Senior High School

Earth Science
First Semester - Quarter 1
Human Activities that Affect the Quality
and Quantity of Soil
S11ES-Ih-17
Earth Science – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
First Semester - Quarter 1 – Module 11: Human Activities that Affect the Quality and
Quantity of Soil
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Author : Rodaly T. Castillo

Language Reviewer : Roselyn T. Enriquez
Content Editor : Raquel B. Aguilar
Illustrator : Rodaly T. Castillo
Layout artist : Rodaly T. Castillo

Management Team:

Gregorio C. Quinto, Jr., EdD

Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division

Rainelda M. Blanco, PhD

Education Program Supervisor - LRMDS

Agnes R. Bernardo, PhD

EPS-Division ADM Coordinator

Marinella P. Garcia SY, PhD

EPS – Science

Glenda S. Constantino
Project Development Officer II

Joannarie C. Garcia
Librarian II

Curriculum Implementation Division

Learning Resource Management and Development System (LRMDS)
Capitol Compound, Guinhawa St., City of Malolos, Bulacan
Email address: [email protected]
 Senior High School

Earth Science
First Semester - Quarter 1
Human Activities that Affect the Quality
and Quantity of Soil
S11ES-Ih-17
 Introductory Message
FOR THE FACILITATOR:

Welcome to the Earth Science Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) module on Human
Activities that Affect the Quality and Quantity of soil.
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both from
public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping the learners
meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social,
and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent learning
activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help learners acquire the
needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of the
module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help
you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also
need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their own
learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the
tasks included in the module.

FOR THE LEARNER:

Welcome to the Earth Science 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) module on Human
Activities that Affect the Quality and Quantity of Soil.

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided
and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the
contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

This will give you an idea of the skills or

What I Need to Know competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.
This part includes an activity that aims to check
what you already know about the lesson to take. If
What I Know
you get all the answers correct (100%), you may
decide to skip this module.

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 This is a brief drill or review to help you link the
What’s In
current lesson with the previous one.

In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to

What’s New you in various ways such as a story, a song, a
poem, a problem opener, an activity or a situation.
This section provides a brief discussion of the
What is It
lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.
This comprises activities for independent practice
What’s More to solidify your understanding and skills of the
topic. You may check the answers to the exercises
using the Answer Key at the end of the module.
This includes questions or blank sentence or
What I Have Learned
paragraph to be filled in to process what you
learned from the lesson.
This section provides an activity which will help
What I Can Do
you transfer your new knowledge or skill into real
life situations or concerns.
Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of
mastery in achieving the learning competency.
In this portion, another activity will be given to you
Additional Activities to enrich your knowledge or skill of the lesson
learned.
This contains answers to all activities in the
Answer Key module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module.
Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities included
in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to
consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain
deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 What I Need to Know

What I Know

A. Directions: Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on
a separate sheet of paper.

1. What is land pollution?

a. Cutting down of trees and using them to make furniture
b. Growing of trees and cutting them down
c. This is the contamination of the environment with toxic chemical and wastes
d. Contamination of one’s home
2. Which material accounts for the greatest percentage of solid waste?
a. food waste
b. plastic
c. paper
d. wood
3. This kind of mining creates a large hole in the ground that is visible from Earth’s surface.
a. subsurface
b. open pit
c. strip
d. mountain top
4. What does non renewable mean?
a. It is a resource that is replaced at the same rate that it is being used.
b. It is a resource that pollutes.
c. It is a resource that is formed at a rate that is much slower than the rate at which it
is being used.
d. It is a resource that is made by humans.

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5. If you are advised to do contour plowing the place is probably a ______.
a. plain
b. hilly side
c. riverine
d. dessert like

B. Directions: Read the given situation below and identify whether if the activity can improve
soil quality or not. Put a √ if the activity improves soil quality and X if not.

1. Mang Tonyo wanted to increase his harvest so he decided to use commercial fertilizer for
his crops.
2. The farmers of Nueva Ecija planted rice three times in a year on the same field.
3. Mang Ricardo practiced strip farming or a technique in which alternate kind of crop is
planted in a row.
4. The famous Banaue Rice Terraces in Ifugao.
5. Cutting down of trees and burning them to make the soil fertile.

C. Its Jumbling Time. Directions: Arranged the jumbled letters to form a new word that will
satisfy the following statements.

