A

MINOR
PROJECT REPORT
ON
“STUDY OF BIO-ETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM
CORN AND WHEAT”

SUBMITTED BY,
Shoeb Khan Azeem Khan
Sahil suresh Wabale
(3rd Year B.Tech in Chemical Engineering)

Dr.D.V.Wele Sir Dr.S.V.Khedkar Sir

Guide HOD

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

SHRI SHIVAJI EDUCATION SOCIETY, AMRAVATI
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY AKOLA
SESSION 2023-24
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that

Shoeb Khan Azeem Khan
Sahil Suresh Wabale
[Third Year B.Tech in Chemical Engineering]
Has Submitted A Minor Project Report
On
“STUDY OF BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM CORN AND WHEET”
In partial fulfilment of Bachelor’s Degree in B.Tech in Chemical Engineering By
Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati
During the academic year 2023-24 in my supervision and guidance

Dr.D.V.Wele Sir Dr.S.V.Khedkar Sir

Guide H.O.D

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

SHRI SHIVAJI EDUCATION SOCIETY, AMRAVATI
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY AKOLA
SESSION 2023-24
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With the depth of my heart, I feel immense pleasure in expressing my Views from our
Respected guide Dr.D.V.Wele Sir for his valuable guidance, constant encouragement and
enlightened comments for preparation this Major Project Report.
Apparently, I am thankful for the thought provoking discussion, invaluable inspiring and
scholastic guidance. Constructive and rational criticism during this course of this Project work.
I would like to express my kindest regards to Dr.S.V.Khedkar Sir (H.O.D.), Chemical
Department, for providing his valuable guidance and extending the departmental facilities for
the completion of the Project work.
My sincere thanks to the teaching and non-teaching Staff of Chemical Engineering
Department, without their help it would not have been possible for me to complete this Major
Project Work. Lastly, I would like to acknowledge all those who directly or indirectly helped
me for the successful completion of this Project work.

SUBMITTED BY,
Shoeb Khan Azeem Khan
Sahil Suresh Wabale
[Third Year B. Tech. Chemical Engineering]
 aJU ABSTRACT

• Bioethanol production from corn and wheat has gained significant attention
due to its potential as a renewable energy source. This abstract outlines
the key processes involved in bioethanol production from these feedstocks.
• Both corn and wheat contain starch, which is enzymatically hydrolyzed into
sugars, followed by fermentation using yeast to produce ethanol.
• Various factors affecting bioethanol production, including feedstock
composition, enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency, fermentation conditions, and
downstream processing, are discussed.
• Additionally, challenges such as competition with food production,
environmental Impacts, and technological advancements for improving
efficiency and sustainability are addressed.
• Overall, bioethanol production from corn and wheat holds promise as a
renewable energy solution, but careful consideration of its economic,
environmental, and social implications is essential for its successful
implementation.
 INDEX
Sr.No Topic Page No.

1. Introduction 1-2

2. Literature Review
1.Introduction.
2.Literture Review:1
3.Literature Review:2 3-9
4.Literture Review:3
5.Literture Review:4

3. 4-20
3.1.Aim of Research
3.2.Objectives Research
3.3.Scope of Research
3.4.Limitation of Research
4. Methodology 21-30
5. Expected Results 31-37

6. Conclusion 38-40

7. References 41-43
 INTRODUCTION OF THE TOPIC

Bioethanol production from corn and wheat involves a process called fermentation, where
sugars from these crops are converted into ethanol using yeast. Corn is the primary source for
bioethanol in the United States.
It is a Fermentation Process which deals with the utilize microbiology in Producing Chemical
compounds.
Those Processes yielding simple structural chemicals like for Examples ethanol and Butanol or
acetone are gradually being replayed by synthesis process.
while wheat is also utilized in some regions. The process begins with milling the grains to
extract starch, which is then converted into sugars. Yeast then ferments these sugars into
ethanol and carbon dioxide.
The resulting ethanol can be used as a renewable fuel additive or as a base for other products
like hand sanitizers and disinfectants.
Corn and wheat are grown and utilized not only as food and feed, but also as feedstocks for
generation of renewable fuel ethanol. Production of fuel ethanol through biological
fermentation of sugars extracted from sugar-rich crops (such as sugarcane) and starchy crops
(such as corn and wheat) is a technically matured and commercially successful story, while
those from lignocellulosic materials are still in early developmental/trail phases. For instance,
global leaders in fuel ethanol production, such as the United States and Brazil produce about
15.25 billion gal (∼57.7 billion L) and 7.3 billion gal (∼27.6 billion L) of fuel ethanol annually
primarily from starchy feedstocks, such as corn and wheat, and sugar-rich feedstock, such as
sugarcane, respectively .
This clearly indicates the pivotal role these starchy and sugar-rich feedstocks play, particularly
corn and wheat, in the global fuel ethanol production scenario.
In addition to United States and Brazil, in past few decades, many other countries around
the globe are gradually emerging as global players in renewable fuel ethanol production sector
by using starchy and sugar-rich feedstocks.
For example, countries, such as China and Canada, are producing ∼845 million gal (∼3.2
billion L) and ∼436 million gal (1.65 billion L) of fuel ethanol, respectively, from various
starchy feedstocks, such as corn, cassava, wheat, and rice (Table 3.1), while countries, such as
India, France, Germany, and Australia, Are producing about 1 billion Litre 1 billion L, 750
million L, and 500 million L, respectively, primarily from sugar-rich feedstock, such as
sugarcane, molasses, sugar beet, and wheat.
Thus, it is evident that corn and wheat are not only the top choices across the globe
as the first-generation feedstocks for bioethanol production, but are also expected
to remain so for decades to come.
Therefore, it is becoming increasingly important to not only understand the global
production scenario of these starchy feed stocks, but also the biotechnological
processes developed so far and the socioeconomic issues involved in their
utilization to fully comprehend the current global perspective of renewable fuel
ethanol generation along with its future implications. This chapter primarily
focuses on these aspects of corn and wheat based fuel ethanol production.
 CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW:-I
INTRODUCTION

