ENGINEERING ANALYSIS MATH 121

EXERCISE 1 SAMPLE SPACE AND EVENTS

Solve the given problems below. Show your solutions.

1. Construct a sample space that describes all four-child families according

to the genders of the children with respect to birth order. Illustrate
using a tree diagram.

Let B = Boy
G = Girl

S=

n(S) =
2.

Throw two dice

Let
A=
B=
C=

n(S) = 36

A=
B=
C=

Find a. A
=

b. A ∩ B
=

c. B ∩ C
=

d. A B C
=

e. A ∩ B ∩ C
=

f. B’
=
3.

Fifty engineering students took examination in Engineering Analysis and

Physics. If thirty (30) passed in Engineering Analysis, thirty-six (36)
passed in Physics and four (4) failed in both subjects, how many students
passed in both subjects? Illustrate the problem using a Venn Diagram.
4.

A group of 80 high school students were surveyed, and it was found that
each of the students surveyed liked at least one of the following subjects:
Math, Science, and English. Illustrate using Venn Diagram
34 liked Math
30 liked Science
33 liked English
11 liked Math and Science.
15 liked Science and English.
17 liked Math and English.
19 liked exactly two of the following subject: Math, Science and
English.

Students that liked any of the two subjects = 19, hence,

a. How many students liked Math, but not Science or English?

b. How many students liked English, but not Science or Math?

c. How many students liked all of the following three subjects: Math,
Science, and English?

d. How many students liked Math and English but not Science?
 ENGINEERING ANALYSIS MATH 121

EXERCISE 2 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF COUNTING

Solve the given problems below. Show your solutions.

1. A company puts a code on each different product they sell. The code is
made up of 5 numbers and 3 letters. How many different codes are
possible?

2. You take a multiple-choice test made up of 10 questions. Each question

has 4 possible answers. How many different ways are there to answer
the test (assuming you don’t leave a question blank)?

3. You take a survey with ten “yes” or “no” answers. How many different
ways could you complete the survey?

4. There are 22 faculty members in the College of Engineering and

Technology. Six people are to be in the executive committee. Determine
how many different ways this committee can be created.

5. How many different ways can we arrange the word: E N G I N E E R I N

G?

6. How many 3-digit numbers can be formed using the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,

and without repetition.
7. How many 5-digit numbers can be formed using the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8 and with repetition.

8. How many even four-digit numbers can be formed from the digits 0, 2, 3,
4, 7, 8, and 9 if each digit can be used only once?
 ENGINEERING ANALYSIS MATH 121

EXERCISE 3 PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION

1. How many permutations are possible from 3 different letter, selected

from the twentysix letters of the alphabet?

2. Find the number of ways, 8 engineers can organize themselves

in a row.

3. There is a bus whose 8 seats are kept empty, then how many ways can
three passengers sit.

4. Find the number of ways which 10 books can be arranged on a shelf that
two particular books shall not be together?
5. Find the number of ways 6 men and 3 women can be arranged on a round
table where women shall not sit together?

6. In how many ways can a committee of 2 man and 4 women can be formed
from a group of 7 men and 8 women?

7. There are 5 defective light bulbs in a bin containing 100 light bulbs. How
many ways can you choose at least 3 defective light bulbs at random?

8. Among a set of 6 black balls and 4 red balls, how many selections of 5 balls
can be made such that at least 3 of them are black balls.
 ENGINEERING ANALYSIS MATH 121

EXERCISE 4 PROBABILITY (ADDITION RULES)

1. Samples of a cast aluminum part are classified on the basis of surface

finish (in microinches) and edge finish. The results of 100 parts are
summarized as follows:

a. Let A denote the event that a sample has excellent surface finish, and
let B denote the event that a sample has excellent edge finish.
Determine the number of samples in:

b. Assume that each of two samples is to be classified on the basis of

surface finish, either excellent or good, edge finish, either excellent
or good. Use a tree diagram to represent the possible outcomes of
this experiment.
2. Samples of emissions from three suppliers are classified for
conformance to airquality specifications. The results from 100 samples
are summarized as follows:

Let A denote the event that a sample is from supplier 1, and let B denote
the event that a sample conforms to specifications. If a sample is selected
at random, determine the following probabilities:

3. If P(A) = 0.3, P(B) = 0.2, and P(A ∩ B) = 0.1 Determine the following
probabilities
a. P(A’) = 1 – P(A) =
P(B’)=1 – P(B) =
b. P(A’ ∩ B) = P(A)- P(A ∩ B)
c. P[(A B)’] = 1- P(A B) =
d. P(A B) =P(A)+P(B)- P(A ∩ B)
e. P(A ∩ B’) = P(A)- P(A ∩ B) =
f. P(A’ B) = P(A’)+P(B) – P(A’ ∩ B) =