1. Too many cattle and sheep on the grassland causes______.

G A E Z I N R O V R _____________________
2. Expansion of farm land to increase the harvest of the farmers may result in _____.
P O V I E L O G W N R __________________
3. It happens when a naturally plant covered area becomes a desert like condition
that may increase as time passed by.
O N T C I D E S R F I S T A I E______________
4. Tall trees are put down and buried and smaller crops were planted causing the
soil susceptible to erosion.
N D S E R O N T F I T E A_________________
5. Farmland were converted to residential and commercial land.
N S T R A I O I N S L D U Z A T N______________

What’s In

You have learned that 97% of water on the Earth is salt water, only 3% percent is
fresh water and slightly over 2/3 of this is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps.The
remaining unfrozen freshwater is found mainly as groundwater, with only a small fraction
present above ground or in the air.
Fresh water is a renewable resource into which people and animals depend on. But
we all know that we are now running out of supply for clean water. Most of our fresh water
resources become polluted due to human activities and negligence.
If you want to learn how to conserve water and protecting the environment, learning
to conserve water is a great way to make a positive impact. A four-minute shower may not
sound like much, but in reality can save 40 gallons.
Remember Some Water Conservation Tips
 Run your dishwasher for only full loads.
 Turn off the tap when you brush your teeth.

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 Check your faucets and toilets for leaks.
 Take shorter showers.
 Water your lawn in the morning.
 Use a cover on your pool.
 Wash your car with a nozzle on the hose.

Water conservation is somehow similar with soil conservation. The two both provide
necessary benefits for humans and animals and of equal importance to all living things on
earth.

Let’s Try this! Put your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Direction: Put A if the statement helps to protect the soil and B if not.
_____1. Converting grassland into malls and condominiums.
_____2. Expanding of plowed land for crop planting.
_____3. Practicing the kaingin system by the indigenous people.
_____4. Limits the raising of farmland animals.
_____5. Digging the soil too much for water resource.

Notes to the Teacher

The activities in this module are designed to help the learner gradually
understand and master the desired learning competency. Give him/her
the needed support and guidance so that he/she will be able to perform
the tasks to prepare him/her later on how human activities threaten our
soil resources.

What’s New

Direction. Read the article from a case study below and answer the questions that
follow.
ACCOUNTING FOR THE DEPRECIATION OF SOIL RESOURCES IN
THE UPLANDS

by

Hermina A. Francisco and Marian S. delos Angeles

Planning and Statistics Branch

Policy and Planning Division
Forestry Department

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 The soil erosion problem in the Philippines is quite pronounced with more than half of
the country's land area having a slope exceeding eight percent (hereby defined as the
Philippine uplands). The problem is aggravated by heavy rainfall, improper land use and
management, excessive and improper logging, shifting cultivation and road construction
(PCARRD, 1992).

Eroded areas are estimated to cover more than half of the land area in the following
13 provinces: Batangas; Cebu; Ilocos Sur; La Unión; Batanes; Bohol; Masbate; Abra; Ilo-ilo;
Cavite; Rizal; Capiz; and Marinduque (PCARRD, 1984).

Agricultural activities occur largely at the expense of natural vegetation and are
responsible for much of soil loss taking place everywhere, particularly in areas that are
vulnerable to soil erosion. Under natural conditions, the topsoil that is lost is largely
replenished from the subsoil (Anderson and Thampapillai, 1990). The topsoil is defined as a
renewable resource with a threshold level below which resource use renders it non-
renewable. Yield losses from soil erosion can come not only from soil nutrient losses but
also from the reduction in the soil’s water holding capacity, infiltration rates and loss of other
beneficial topsoil characteristics. The loss in crop productivity caused by reduced water
holding capacity or rooting depth may be permanent while losses from nutrient loss can be
offset by increased use of fertilizers. Because of the above considerations, the valuing soil
depreciation in terms of the fertilizer equivalent of the nutrients contained in the eroded
materials has been largely criticized as an inadequate measure. Due to the absence of basic
data, however, this approach has been used extensively in the country as an indicator of the
on-site costs of soil erosion.

The study by Cruz et al (1988) reported that in the Magat watershed, where sheet
erosion was in the order of 88 tonnes/ha/yr, the fertilizer equivalent of nutrients loss through
soil erosion was PHP 15/ton or PHP 1, 320 /ha/yr. For the Pantabangan watershed, the on
site cost of soil erosion (using 1977 prices) was about PHP 7/ton from the topsoil layers to
about PHP 4/ton for the lower soil layers. The study also estimated the off site cost of soil
erosion. For Magat, the loss was estimated at PHP 18/ton of sediment while it was PHP
30/ton for Pantabangan watershed.