Bioethanol production from corn and wheat involves a process called fermentation, where
sugars from these crops are converted into ethanol using yeast. Corn is the primary source for
bioethanol in the US, while wheat is also utilized in some regions. The process begins with
milling the grains to extract starch, which is then converted into sugars. Yeast then ferments
these sugars into ethanol and carbon dioxide. The resulting ethanol can be used as a renewable
fuel additive or as a base for other products like hand sanitizers and disinfectants.
*These are the sub Points That Used Bioethanol Production are As Follows:-
1.Source: Corn and wheat are commonly used as feedstocks for bioethanol production.
2.Process: The grains are milled to extract starch, which is then converted into sugars. Yeast
ferments these sugars into ethanol and carbon dioxide.
3.Applications: Bioethanol is used as a renewable fuel additive and as a base for various
products such as hand sanitizers and disinfectants.
4.Environmental Impact: Bioethanol can reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to fossil
fuels, but there are concerns about land use, water consumption, and potential competition with
food production.
5.Economic Importance: Bioethanol production contributes to agricultural economies and
provides an alternative source of income for farmers.
Pie Chart Of Global Corn Production country Wise and There Usage.
United States and China Are the Leading Corn Production Countries.
 HISTORY OF ETHANOL

History of ethanol spans thousands of years. Here's a brief overview:

• Ancient Origins: Ethanol production likely dates back to ancient civilizations, where
fermentation of fruits and grains led to the accidental discovery of alcoholic beverages.
• Industrial Revolution: In the 19th century, ethanol began to be produced on a larger scale
for use in lamps and as a solvent.
• Prohibition Era: During the Prohibition in the United States (1920-1933),
• ethanol was used as a substitute for alcoholic beverages, leading to the illegal production
of "moonshine.
• "Fuel Ethanol: In the 20th century, ethanol gained attention as a fuel alternative. Brazil
pioneered the use of ethanol as a transportation fuel during the oil crisis of the 1970s.
• Renewable Fuel Standard: In the early 2000s, policies like the Renewable Fuel Standard
in the US promoted the use of ethanol as a renewable fuel additive, leading to increased
production and consumption.
• Technological Advancements: Advances in biotechnology and fermentation processes
have improved ethanol production efficiency and reduced costs, further driving its use as
a renewable fuel.
• The Energy Information Agency (2005) describes the history of ethanol. Ethanol's first
use was to power an engine in 1826, and in 1876, Nicolaus Otto, the inventor of the
modern four-cycle internal combustion engine, used ethanol to power an early engine.
Ethanol also was used as a lighting fuel in the 1850s, but its use curtailed when it was
taxed as liquor to help pay for the Civil War. Ethanol use as a fuel continued after the tax
was repealed, and fueled Henry Ford's Model T in 1908.
• The first ethanol blended with gasoline for use as an octane booster occurred in the 1920s
and 1930s, and was in high demand during World War II because of fuel shortages.
Today's ethanol industry began in the 1970s when petroleum-based fuel became expensive
and environmental concerns involving leaded gasoline created a need for an octane. Corn
became the predominant feedstock for ethanol production because of its abundance and
ease of transformation into alcohol. Federal and state subsidies for ethanol helped keep
the fuel in production when ethanol prices fell with crude oil and gasoline prices in the
early 1980s.
• This also helped spawn the "Minnesota Model" for ethanol production, in which farmers
began producing ethanol to add value to their corn (Bevill, 2008).
• The Minnesota Model was an agreement between local public and private parties who
work to keep profits in the community by providing jobs (and the economic benefits
associated with population) and adding value to agricultural products while strengthening
rural communities.
• Ethanol's use as an oxygenate to control carbon monoxide emissions, encouraged
increased production of the fuel through the decade and into the 1990s. with the phasing
out of Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE) as an oxygenate and a desire to decrease
dependence on imported oil and increase the use of environmentally friendly fuels,
ethanol's demand increased dramatically. In 2005, the first Renewable Fuels Standard
(RFS) became law as part of the United States' energy policy (Renewable Fuels
Association, 2005a).
• It provided for ethanol production of four billion gallons in 2006 with an increase to seven
and one-half billion gallons by 2012 (Renewable Fuels Association, 2005a).
• Since that time, The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 signed by
USA President Bush requires renewable fuel usage to increase to 36 billion gallons
annually by 2022 (Renewable Fuels Association, 2008b).
• The new RFS which currently guides national ethanol policy states that only 15 billion
gallons of production should be produced from corn grain (starch) -the remaining 22
billion should come from other advanced and cellulosic feedstock sources
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ETHYL ALCOHOL OR ETHANOL