4. If A, B, and C are mutually exclusive events with P(A) = 0.2, P(B) = 0.3,
and P(C) = 0.4, determine the following probabilities:
• P(A’) = 1-0.2 =
• P(B’) = 1-0.3 =
• P(C’) = 1-0.4 =
a. P(A ) = P(A)+P(B)+P(C)

b. P(A ∩ B)) = P(A)(P(B))

c. P(A’ ∩ B’ ∩ C’) = P(A’)*P(B’)*P(C’)

d. P(A ∩ B ∩ C) = P(A)*P(B)*P(C)

e. P[(A ∩ C] = {[P(A)+P(B)]*P(C)}

5. Disks of polycarbonate plastic from a supplier are analyzed for scratch

and shock resistance. The results from 100 disks are summarized as
follows:

a. If a disk is selected at random, what is the probability that its scratch

resistance is high and its shock resistance is high?
• P(Scratch and Shock resistance is High)= P(A ∩ B)
• P(A ∩ B) = Common of A and B

b. If a disk is selected at random, what is the probability that its scratch

 resistance is high or its shock resistance is high?
• P(Scratch or Shock resistance is high) = P(A B)
• P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)

c. Consider the event that a disk has high scratch resistance and the
event that a disk has high shock resistance. Are these two events
mutually exclusive?

ENGINEERING ANALYSIS MATH 121

EXERCISE 5 (CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY)

1. Disks of polycarbonate plastic from a supplier are analyzed for scratch

and shock resistance. The results from 100 disks are summarized as
follows:

Let A denote the event that a disk has high shock resistance, and let B
denote the event that a disk has high scratch resistance. Determine the
following probabilities:
a. P(A) = d. P(A/B) = P(A∩B)/P(B) =
b. P(B) =
c. P(A∩B) = e. P(B/A) = P(B∩A)/P(A) =
2. The following table summarizes the analysis of samples of galvanized
steel for coating weight and surface roughness:

A = Coatinght
Weig
High Low Total
High 12 16 28
B = Surface
Low 88 34 122
Roughness
Total 100 50 150
• A = coating weight (high), * a = coating weight (low)
• B = surface roughness (high) * b = surface roughness
(low)
• P(A) = 100/150 *P(a) = 50/150
• P(B) = 28/150 *P(b) = 122/150
• P(A∩B) = 12/150 = P(B∩A) * P(a∩b) = 34/15

a. If the coating weight of a sample us high, what is the probability that

the surface roughness is high?
• P(B/A) = P(B∩A)/P(A) =
b. If the surface roughness of a sample is high, what is the probability
that the coating weight is high?
• P(A/B) = P(A∩B)/P(B) =
c. If the surface roughness of a sample is low, what is the probability
that the coating weight is low?
• P(a/b) = P(a∩b)/P(b) =

3. A batch of 500 containers for frozen orange juice contains 5 that are
defective. Two are selected, at random, without replacement from the
batch.

a. What is the probability that the second one selected is defective

given that the first one was defective?

b. What is the probability that both are defective?

 c. What is the probability that both are acceptable?

ENGINEERING DATA ANALYSIS MATH 121

MULTIPLICATION RULES AND TOTAL PROBABILITY

Examples: https://www.sanfoundry.com/probability-statistics-questions-answers-theorem-total-
probability/
1. Company 1 produces 10% defective products, company 2 produces 20%
defective products and company 3 produces 5% defective products. If choosing
a company is an equally likely event, then find the probability that the product
chosen is defective.
Let D = the event of selecting a defective item
Ei = the event of selecting a company

Given:
Choosing the 3 companies is an equally likely event: P(E 1) = 1/3 P(E2) = 1/3
P(E3) = 1/3
P(D/E1) = 0.10 P(D/E2) = 0.20 P(D/E3) = 0.05

Find: P(D)

Solution:

2. Let there be two newly launched phones 1 and 2. The probability that phone 1
has good battery life is 0.7 and the probability that phone 2 has good battery
life is 0.8. Then find the probability that a phone has a good battery life.
Let G = the event that a phone has a good
battery life Ei = the event that phone i is
selected

Given:
P(E1) = 1/2 P(E2) = ½ P(G/E1) = 0.70 P(G/E2) = 0.80

Find: P(G)

Solution:

ENGINEERING DATA ANALYSIS MATH 121

 INDEPENDENCE

Examples: Douglas C. Montgomery, George C. Runger - Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers (2018, Wiley).pdf

1. Series Circuit

The following circuit operates only if there is a path of functional devices from
left to right. The probability that each device functions is shown on the graph.
Assume that devices fail independently. What is the probability that the circuit
operates?