Alternatively, the use of a damage function relating yield to soil loss as the basis of a
depreciation estimate is more popular. Colacicco, et al (1989) cited the study made by
Pierce Crosson (1983) that found out through a yield soil loss regression analysis that yield
of corn and soybeans can be reduced by 1.5 percent and 2.0 percent respectively over a 30
year period of 1950 to 1980. These values may not be substantial but the author cautioned
that they could not be ignored for the following reasons: yield losses are substantial in some
regions, and therefore, there could be large variability in production that then translates to
wide fluctuations in farm income, export supplies and domestic food supplies. In addition,
there is the risk posed by the irreversibility and cumulative nature of soil productivity losses.
Crosson estimated the 1983 cost of erosion in the United States at USD 420 million for crop
production losses, USD 105 to168 million for fertilizer losses and USD 1.2 billion for erosion
control.

1. What is the main problem that the article is telling us?_____________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

2. What are the reasons cited by the writer/s that causes this problem?_________________
3. Who causes this problem?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

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4. Is the issue has a global effect? Explain.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

5. What do you think is the major impact of this soil depreciation to the people?___________
_________________________________________________________________________

Human Activities that Affect the Quality and

Quantity of Soil

What is It

Soil plays a vital role since it helps sustain life on Earth—including your life. We know
that soil supports the growth of plants, which in turn supply food for animals and supports the
many food chains in the ecosystem. Therefore, soil provides us with nearly all the food we
eat. But that’s not all. Many other items that we used, such as cotton clothing and medicines,
are all came from plants. Lumber in our home comes from trees and even the oxygen we
breathe comes from plants.
Besides supporting the growth of plants, soil plays other life-sustaining roles. Soil
helps purify or clean, water as it drains through the ground and into rivers, lakes, and oceans.
Decomposers in the soil also help recycle nutrients by breaking down the remains of plants
and animals, releasing nutrients that living plants use to grow. Also, soil provides a home for
a variety of living things, from tiny one-celled organisms to small mammals.
We rely on soil too much as it is our source of living. Let us accept the fact that we cannot
live without soil.
“Essentially, all life depends upon the soil ... There can be no life without soil and no soil
without life; they have evolved together.” --- Charles E. Kellogg, USDA Yearbook of
Agriculture, 1938
But do you know that we are threatening the quality and quantity of soil?

Different land-use practices that can harm soil

The way people use land can affect the levels of nutrients and pollution in soil. Any
activity that exposes soil to wind and rain can lead to soil loss. Farming, construction and
development, and mining are among the main activities that impact soil resources. Farming
practices can hurt or help the soil’s health.
Most agricultural activities depend on soil but these activities could cause detrimental
effects in the future. Farming is very important to society because almost all of the world’s
food is grown on farms.

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 For more than 10,000 years humans have been farming and people have continually
improved their farming techniques. However, excessive farming causes the soil to lose
nutrients so fast. Through time, the soil is unable be able to sustain plant life anymore
because of nutrient deficient. To improve the harvest, farmers often add nutrients to the soil
in the form of organic or artificial fertilizers to make their crops grow better. However, some
fertilizers affects some microorganisms in the soil to produce nutrients naturally. Not only
that, fertilizers also add to water pollution when rainwater coming from fields carries the
excess nutrients to different bodies of water like rivers, lakes, and oceans. Over time, many
farming practices lead to soil degradation. All over the world, farmers usually clear trees and
other plants and in order to plow up the soil to plant crops. Without its natural plant cover,
the soil becomes exposed to rain and wind and is therefore more likely to get washed or
blown away. Filipino farmers just like the other farmers, lose about five metric tons of soil for
each metric ton of grain they produce. In many other parts of the world, the losses are even
higher.
A bountiful harvest is made possible by irrigation and even gives us more than one
harvest in a year without relying too much on rainwater. But irrigation could cause soil
salinization if the saltwater intruded the irrigation canals. Salinized soil cannot support most
plant life because of its toxicity to plants. Deforestation for farming renders the soil more
susceptible to erosion. For example in the Philippines, we have an illegal farming practice
known as kaingin (as shown in Figure 1) where the tall trees are cut down and burned
replacing them with smaller plants like kamote, mais and palay. These crops provide less
anchorage than trees which could lead to soil erosion.

Figure 1. Cutting down trees and burning them

In some countries like Philippines, deforestation is done to widen the grazing fields
for livestock. But overgrazing is another problem. Overgrazing occurs when farm animals eat
large amounts of land cover. Overgrazing destroys natural vegetation and causes the soil to
wash or blow away more easily. In many dry regions of the world, overgrazing and the
clearing of land for farming have led to desertification which is the expansion of desert
conditions in areas where the natural plant cover has been destroyed.