• Ethanol is the clear And Colourless liquid with a characteristatics pleasant

Odour and burning taste.
• Ethanol is used to dissolved other chemical subtances and mixes readily
With water and many more organic liquids.
• Here the Table of Melting Point , Boiling Point And Specific Heat (Cp)
are As Follows:

Melting Point -1140C Approx.

Boling Point 78.50C Approx.

Specific Heat (Cp) 0.8

• This relatively low boiling point compared to water makes ethanol useful as a solvent
and in various industrial and laboratory processes, including distillation and as a fuel
or fuel additive.
 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ETHANOL

1. Dehydration Process
There are a loss Of Water molecules when the ethanol reacts with concentrated
sulphuric acid (H2SO4) at Temperture of 443 K.

• Therefore the chemical reaction is represented with as,

• The Rection Will be written as,

CH3CH2OH + Concentrated H2SO4. CH2=CH2 + H2O

(Ethanol) (Ethylene) (water)

2. Reaction with Sodium.

The reaction of sodium metal with ethanol produces sodium ethoxide and hydrogen gas.

Therefore, the chemical reaction is represented as

2CH3CH2OH + 2Na → 2C2H5ONa + H2

(Ethanol) (Sodium) (Sodium Ethoxide) (Hydrogen gas)
3.Oxidation Reaction Process.

Ethanoic acid is formed when ethanol is oxidiscd with alkaline potassium

permanganate (KMnO4) OR acidified potassium dichromate (K2Cr207).

CH3CH2OH K2CrO7 CH3COOH + H2O

(Ethanol)
2(O)

The colour change occurs during this reaction where the orange colour of K2Cr207 turns to
green.
This reaction can be used for the identification or confirmation of the alcohol group.
4. Dehydrogenation Process:
The process of dehydrogenation occurs when vapours of ethanol pass over hot copper (Cu) at
573K. In this

reaction, copper is used as a catalyst. Dehydrogenation of ethanol forms acetaldehyde

(CH3CHO),

CH3CH20H Cu CH3CHO + H2
(Ethanol) 573K (Acetaldehyde) (Hydrogen)

5. Combustion Process:
Ethyl Alcohol Or ethanol is the volatile liquid and highly inflammable liquid.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and water are the formed when the ethanol reacted with
Oxygen . the reaction are as follows:-

CH3CH2OH +3O2 2CO2 + 3H20

(Ethanol) (oxygen) (Carbon dioxide) (Water)
 ETHANOL PRODUCTION IN INDIAN STATEWISE BY TABLE
REPRESENTATION.

The current ethanol production capacity for ethanol blending with petrol and other uses is
about 947 crore litres (which includes 619 crore litres of molasses-based production capacity
and 328 crore litres of grain-based production capacity) The Union Minister of State for
Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution, Ms. Sadhvi Niranjan Jyoti (Member of
Parliament) in a written reply to a question in Lok Sabha today shared that the current ethanol
production capacity in the country for ethanol blending with petrol and other uses is about 947
crore litres (which includes 619 crore litres of molasses-based production capacity and 328
crore litres of grain-based production capacity).The state-wise & feed-stock wise details of
installed ethanol production capacities in the country are at
These are the below Annexure are as Follows:
Government of India has been implementing the Type of Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP)
Programme throughout the
country wherein Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) sell petrol blended with ethanol. Under
EBP Programme
Government has fixed the target of 10% and 209% blending of ethanol with petrol by 2022 and
2025 respectively.
The Central Government has taken various steps to increase production and utilization of
ethanol which are enumerated as under are as Follows:
1] In order to augment ethanol production capacity in the country, the Government has notified
Ethanol interest Subvention Scheme(s) inter-alia extending financial assistance in the form of
interest subvention @ 6% per annum or 50% of rate of interest charged by banks/financial
institutions whichever is lower for five years including one year moratorium;
2] The National Policy on Biofuels-20 18, allowed the production of ethanol from a variety of
feed-stocks like agricultural residues (rice straw, cotton stalk, corn cobs, saw dust, bagasse
etc.); starch containing
materials such as maize, cassava, rotten potatoes etc.; damaged food grains like wheat, broken
rice etc; and food grains like rice apart from sugarcane and other sugar containing materials
(like sugar beet, sweet sorghum and etc).
3] The Government of India have been fixing remunerative prices of ethanol produced from
different feed-stocks for supply to OMCs;
4] The Government has amended the industries (Development & Regulation) Act, 1951 vide
Notification dated 14.5.201 6 to ensure free movement of ethanol in the country:
5] The Government has also reduced Goods & Service Tax (GST) on ethanol meant for
Ethanol Blended with Petrol (EBP) Programme.
Graphical Representation of Ethanol Production And Number of distillers.
 WORLDWIDE PRODUCTION OF ETHANOL