Let L = event that the left device operates

R = event that the right device operates
There is a path only if both operate.

Solution:

Practical Interpretation:
2. Parallel Circuit

The following circuit operates only if there is a path of functional devices from
left to right. The probability that each device functions is shown on the graph.
Assume that devices fail independently. What is the probability that the circuit
operates

Let T = event that the top device operates.

B = event that the bottom device operates.
There is a path if at least one device operates

Solution

Practical Interpretation:

3. Advanced Circuit

The following circuit operates only if there is a path of functional devices from
left to right. The probability that each device functions is shown on the graph.
Assume that devices fail independently. What is the probability that the circuit
operates?
 ENGINEERING DATA ANALYSIS MATH 121

EXERCISE 6
MULTIPLICATION RULES, TOTAL PROBABILITY AND
 INDEPENDENCE

Multiplication Rules and Total Probability

1. Three types of solar lights with different numbers of bulbs are present in four
boxes. The first box has 10 bulbs, out of which two are dead. The second box
has eight bulbs, out of which the dead ones are three, the third box has nine
bulbs, out of which four are dead, and the fourth box has seven bulbs, out of
which two are dead. Find the probability of selecting a dead bulb randomly from
one of the four boxes.

2. Jason wants to travel to Puerto Princesa City. The Probabilities of going there
on the predetermined day with or without rain are 0.40 and 0.76, respectively.
If the probability of rain on that day is 0.35, then determiner the probability that
he will go to PPC on that day?

Independence
1. The probabilities of components A, B, C, D and E working are 0.7, 0.7, 0.8, 0.8
and 0.8, respectively. What is the probability that the system works?

2. The probabilities of components E1, E2, E3, E4, E5, E6 and E7 are given below.
What is the probability that the system works?

Note: P(A B) = 1 – P(A’ ∩ B’)

P(system work) =
 ENGINEERING DATA ANALYSIS MATH 121

BAYES’ THEOREM

Examples 1-2 (https://www.analyzemath.com/probabilities/bayes-theorem.html)

1. Three factories produce light bulbs to supply the market. Factory A

produces 20%, 50% of the tools are produced in factories B and 30% in
factory C.
2% of the bulbs produced in factory A, 1% of the bulbs produced in
factory B and 3% of the bulbs produced in factory C are defective. A bulb
is selected at random in the market and found to be defective. what is
the probability that this bulb was produced by factory B?

Given:

P(A) = 0.20 P(B) =

0.50 P(C) = 0.30
P(D/A) = 0.02
P(D/B) = 0.01 Conditional Probabilities
P(D/C) = 0.03

Find: P(B/D)
2. A radar system is designed such that the probability of detecting the
presence of an aircraft in its range is 98%. However, if no aircraft is
present in its range it still report (falsely) that an aircraft is present with
a probability of 5%. At any time, the probability that an aircraft is
present within the range of the radar is 7%.

a. What is the probability that no aircraft is present in the range of the

radar given that an aircraft is detected?
b. What is the probability that an aircraft is present in the range of the
radar given that an aircraft is detected?
c. What is the probability that an aircraft is present in the range of the
radar given that no aircraft is detected?
d. What is the probability that no aircraft is present in the range of the
radar given that no aircraft is detected?

Let A = the event that an aircraft is present within the range of radar
A’ = the event that no aircraft is present within the range of radar
D = the event that an aircraft is detected by the radar system
D’ = the event that no aircraft is detected by the radar system

Given:
P(A) = 0.07
P(A’) = 1- 0.07 = 0.93
P(D/A) = 0.98
P(D’/A) = 0.05

a. What is the probability that no aircraft is present in the range of the

radar given that an aircraft is detected?
b. What is the probability that an aircraft is present in the range of the
radar given that an aircraft is detected?

c. What is the probability that an aircraft is present in the range of the

radar given that no aircraft is detected?

𝑃(𝐷 /𝐴)𝑃(𝐴)
′

P(A/D’) = 𝑃(𝐷′/𝐴)𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐷′/𝐴′)𝑃(𝐴′)

Given:
P(D/A) = 0.98
P(D’/A) = 0.05
P(D/A’) = 1 – 0.98 = 0.02
P(D’/A’) = 1 – 0.05 = 0.95
 𝑃(𝐷 /𝐴)𝑃(𝐴)
′

P(A/D’) = 𝑃(𝐷′/𝐴)𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐷′/𝐴′)𝑃(𝐴′)

d. What is the probability that no aircraft is present in the range of the

radar given that no aircraft is detected?

