MLESA Week-1 Assignment Solution

1. The animated movie Kung Fu Panda 2 used Dolby 7.1 Surround Sound which uses 8 audio channels.
Consider an audio clip put together from all 8 channels, resulting in a matrix of dimensions 1024 × 8.
The output of this audio stream is to be converted to a 2 channel stream while retaining the length of
the audio clip. So, a matrix transformation is applied on the source to convert it into a 2 channel stream.
The sizes of the final output matrix and the transformation matrix would be:

(A) 1024 × 8, 8 × 2
(B) 1024 × 8, 2 × 8
(C) 1024 × 2, 8 × 2
(D) 1024 × 2, 2 × 8

Solution
To convert an 8-channel audio stream into a 2-channel stream while keeping the length, we need a trans-
formation matrix that changes the channel count. Considering matrix multiplication rules, to multiply a
matrix of size 1024 × 8 by a transformation matrix to get a result of size 1024 × 2, the transformation
matrix must have a size of 8 × 2. This is because, for matrix multiplication, the inner dimensions must
match (in this case, the 8 from 1024 × 8 and the 8 from 8 × 2), and the resulting matrix has the outer
dimensions (in this case, 1024 × 2).
Therefore, the correct answer is:
(C) 1024 × 2, 8 × 2

2. Consider the vectors aN ×1 and bN ×1 . If IN ×N is the identity matrix of size N × N then the determinant
of the matrix I + abT is given by:

(A) 1 + abT
(B) 1 + aT b
(C) 1 + aT bT
(D) 1 + ab

Solution
The determinant of the matrix I + abT can be found using the matrix determinant lemma, which for any
invertible square matrix A, and column vectors u and v, is given by:

det(A + uv T ) = det(A) · (1 + v T A−1 u)

Given A = I, u = a, and v = b, where I is the identity matrix and a, b are column vectors, we apply the
lemma:

det(I + abT ) = det(I) · (1 + bT I −1 a)

Since I −1 = I and det(I) = 1, the equation simplifies to:

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 det(I + abT ) = 1 + bT a

Considering the commutative property of the dot product in matrix form, bT a is equivalent to aT b. Thus,
the determinant is:

det(I + abT ) = 1 + aT b

The correct answer is:

(B) 1 + aT b

3. Consider a 5 × 5 matrix A with the following eigen values (-1, 1, 0, -2, 2). What would be the eigen values
of the matrix A−1 ?

(A) (1, -1, 0, 2, -2)

(B) (-1, 1, ∞, -0.5, 0.5)
(C) (-1, 1, 0, -2, 2)
(D) None of the above. A−1 does not exist.

Solution
Given a matrix A with eigenvalues −1, 1, 0, −2, 2, the eigenvalues of A−1 are determined by the reciprocal
of each non-zero eigenvalue of A. However, since A has a zero eigenvalue, it implies that A is not invertible.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
(D) None of the above. A−1 does not exist.

4. The solution to the system of equations given by :

    
3 0 2 x1 0
6 1 1  x2  = 0
    

2 8 91 x3 0

(A) x1 = 1, x2 = 1, x3 = 2
(B) x1 = 0, x2 = 0, x3 = 0
(C) x1 = 3, x2 = −1, x3 = −1
(D) x1 = 0, x2 = −2, x3 = 4

Solution
The only solution to the system of equations is when x1 = 0, x2 = 0, and x3 = 0. Therefore, the correct
answer is option (B).

5. Consider an orthogonal matrix A with AT A = I. If we define a vector y = Ax, where x is a column

vector, which of the following are true about ||y|| (where ||y|| is the L2-norm of y)?

(A) ||y|| > ||x||

(B) ||y|| < ||x||

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 (C) ||y|| = ||x||
(D) Could be any of the above, depending on the details of A and x.

Solution
For an orthogonal matrix A with AT A = I, and y = Ax, the L2-norm of y is preserved, meaning
||y|| = ||x||. This is because:

||y||2 = (Ax)T (Ax) = xT AT Ax = xT Ix = xT x = ||x||2

Hence, ||y|| = ||x||. The correct option is:

(C) ||y|| = ||x||.

6. Consider two matrices, A and B, where A is a 3x4 matrix and B is a 4x3 matrix. We perform the following
operations sequentially:

i. Compute of the product of A and B, resulting in matrix C.

ii. Take transpose of the matrix C.
iii. Perform an element-wise (Hadamard) product of the transposed matrix C with a 3x3 identity matrix.
iv. Add a 3x3 matrix D, all of whose elements have the value 2.

What is true about the resulting matrix after performing the above operations?

(A) A 3x3 matrix where each element is the sum of the corresponding row in matrix A.
(B) A 3x3 matrix with diagonal elements equal to the sum of the corresponding elements from rows of
A and columns of B plus 2, and off-diagonal elements are equal to 2.
(C) A 3x3 matrix where each element is the sum of the corresponding column in matrix B.
(D) A 3x3 matrix with diagonal elements equal to the sum of the corresponding column in matrix B,
and off-diagonal elements are equal to 2.