From various Statics ,mostly The United States is the leading producer and importer of fuel
ethanol in the world. In 2022, the U.S. produced 15.4 billion gallons of the biofuel. The United
States is also the overall leading biofuel producer in the world.
Ethanol is a grain alcohol that can be blended with gasoline and used in regular motor vehicles
at a concentration of up to ten percent. Brazil is the world's second-largest producing country.,
with an output of 7.5 billion gallons that same year.
Brazil – the leading biofuel market: The most common ethanol fuel production type in Brazil is
hydrous ethanol, which is the highest concentration grade of ethanol achieved through
distillation.
Brazil is one of the largest markets for biofuels worldwide, with specifically designed flexible-
fuel vehicles available that run on fuels with a greater ethanol content than regular motor
vehicles.
As a result, the adoption rate of fuel ethanol has been a lot higher compared with other
countries, with flexible-fuel vehicles the most widely produced car in Brazil.
Largest ethanol refiners in the U.S.: Poet Biorefining is the largest U.S. ethanol producer by
capacity. As of 2021. the South Dakota-based biofuel refiner had an annual production
capacity of 2.74 billion gallons.
The company was founded in 1986 and boasts over thirty locations largely across the U.S.
Midwest.

Given Pie Chart About Worldwide Ethanol Production by Countries;

 LITERATURE REVIEW:2
CULTIVATION OF CORN AND WHEAT
• Corn and wheat is a very important Crops in India and Worldwide. Corn and wheat
are two of the most widely cultivated cereal crops in the worldwide.
• Here's an overview of their cultivation practices:
• Corn Cultivation Climate and Soil Requirements :
• Climate:
• Corn (maize) thrives in warm climates with temperatures between 60°F and 95°F. It
requires a long growing season and is sensitive to frost.
• Soil: Corn prefers well-drained, fertile soils like Asian countries with a pH between
5.8 and 7.0. It grows best in loamy soils rich in organic matter.
• Planting of the crop :
• Timing of crop cultivation: Plant corn in the spring when soil temperatures reach at
least 50°F.
• Spacing: Seeds are typically planted 1.5 to 2 inches deep and spaced 8 to 12 inches
apart within rows, with rows spaced 30 to 36 inches apart.
• Care and Maintenance:
• Watering: Corn requires consistent moisture, especially during germination, tasselling
, and ear development. Irrigation may be necessary in dry periods.
• Fertilization: Corn is a heavy feeder. Apply a balanced fertilizer at planting and
additional nitrogen during the growing season.
• Weed Control: Weed control is crucial in the early stages of growth. Use mechanical
cultivation and/or herbicides as needed.
• Pest and Disease Management of the crop:
• Monitor for pests such as corn borers and diseases like corn smut. Use integrated pest
management (IPM) strategies.
• Harvesting of the crop:
• Timing: Corn is typically harvested in late summer to early fall, when kernels are
fully developed and the moisture content is around 20-25%. Method: Harvest can be
done manually or using mechanical harvesters. Grain moisture content should be
reduced to 15% or lower for safe storage.
 CORN CULTIVATION

In India, Major corn-producing states in India include Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh,

Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar, and Gujarat.
• Corn is cultivated in three main seasons in India: Kharif (monsoon season, June to
September), Rabi Hangam (winter season, October to March), and Summer (short
season, March to June). The Kharif Hangam season accounts for the majority of corn
production.
• In worldwide Production, The United States is the largest producer of corn, followed
by China, Brazil, Argentina, Ukraine, and India.
• The U.S. alone contributes to nearly a third of the world's corn production.
• In Conclusion that, Corn is a crucial crop with extensive global and national
significance. Advances in agricultural technology and sustainable practices are key to
addressing the challenges in corn production and meeting the growing demand for
this versatile crop.
 WHEAT CULTIVATION:

• Wheat cultivation is a significant agricultural practice worldwide, providing a staple

