elevations of points on the ground for
multiple uses.
 Detailed information is obtained related to
elevations as well as to the locations of
constructed and natural features
(buildings, roads, etc.).
 Entire information is plotted on maps
(called topographic maps)
 Introduction
3. Route surveys
 Route Surveys – topographic and other surveys for long
– narrow projects associated with Civil Engineering
projects.
 Highways, railroads, pipelines, and transmission lines.

 Involve the determination of the location of natural and

artificial objects along a proposed route.

 For highway, railroad, canal, pipeline, power line, or

other utility.
 Introduction
4. City or municipal surveys
 Are made within a given municipality for the
purpose of laying out Streets, planning sewer
systems, preparing maps, and so on.
5. Construction surveys
 Are made for purposes of locating structures
and providing required elevation points during
their construction.
 Are needed to control every type of
construction projects. It has been estimated that 60%
of the surveying done in the USA is Construction Surveying.
 Introduction
6. Hydrographic surveys
 Related to lakes, streams, and other bodies of
water.
 Shapes of areas beneath water surfaces are
determined, water flow of streams is estimated,
and other information needed relative to
navigation(direct the route of a ship), flood control, and
development of water resources is obtained.
 Are usually made by government.
Introduction
7. Marine surveys
 Are related to hydrographic surveys, but
they are thought to cover a broader area.
They include the surveying necessary for
offshore platforms, theory of tides and
preparation of hydrographic maps and
charts.
Introduction
8. Mine surveys
 Are made to obtain the relative positions
and elevations of underground geological
formations, and so on.
 Determine quantities and establish lines
and grades for work to be done.
Introduction
9. Forestry and geological surveys
 Foresters use surveying for boundary
locations, topography, and so on. And
similar surveying in preparation of
Geological Maps.
 Introduction
10. Photogrammetric surveys
 Photogrammetric – mapping utilizing data
obtained by camera or other sensors carried in
airplanes or satellites.
 Extremely valuable because of the speed with
which it can be applied.
 To area difficult to access, the great detail
provided and so on.
 Its uses are becoming more extensive.
Introduction
11. Remote sensing surveys
 Is another type of aerial survey.
 It makes use of cameras or sensors that
are transported either in aircraft or in
artificial satellites.
Introduction
12. As-built surveys
 Are made after a construction project is
complete to provide the positions and
dimensions of the features of the project
as they were actually constructed.
 Introduction
13. Control surveys
 Are referenced surveys.
 A number of points are established and their
horizontal and vertical positions are accurately
determined.
 Other work can conveniently be referenced.
 These points are called bench marks.
Introduction
 MODERN SURVEYING EQUIPMENT

 EDM
 Total stations
 Automatic data collector + TS
 GPS
 Robotic total stations
 Introduction
Figure 1.6 (p. 9)
Surveying along city
streets. (Courtesy of
Nikon, Inc.)
Introduction
 USE OF OLD SURVEYING EQUIPMENT
 Transit and Theodolite (measuring angle)
 Level (determining elevation)
 Tape (determining distance)

 Still used in some surveying jobs.

 Particularly in construction projects.
 Surveyors must use up-to-date
equipments.
Introduction
 MAINTENACE OF EQUIPMENT

 Must be checked periodically and properly

maintained to keep it in good adjustment.

 Can be used when it is not well adjusted.

 In such a manner that the errors be reduced.
Introduction
 IMPORTANCE OF SURVEYING
 Has been necessary since the earliest
civilization.
 All types of engineers, as well as
architects, foresters, and geologists, are
concerned with surveying as a means of
planning and laying out their projects.
 Is needed for:
 Subdivisions, buildings, highways, railroads,
canals, dams, irrigations and drainage networks
and many other projects.
Introduction
 SAFETY
 Safety is very important in surveying.
 Should be considered in all surveying
works.
 Safe work environment will result:
 No or less incidents and injuries.
 Less insurance costs.
 Greater productions.
 It is essential to have first aid kits and
trained personnel for it.
Introduction
 SAFETY
 Surveyors should wear conspicuous
clothing such as orange hunting vests.
Introduction
 SAFETY
 Hard hats and safety shoes are a
necessity.

Surveying, 5/E by Jack McCormac

Copyright © 2004 by John Wiley & Sons,
Inc. All rights reserved.
Introduction
 Hazards and some possible precautions:
1. Do not use steel tapes near electric lines.
2. Do not throw range poles.
3. Do not climb over fences while carrying
equipments.
4. Obey safety laws
 The surveyor should also be familiar
with OSHA.
Introduction
 LIABILITY INSURANCE
 A surveyor who carries a suitable liability
policy will certainly be in a position to get
more industrial jobs than a surveyor who
does not have such insurance.
 Many persons and organizations may
decide not to employ a surveyor who does
not carry liability insurance.
 The surveyor or the surveyor’s insurance
company will be right in line for paying
damages.
 The work of the surveyor
consists of 5 phases:
1. Decision Making – selecting method, equipment and
final point locations.
2. Fieldwork & Data Collection – making measurements
and recording data in the field.
3. Computing & Data Processing – preparing
calculations based upon the recorded data to
determine locations in a useable form.
4. Mapping or Data Representation – plotting data to
produce a map, plat, or chart in the proper form.
5. Stakeout – locating and establishing stakes in the
proper locations in the field.
Introduction
 OPPORTUNITIES IN SURVEYING

 Discussion
Introduction
 ASSIGNMET

 Reading Chapter 2.
Thank you