Solution
The resulting matrix from these operations can be described as follows:

• The product of A and B is a 3 × 3 matrix C since the number of rows in A and the number of
columns in B determine the dimensions of C.
• Transposing C does not change its dimensions but swaps its rows and columns.
• The Hadamard product of the transposed C with a 3 × 3 identity matrix zeroes out all off-diagonal
elements of C, leaving only the diagonal elements unchanged.
• Adding a 3 × 3 matrix D, where each element is 2, to the resulting matrix from the previous step
increases each element by 2. Therefore, the off-diagonal elements, which were zeroed out, become
2, and the diagonal elements are incremented by 2 from their original values after the Hadamard
product i.e., the product of A and B matrixes .

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 Therefore, the correct option is:
(B) A 3 × 3 matrix with diagonal elements equal to the sum of the corresponding elements from rows of
A and columns of B plus 2, and off-diagonal elements are equal to 2.

7. Consider three vectors in R3 :

     
1 0 1
v1 =  0  , v2 = 1 , v3 = 1
     

−1 1 0

Are these vectors linearly independent?

(A) Yes, because they form a basis for R3 .

(B) No, because one of the vectors can be written as a linear combination of the others.
(C) Yes, because each vector has a component that is not present in the other vectors.
(D) It cannot be determined from the given information.

Solution
To determine if these vectors are linearly independent, we form a matrix A with v1 , v2 , and v3 as its
columns:  
1 0 1
A= 0 1 1
 

−1 1 0
and calculate the determinant of A. If the determinant is nonzero, the vectors are linearly independent;
otherwise, they are linearly dependent.
Calculating the determinant of A, we find that:

det(A) = 1 × −1 + 0 + 1 × 1 = 0

This implies that the vectors are not linearly independent, as one of the vectors can be written as a linear
combination of the others. Therefore, they do not form a basis for R3 .
The correct answer is:
(B) No, because one of the vectors can be written as a linear combination of the others.

8. In an experiment, data is represented by a matrix M , which records the interaction intensities between
four different particles. The matrix is given as:

 
3 7 4 1
 
5 2 6 8
M =
9

 10 1 3
4 8 5 6

The trace of the matrix M is used to calculate the total intensity of self-interactions among particles.
You are also given the transpose of the matrix M , denoted as M T . What is the relationship between the
total intensity of self-interactions calculated using M and M T ?

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 (A) The total intensity calculated using M is greater than that calculated using M T .
(B) The total intensity calculated using M is less than that calculated using M T .
(C) The total intensity calculated using M is the same as that calculated using M T .
(D) The relationship cannot be determined without further information about the interactions.

Solution
The transpose of a matrix, denoted as M T , is formed by swapping the rows and columns of M . For
the given matrix M , its transpose M T would have the same diagonal elements because the operation
of transposing a matrix does not change the position of its diagonal elements. Therefore, the diagonal
elements of M are the same as those of M T .
The trace of a matrix is defined as the sum of its diagonal elements. Thus, for matrix M and its transpose
M T , we have:

trace(M ) = M11 + M22 + M33 + M44

Since the diagonal elements of M and M T are identical, the trace of M is equal to the trace of M T . This
implies that the total intensity of self-interactions among particles, calculated as the trace of M , is the
same as that calculated using M T .
Therefore, the correct answer is:
(C) The total intensity calculated using M is the same as that calculated using M T .

9. Consider the following 3x3 matrix:  

1 2 3
C = 4 5 6
 

2 4 6
Is the matrix C invertible?

(A) Yes, because all its elements are non-zero.

(B) No, because it is not a diagonal matrix.
(C) Yes, because it is a square matrix.
(D) No, because its determinant is 0.

Solution
To determine if the matrix C is invertible, we calculate its determinant. A matrix is invertible if and only
if its determinant is non-zero. The given matrix C calculate it’s determinant. You will find that the

det(C) = 0

Since the determinant of C is 0, the matrix is singular and therefore not invertible.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
(D) No, because its determinant is 0.

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  
−3
4
 
 
 0 . For which of the following norms will the norm of vector v be the
10. Consider the vector v =  
1
 

−2
minimum?

(A) L2 norm
(B) L1 norm
(C) L∞ norm
(D) L3 norm

Solution
The L1 norm is calculated as the sum of the absolute values of the elements of the vector:

||v||1 = | − 3| + |4| + |0| + |1| + | − 2| = 10.

The L2 norm, or the Euclidean norm, is calculated as the square root of the sum of the squares of the
elements of the vector:
p √ √
||v||2 = (−3)2 + (4)2 + (0)2 + (1)2 + (−2)2 = 9 + 16 + 0 + 1 + 4 = 30 ≈ 5.48.

The L∞ norm, or the maximum norm, is calculated as the maximum absolute value among the elements
of the vector:
||v||∞ = max(| − 3|, |4|, |0|, |1|, | − 2|) = 4.

The L3 norm is calculated as the cube root of the sum of the cubes of the absolute values of the elements
of the vector:
p
3
√
3
√
3
||v||3 = | − 3|3 + |4|3 + |0|3 + |1|3 + | − 2|3 = 27 + 64 + 0 + 1 + 8 = 100 ≈ 4.64.

Among these norms, the L1 norm is the maximum. Therefore, the correct answer is:
(C) L∞ norm

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Question Number Key/Answer

1 C

2 B

3 D

4 B

5 C

6 B

7 B

8 C

9 D

10 C