food for billions. Here is a comprehensive guide on wheat cultivation.
• Only Madhya Pradesh is the most wheat Production state in India.
• Wheat cultivation is a significant agricultural practice worldwide, providing a staple
food for billions. This is a comprehensive guide on wheat cultivation.
Here the Overall information about wheat Cultivation are as follows:
• Climate and Soil Requirements Climate:
Temperature: Wheat thrives in temperate climates.
• The ideal temperature range for growth is between 12°C and 25°C (54°F to 77°F).
Wheat requires cool temperatures for tailoring and warmer temperatures for grain
filling and ripening.
• Rainfall: Wheat needs about 300-875 mm (12-34 inches) of annual rainfall. Excessive
moisture or drought can negatively impact yield.
• Soil Type: Wheat grows best in well-drained loamy or clay loam soils. Sandy soils
can be used if adequately fertilized.
pH: Optimal soil pH for wheat is between 6.0 and 7.5.
Fertility: Fertile soils rich in organic matter are ideal. Soil testing is recommended to
adjust nutrient levels appropriately. Varieties of Wheat Winter Wheat: Sown in the
fall and harvested in the summer.
Requires a period of cold weather (vernalization) to flower.
Spring Wheat: Sown in the spring and harvested in late summer or early fall. Does
not require vernalization.
Planting Preparation: Land Preparation: Plow the field to a fine tilth, and remove
weeds. Use a rotavator or harrow to break up soil clods and ensure a smooth seedbed.
• Seed Selection: Choose high-quality, disease-resistant varieties suited to local climate
and soil conditions.
• Sowing: Timing: Winter Wheat: Plant in the fall, typically between September and
October.
• Spring Wheat: Plant in early spring, around March to April. Depth and Spacing: Sow
seeds 1 to 2 inches deep. Row spacing should be 6 to 8 inches apart, and seed spacing
within rows should be about 1 to 2 inches apart.
• Care and Maintenance Watering: Wheat requires adequate moisture, especially
during germination, tailoring, and grain filling stages. Irrigation may be necessary in
areas with insufficient rainfall. Fertilization: Apply a balanced fertilizer based on soil
test results.
• Typical fertilization includes nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
Split applications of nitrogen can enhance yield.
Weed Control: Use pre-emergence and post-emergence herbicides to control weeds.
Mechanical weeding can also be effective.
• Pest and Disease Management: Common pests include aphids, Hessian flies, and
armyworms. Diseases like rusts, powdery mildew, and Fusarium head blight can
affect wheat.
Use integrated pest management (IPM) strategies, including resistant varieties,
Crop rotation, and timely application of pesticides.
• Harvesting Timing: Wheat is typically harvested when the grains are hard and the
moisture content is around 14%.
• The crop should be fully mature, with golden-yellow stalks and hard, dry kernels. For
winter wheat, this is usually in early to mid-summer; for spring wheat, it is in late
summer.
• Methods: Harvesting can be done manually or using combine harvesters, which cut,
thresh, and clean the grain in one operation. Ensure proper drying to reduce grain
moisture content below 12% for safe storage.

Image about Wheat cultivation

 • Conclusion of the topic:

In conclusion, Wheat cultivation is a cornerstone of global agriculture, providing a

critical source of food and livelihood for millions. It thrives in a range of climates,
primarily temperate regions, and is adaptable to various soil types. Modern
cultivation techniques, including the use of high-yield varieties, irrigation, and
fertilizers, have significantly increased production. However, challenges such as
climate change, water scarcity, and soil degradation pose threats to sustainability.
Advancements in agricultural technology, sustainable farming practices, and genetic
research are essential to ensuring the future resilience and productivity of wheat
farming.
 LITERATURE REVIEW: 03
TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ETHANOL PRODUCTION
FROM CORN.

• Fuel ethanol is most commonly produced by fermenting corn starch by yeast, which
converts sugars from corn kernels into ethanol. In fact, the current state of art of this
well-established process is so efficient that when the best ethanol producing yeast is
used, it can turn almost all the sugar (less than 95%) fed to them directly into ethanol
(Gulati et al., 1996).
• However, it is important to note that the final ethanol yield is not only dependent on
the process parameters and its constraints but also on the quality and the variety of
the corn or wheat grain (Singh, 2012).
• For example, a study by Sosulki and Sosulki (1994) suggest that the ethanol yield can
vary somewhere between 3% and 23% depending on the variations in corn grain
quality in terms of its kernel composition, endosperm hardness, planting location, and
the presence of mycotoxin-ins.
• They also found that if corn kernels contain high free sugar then it decreases enzyme
consumption during saccharification thereby resulting in higher ethanol yield.
• Milling is the very first unit operation in the biotechnological process described
earlier. Based on how the grain is milled for ethanol production, this step is
categorized into two methods; namely, wet milling and dry milling. Broadly defined,
if the grain is first soaked in water to fractionate it into its individual components,
such as starch, fibre, and germ, which are then processed separately, then it is called
the wet milling process, whereas if the whole grain and the residual components are
separated at the end instead of the beginning of the process then it is called as the dry-
milling process.
• Thus, it is important to note that although both milling processes involve breaking
down the starch present in the corn kernel into simple sugars for further processing,
such as fermentation for ethanol production and distillation, the primary difference
between the two milling processes is whether the entire kernel is processed as a
whole (dry milling) or the corn kernel is first broken down into its individual
components (i.e., germ, fibre, gluten, and starch) and then sent for processing (wet
milling)
(Saville et al., 2016).
• Both the milling processes have their respective advantages and disadvantages
(Saville et al., 2016).
• While the wet-milling process results in production of a number of coproducts, such
as gluten feed/gluten meal, food-grade corn oil, and distillers' grains with soluble
(DGS),
• Noted that, DGS is the By-product of Ethanol Production.
it could separate individual components of corn grain prior to processing as described
earlier, the dry-milling processes usually produce only one primary coproduct; that is,
DGS, which is then used as animal feed either wet (WDGS) or dry (DDGS) (Sharma
et al., 2016).
 • However, surprisingly, in the United States, wet-milling–based ethanol production
plants are far fewer in number compared to that of dry-milling–based ethanol
production plants.