You can also do all the calculations using a Tree Diagram

Example 3. https://www.brainkart.com/article/Bayes--Theorem_36140/

3. A consulting firm rents car from three agencies such that 50% from
agency L, 30% from agency M and 20% from agency N. If 90% of the
cars from L, 70% of cars from
M and 60% of the cars from N are in good conditions
a. What is the probability that the firm will get a car in good condition?
b. If a car is in good condition, what is probability that it has come from
agency N?

Let
A1 = the event that the cars are rented from the agencies L
A2 = the event that the cars are rented from the agencies M
A3 = the event that the cars are rented from the
agencies N
G = the event of getting a car in good condition

Given:
P(A1) = 0.50 P(G/A1) =
0.90
P(A2) = 0.30 P(G/A2) =
0.70
P(A3) = 0.20 P(G/A3) =
0.60

a. What is the probability that the firm will get a car in good condition?
 Since A1, A2, and A3 are mutually exclusive events and G is an event in
S, then

b. If a car is in good condition, what is probability that it has come from

agency N?

ENGINEERING ANALYSIS MATH 121

EXERCISE 7 BAYES’ THEOREOM

1. A factory has two Machines A and B. Machine A produces 60% of items and
Machine B produces 40% of the items of the total output. Further 2% of
the items produced by Machine A are defective whereas 4% produced by
Machine B are defective. If an item is drawn at random what is the
probability that it is defective?

2. There are two identical urns containing respectively 6 black and 4 red
balls, 2 black and 2 red balls. An urn is chosen at random and a ball is
drawn from it.

• Let U1 = Urn 1 = 6 black and 4 red o

P(probability choosing Urn 1) = P(U1) =
 ½
• Let U2 = Urn 2 = 2 black and 2 red o
P(probability choosing Urn 2) = ½
• Let B = black selection o P(probability of
choosing black in Urn 1) = P(B/U1) = 6/10
= 3/5 o P(probability of choosing black in
Urn 2) = P(B/U2) = 2/4 = ½
a. Find the probability that the ball is black o Using total
probability rule of multiple events;
▪P(B) = P(B/U1)*P(U1) + P(B/U2)*P(U2)

b. If the ball is black, what is the probability that it is from the first
urn? o P(U1/B) = P(B/U1)*P(U1) / P(B/U1)*P(U1) +
P(B/U2)*P(U2) o P(U1/B) =

3. A firm manufactures PVC pipes in three plants viz, X, Y and Z. The daily
production volumes from the three firms X, Y and Z are respectively 2000
units, 3000 units and 5000 units. It is known from the past experience
that 3% of the output from plant X, 4% from plant Y and 2% from plant Z
are defective. A pipe is selected at random from a day’s total production,
• Let X = plant X = 2000 units *P(X) = 2000/10000 =
1/5
• Let Y = plant Y = 3000 units *P(Y) = 3000/10000 =
3/10
• Let Z = plant Z = 5000 units *P(Z) = 5000/10000 =
1/2
• Total units = 10,000 units
• P(probability of defectives from plant X) =

• P(probability of defectives from plant Y) =

• P(probability of defectives from plant Z) =

a. Find the probability that the selected pipe is a defective one.

 b. If the selected pipe is a defective, then what is the probability
that it was produced by plant Y ?

4. The chances of A, B and C becoming manager of a certain company are 5

: 3 : 2. The probabilities that the office canteen will be improved i f A, B,
and C become managers are 0.4, 0.5 and 0.3 respectively. If the office
canteen has been improved, what is the probability that B was appointed
as the manager?

5. A factory production line is manufacturing bolts using three machines, A,

B and C. Of the total output, machine A is responsible for 25%, machine
B for 35% and machine C for the rest. It is known from previous
experience with the machines that 5% of the output from machine A is
defective, 4% from machine B and 2% from machine C. A bolt is chosen
at random from the production line and found to be defective. What is
the probability that it came from:(a) machine A (b) machine B (c)
machine C?

a. Probability that defectives came from machine A = P(A/D) o

 P(A/D) = P(D/A)*P(A) / P(D/A)*P(A) + P(D/B)*P(B) + P(D/C)*P(C)
o P(A/D) =

b. Probability that defectives came from machine B = P(B/D) o

P(B/D) = P(D/B)*P(B) / P(D/A)*P(A) + P(D/B)*P(B) + P(D/C)*P(C)
o P(B/D) =

c. Probability that defectives came from machine C = P(C/D) o

P(C/D) = P(D/C)*P(C) / P(D/A)*P(A) + P(D/B)*P(B) + P(D/C)*P(C)
o P(C/D) =