Construction, Development, and Mining

In this fast-changing world, technology makes innovation of the things we are used to.
Before, no malls, no subdivisions, no theme parks, etc., but now as we visit the city, you will
be amazed by the tall buildings, busy malls, crowded theme parks, congested roads, and
lots of food chains along the streets.

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 To make roads, houses, shopping malls, and other buildings, people need to dig up
the soil. In construction sites, some of the soil are washed or blown away because its
protective plant cover has been removed. The soil that is washed or blown away ends up in
nearby low-lying areas, in rivers and streams, or downstream lakes or reservoirs. This soil
can cause problems by making rivers and lakes muddy and harming the organisms that live
in them. The buildup of soil on riverbeds raises the level of the rivers and may cause flooding.
The soil can also fill up lakes and reservoirs.
Construction of infrastructure, land development, and industries affect the soil negatively.
Sometimes, the land needs to be leveled to construct buildings, and this causes the topsoil
to be stripped off. The construction processes also affect the soil due to the materials that
render the soil infertile (as shown in Figure 2). Land development has a great impact on soil
because some development includes the reclassification of land. This causes the arable land
to be converted to industrial land. These events could make the soil less productive for
agriculture. Mining activities also destroy the soil (Figure 3). Quarrying and strip
mining cause the soil to be exposed to weathering and erosion agents. Chemicals used in
mining can also cause soil sterilization. Oil disposed on the soil by industries can affect plant
growth.

Figure 2 Construction of Building Figure 3 Mining Activity

Waste Disposal

Industries, mining, and households produced tons of wastes daily. Waste disposal
affects the quality of the soil. Though mining wastes are supposedly contained, improperly
planned disposal sites can lead to contamination and acidification of the soil. Households
and industries usually resort to landfills for their wastes. Landfills are natural or excavated
holes intended for garbage disposal. The decomposition of wastes and the spillage of the
chemicals from landfills can cause soil sterilization. Soil sterilization kills potential pathogenic
microorganisms as well as the beneficial ones. Consequently, this process harms the
biological equilibrium that thrives within the soil which in the long run, would degrade soil
fertility. Improperly disposed wastes by households can lead to soil poisoning due to harmful
contents present in the waste materials. These wastes also prevent the growth of plants on
the soil. Some waste materials are non-biodegradable causing land pollution that can bring
serious health problems to people.

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 What’s More

Independent Activity 1

How does land use affect soil?

Directions: Observe the things around you or think of something that you have watched
or heard from a news about human activities that affects the soil. Give at least
three(3).
Human Activity Effects on Soil

Independent Assessment 1
Directions: Cite at least three importance oh having good soil quality and quantity. Write
your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Importance oh having good soil quality and quantity

1. ____________________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________________________

Independent Activity 2
Choose one of the most recent landslides that happened in the Philippines and answer the
guide questions below.

1. Where did the landslide happen?

_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
2. When did it happen?
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
3. Why did it happen?
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
4. Could something have been done to prevent this from GUINSAUGON. US Marines struggle through mud to

happening? look for survivors buried under the Guinsaugon mudslide.

_______________________________________________ FILE PHOTO BY JAY DIRECTO/AFP

_______________________________________________

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Independent Assessment 2
Let us check further you understanding. Directions: Complete each sentence below by
writing the appropriate word/s.

1. Soil is a/an ___________________________________________________________.

2. Its uses include ________________________________________________________.
3. The soil faces the problem of degradation of ______ and _______ due to different
human activities that adversely affect it.
4. Agriculture can affect the soil _____________________________________________.
5. Desertification is _______________________________________________________.
6. Industries can affect the soil by ___________________________________________.
7. ______________________ causes some waste to affect the soil by causing
sterilization.

Independent Activity 3
Research about the different programs/proposals/projects designed by the government and
non-government organizations(NGO’s) about promoting how to improve the quality and
quantity of soil in the Philippines. List them below.

Program/Proposal Main Purpose/Objective

1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

Independent Assessment 3
How do you think further soil degradation affect the economy of the Philippines in the future?
Think of at least three ways on how can this be prevented?

In ten or twenty years from now I think

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

I think this can be prevented through

1. _______________________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________________

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After going through this module I have learned that ……..

_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

What I Can Do

Suppose you are going to build a new home in an undeveloped area, what steps
would you take to reduce the impact of construction on the soil? You can describe it
using an illustration.