Basic Principal of Ethanol Production.

A schematic diagram showing the fuel ethanol production process flow with various unit
operations starting from grain storage, milling, cooking, liquefaction, saccharification,
fermentation, and distillation to fuel ethanol separation and supply to market and
generation of animal feed (DDGs) production.
 LITERATURE REVIEW-4
FERMENTATION PROCESS
• According to Dryden’s Outlines Chemical Technology, The Fermentation Process is
microbiology in producing chemical compounds. Those processes yielding simplest
structural chemicals. For Examples- ethanol and butanol.
• Fermentation of biomass is a process where microbes use sugars as food and
simultaneously produce of their metabolism.
• The fermentation process Fermentation of alcohols as product process is usually
anaerobic but can also be aerobic, depending on the microbes.
• In the fermentation process, microbes (fungi, yeast or bacteria) split organic matter,
producing alcohols (usually ethanol) as a final I product. First-generation biofuels
made from agricultural crops are produced commercially on a large scale and the
industry is growing throughout the world. Second-generation biofuels made from
wood and by-products (i.e. lignocellulosic material) are more promising in the long
term since they do not use material suitable for food. Various companies and research
groups work intensively to produce second-generation biofuels commercially.
• The alcohol production process consists mainly of pre-treatment or hydrolysis,
fermentation, separation and purification. Milling and. when using lignocellulosic
feedstock, acid or enzyme pre-treatment is the first Step of the process.
• The sugars produced are then fermented and solid residues are separated.
• Ethanol is toxic to fermenting organisms at concentrations above
• siphoned off at about 6 % and purified to fuel-grade (over 99 %).
• Alcohol fermentation is a multi-stage process requiring carefully above 15 %, so that
ethanol is continuously balanced production logistics.
• Chemical Reaction are as Follows:
C6H12O6 + Yeast after Fermentation 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
(Sugar) (Baker Yeast) (Ethanol)

• Specifications for Alcohol Fermentation:

These Are the Specification of Fermentation Of ethanol OR Ethyl alcohol Are as follows:
1] Possible biomass feedstock for the production of first-generation biofuels (input):
Food crops: Cereals, sugars, corn, potatoes. Food processing by-products: Molasses,
whey, etc.
2] Possible biomass feedstock for the production of second-generation biofuels
(input):
•Forest products: wood, logging residues, tree and shrub wood residues, sawdust, etc.
Energy crops: short rotation and herbaceous woody crops, grasses, starch crops, etc.
, Wastes: Agricultural production wastes, agricultural processing wastes, other plant
residues, crop residues, mill wood wastes, urban wood wastes, etc.
3] Possible use for alcohols:
Mix with gasoline and use as fuel for vehicles
•Combined heat and power production
4] Possible use for gaseous by-products (biogas) after purification:
•Combined heat and power production
•Fuel for methane-using vehicles
5] Possible use for liquid residues:
* As fertilizer
* As landscape cultivations
6| Possible use for solid residues:
* As fertilizer
* As animal feed
Production of Bio-Ethanol from Corn and Wheat:
Lignin can be separated and used for combined heat and power production or as
material
 DISTILLATION PROCESS

Distillation is the process of separating the components or substances from a liquid

mixture by using selective boiling and condensation.
Dry distillation is the heating of solid materials to produce gaseous products (which
may condense
into liquids or solids), this may involve chemical changes such as destructive
distillation or cracking.
Distillation may result in essentially complete separation (resulting in nearly pure
components).
It may be a partial separation that increases the concentration of selected
components; in either
case, the process exploits differences in the relative volatility of the mixture's
components.
In industrial applications, distillation is a unit operation of practically universal
importance, but is
A physical separation process, not a chemical reaction. An installation used for
distillation,
especially of distilled beverages, is a distillery.

• Distillation is a conventional and widely used method of Purification of the

Fermented product to a fuel grade ethanol but it is not effective for energy and Economy.
*Applications of Distillation are as follows:
* The distillation of fermented products produces distilled beverages with a high alcohol
content, or separates other fermentation products of commercial value.
* Distillation is an effective and traditional method of desalination.
In the petroleum industry, oil stabilization is a form of partial distillation that reduces the
vapor pressure of crude oil, thereby making it safe for storage and transport as well as reducing
are as follows:
• atmospheric emissions of volatile hydrocarbons. In midstream operations at oil
refineries.
• fractional distillation is a major class of operation for transforming crude oil into
fuels and chemical feed stocks.4. Cryogenic distillation leads to the separation n of
air into its components - notably oxygen,
crude liquid products of chemical synthesis are distilled nitrogen, and argon - for industrial
use.
 5. In the chemical industry, large amounts of two separate them, either from other products,
from impurities, or from unreacted starting materials.
* These are some basic Properties about Distillation.