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 Assessment

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following is NOT a threat commonly face by soils?
a. Soil erosion c. Deforestation
b. Climate change d. Desertification
2. Deforestation causes ________.
a. Pollution c. No floods
b. Soil erosion d. None of these
3. Human practices may diminish the quality of the soil through _______.
a. Mining c. Improper waste disposal
b. Overgrazing d. All of the above
4. Which of the following does not belong to the group?
a. Desertification c. Reforestation
b. Industrialization d. Salination
5. All of the following is brought by agricultural practices that affect the quality of the soil
except:
a. Open-pit mining c. Overplowing
b. Overgrazing d. Deforestation
6. This happens when farm animals eat large amounts of land cover.
a. Deforestation c. Overplowing
b. Overfarming d. Overgrazing
7. All of the following causes great soil degradation except:
a. Expansion of plowed field b. Increased in the number of farm animals
b. Tree planting in denuded areas d. Construction of buildings and houses
8. Which of the following does not brought by mining activity?
a.Quarrying and strip mining cause the soil to be exposed to weathering and erosion
agents.
b. Fertilizers add to water pollution when rainwater draining from fields carries the excess
nutrients to rivers, lakes, and oceans.
c. Chemicals used in mining can also cause soil sterilization.
d. All are correct.
9. Which of the following show a practice of improving soil quality?
a. Expanding of plowed land for crop planting.
b. Practicing the kaingin system in many parts of the mountains.
c. Limits the raising of farmland animals.
d. Digging the soil too much for mineral resources.
10.When can you say that soil quality and quantity is being compromised?
a. When overgrazing happens due to increasing number of farm animals.
b. When desertification takes place in a plant covered area.
c. When industrialization gets bigger as time passed by.
d. All of the above.
11. What is land pollution?
a. Cutting down of trees and using them to make furniture
b. Growing of trees and cutting them down
c. This is the contamination of the environment with bad toxic, chemical and waste
d. Contamination of the one’s home
12. Which material accounts for the greatest percentage of the weight of solid waste?
a. food waste c. plastic
b. paper d. Wood

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13.This kind of mining creates a large hole in the ground that is visible from Earth’s surface.
a. subsurface c. open pit
b. strip d. mountain top
14. What does non renewable mean?
a. A resource that is replaced at the same rate that it is being used.
b. It is a resource that pollutes.
c. It is a resource that is formed at a rate that is much slower than the rate at which it is
being used
d. It is a resource that is made by humans.
15. If you are advised to do contour plowing the place is probably a
a. plain c. hilly side
b. riverine d. dessert like

Additional Activities

You have advised an inexperienced farmer to practice strip-cropping(that is planting different

crops by row), but the farmer wants to plant all the land with corn to grow as much as
possible. What argument would you use to convince the farmer?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
RUBRIC FOR ESSAY
CATEGORY EXCELLENT VERY SATISFACTORY POOR
(4) SATISFACTORY (2) (1)
(3)
Support Most major Some points Most points Attempt at
30 points supported by supported by support
supported with specific details general
details 20 statements
30 10 5
Language Uses Uses vocabulary Uses basic Uses
30 vocabulary that that is vocabulary with vocabulary that
is precise with appropriate with little awareness is unsuitable
an awareness of some awareness of the readers or for the readers
the readers and of the readers the purpose or the purpose
the purpose and the purpose
20
30 5
10
Organization of Piece has Piece has Reader must Piece rambles,
ideas structure and structure and infer structure is repetitive or
40 major points are most major and some major is confusing to
paragraphed points are points are the reader
paragraphed paragraphed
40 20 10
30

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Answer Key

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 References

“LIST: Deadly Landslides in the Philippines.” n.d. Rappler. Accessed August 2, 2020.
https://rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/list-deadly-landslides-philippines.
“Home | Soils 4 Teachers.” n.d. Www.Soils4teachers.Org.
https://www.soils4teachers.org/home.
“Human Activities Affect Soil.” n.d.
https://www.classzone.com/science_book/mls_grade7_FL/248_252.pdf.
“Soil Conservation.” n.d. http://caregroupinfo.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/2012-DFAP-
Mod-1-Soil-Cons-DRC-ENG-FLIP-FINAL.pdf.
“Soil Resources Depreciation and Deforestation: Philippine Case Study in Resource
Accounting.” n.d. Www.Fao.Org. http://www.fao.org/3/ab604e/ab604e03.htm.

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex

Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600

Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985

Email Address: [email protected] * [email protected]

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