The Above Diagram about Fractional Distillation set Up for Ethanol

 CHAPTER 3
3.1 RESERCH AIM OF THE TOPIC

• The global demand for renewable and sustainable energy

• sources have fuelled the exploration of alternative biofuels. Ethanol, derived from
biomass feedstocks. has gained significant attention as a viable Subculture for fossil
fuels. Corn and Wheat, a versatile and high-yielding crop, holds great promise as a
feedstock tor
• ethanol production due to its abundant sugar content, rapid growth rate, and ability to
thrive in diverse
• climatic conditions. This comprehensive thesis aims to investigate and assess the
potential of Corn and Wheat as a renewable resource for ethanol production, covering
various aspects of cultivation, processing, and conversion into biofuel. Thus, the aim
of project is the production of ethanol from corn and wheat.
 3.2 RESERCH OBJECTIVES
• Objective:
• To evaluate the efficiency, sustainability, and economic viability of producing
bioethanol from corn and wheat, focusing on comparative analysis of their
fermentation processes, environmental impact, and potential as alternative energy
sources.
• Specific Goals: Efficiency Analysis: Compare the yield of bioethanol per unit of corn
and wheat.
• Assess the fermentation efficiency and rates for both feedstocks.
• Identify the optimal conditions (e.g., temperature, pH, enzyme concentration) for
maximum ethanol production.
• Sustainability Assessment: Analyse the environmental impact of cultivating corn and
wheat for bioethanol, including land use, water consumption, and greenhouse gas
emissions.
• Evaluate the lifecycle emissions of bioethanol from corn and wheat, from cultivation
to fuel combustion.
• Assess the potential for using agricultural residues (e.g., corn Stover, wheat straw) in
bioethanol production to improve sustainability.
• Economic Viability: Compare the production costs of bioethanol from corn and
wheat, considering factors such as raw material costs, processing costs, and market
prices.

• Evaluate the economic incentives and subsidies for bioethanol production from these
crops in different regions.
• Assess the market potential and competitiveness of bioethanol from corn and wheat
compared to other renewable energy sources and fossil fuels.
• Technological Innovations: Investigate recent technological advancements in
bioethanol production, such as genetically modified enzymes or microorganisms, and
their applicability to corn and wheat. Explore the potential for integrating bioethanol
production with other biorefineries and renewable energy systems.
• Policy and Regulatory Analysis: Review current policies and regulations affecting
bioethanol production from corn and wheat, including renewable energy mandates
and sustainability criteria.
• Analyse the impact of international trade policies on the bioethanol market.
Consumer Acceptance and Market Dynamics: Conduct surveys or focus groups to
understand consumer perception and acceptance of bioethanol as a fuel.
• Analyse market trends and potential barriers to the adoption of bioethanol from corn
and wheat.
 3.3 SCOPE OF THE RESERCH.
• 1] Each year, ethanol plants use grown by farmers to produce 35
• million gallons of ethanol.
• approximately 13 million bushels grown ethanol production typically raise the market
price for grains by 5-10 cents per bushel in the surrounding area.
• According to a recent study, one new 30-million-gallon ethanol plant would add 415
new jobs, $14million in personal income and S445 million in gross business volume.
Teasing the amount of ethanol to our gasoline pool could reduce the cost of fuel to
consumers by as much as 6.6 cents per gallon.
• 5] Demand for grain from ethanol production increases net farm income more than
$1.2 billion a year.
• The resulting boost in the agricultural economy cuts farm program costs and taxpayer
outlays.
• 6] These price increases could, in turn, motivate farmers to moderate the shift toward
sorghum.
• 7| The rapid expansion of biofuel feedstock production has placed significant
demands on the agricultural
• land base, raising concerns about resource sustainability and environmental quality.
While individual
• agricultural markets have proven responsive to new sources of demand, substantial
increases in the
• production of one crop generally come at the expense of another. Growers may
switch rotation patterns annually, growing two or more years in a row on a given field
rather than alternating crops, which eventually leads in reduction of maintenance of
different crops in a field for farmers.
• 8] Industrial Applications:
• Ethanol is an important industrial chemical; it is used as a solvent, in the synthesis of
other organic chemicals., and as an additive to automotive gasoline (forming a
mixture known as a gasohol).
• 8.1. Use as a chemical feed stock: In the chemical industry, ethanol is an intermediate
in many chemical processes because of its great reactivity. It is thus a very important
chemical feed stock.
• 8.2. Solvent use: Ethanol is widely used in industry as a solvent for dyes, oils, waxes,
explosives, cosmetics products etc.
 3.4 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS OF THE TOPICS.
• These are the Limitation about bio-Ethanol from Corn and Wheat:

• Data Scarcity: Limited studies focus specifically on biphenyl production from these
sources. Most research centres around its chemical properties and applications rather
than agricultural derivation.
• Technological Constraints: Efficient extraction and conversion technologies for
biphenyl from corn and wheat are not well-developed, posing challenges in
scalability and economic viability.
• Environmental Impact: Research often overlooks the environmental effects of large-
scale biphenyl extraction from crops, such as soil depletion and biodiversity loss.
• Health and Safety: There is a lack of comprehensive studies on the health
implications of biphenyl exposure from agricultural sources, necessitating more
detailed toxicological assessments.
These limitations highlight the need for more targeted research in these areas to better
understand and optimize the production of biphenyl from corn and wheat.
 CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY
• Anaerobic Fermentation:
• Anaerobic fermentation occurs in the fermentation vessel once the oxygen is
discharged and the placed with N2, CO2, or another by-product of the fermentation
process.
• Anaerobic fermentation is usually a slower process. In the mid-1850s, the French
chemist Louis Pasteur produced anaerobiosis by boiling the medium to drive out
oxygen and then introducing inert gas for cultivation.
• He showed that a microorganism, probably Clostridium bothrium, was responsible
for butyric acid fermentation. In the 1960s and 1970s, anaerobic chambers were
invented that allowed the cultivation of numerous anaerobic cultures for certain
strictly anaerobic organisms, including C. botulinum.
• During World War I, industrial anaerobic fermentation was further demonstrated by
Perkins and Weizmann, who worked on acetone butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation
with C. acetobutylicum.

• Anaerobes may grow under the unfavorable conditions used to minimize

contamination during fermentations because they have unusual enzymes and
catabolic pathways. Most anaerobic fermentations require little energy to keep cells
in suspension. Because less biomass is produced in anaerobic fermentations, more
carbon can be converted to the end product, and a higher product yield is attained.
Anaerobes can utilize a wide range of substrates, including agricultural waste
streams.
• This reduces the overall cost of the fermentation process. Anaerobic fermentation has
been applied to many important industrial fermentations, such as ethanol production
by yeasts, lactic acid preservation of foods, anaerobic digestion of organic matters in
ruminant cultivation and waste treatment.
• The most important industrial fermentation is the anaerobic production of ethanol by
S. cerevisiae and other yeasts.
• However, mixed-culture processes in anaerobic fermentation are also difficult to
study and model. The microbial communities are usually unstable, varying with
environmental changes and the availability of nutrients.
• Obligate anaerobes need specialized media and apparatus. They are deactivated by
exposure to oxygen.
• Hence, special skills and meticulous methods are required for the cultivation and
manipulation of strictly
 Flow Sheet Of Ethyl Alcohol.

anaerobic microorganisms. Compared to aerobic organisms, there is little known about

methods for genetic manipulation and to express desired genes or biosynthetic pathways.
 CHAPTER 5: EXPECTED RESULTS

• For Wine Production pH Value is Approx. Range from 2.9 to 4.2.

• The Range of alcohol by the Volume for Unfortified wine is about approx.
5.5 to 16% with an average of 11.6%.

• The Nephelo meteric Turbidity Unit (NTU) for Turbidity of wine is Approx.
6 to 25 NTU.
• The Total Soluble Solids For Sugar Contains For 100ml solution is 0.8 grams.

For Ethanol Production

• The pH value is Range In Between 6.5 to 9.5 at a temperature of 250C.

For Wine Production:-

pH 3.2
Turbidity NTU will be 5.90
Total soluble solid 0.4 Grams
Alcohol contains 9.3%
• These are the observations through References.
 CHAPTER 6:-CONCLUSION

• The study of bioethanol production from corn and wheat highlights several key
conclusions.
• Firstly, bioethanol is a promising renewable energy source that can reduce dependence
on fossil fuels and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.
• Corn and wheat are viable feedstocks for bioethanol production due to their high
carbohydrate content, which can be efficiently converted into fermentable sugars.
There are multiple points that studies in this minor Project are as follows :
• The production process involves several stages: pre-treatment, enzymatic hydrolysis,
fermentation, and distillation. Innovations in each of these stages have significantly
improved the efficiency and yield of bioethanol production.
For example, advancements in enzyme technology and fermentation processes have
reduced production costs and increased ethanol yields.
• Economic and environmental impacts are crucial factors. While bioethanol production
from corn and wheat can support agricultural economies and promote rural
development, it also raises concerns about food security and land use.
• The "food vs. fuel" debate underscores the need for sustainable practices, such as
using agricultural residues or dedicated energy crops that do not compete with food
production.
• Life cycle assessments indicate that bioethanol from corn and wheat can offer net
positive environmental benefits, particularly in reducing carbon emissions compared
to gasoline.
• However, these benefits depend on factors like agricultural practices, feedstock
transportation, and energy sources used in production.
• In conclusion, bioethanol production from corn and wheat is a viable and beneficial
renewable energy strategy, provided that sustainability and efficiency are prioritized.
• Continued research and development, along with policy support, are essential to
maximize the environmental and economic advantages while addressing potential
drawbacks related to food security and land use.
 CHAPTER 7: REFERENCES
* These are the some Reference that refer for this project are as Follows:
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• (3) Bai, F.W., Anderson, W.A., Moo-Young, M., 2008. Ethanol fermentation
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