- Integers: {… -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3…}.

These are
GRADE 8 MATHEMATICS8 MATHEMATICS positive and negative numbers including 0. But zero is
neither positive nor negative.
SUMMERISED LESSON NOTES
With Factors
Worked Examples and Exercises
Prime Factors

DEVELOPMENT OF NUMBERS Test of Divisibility

Numbers developed in pre-historic times by sedentary Highest Common Factors

communities e.g. Romans, Mayas, Chinese,
Egyptians, Hindus, etc. However, the Hindus of India Multiples
invented the denary/decimal system (base 10), with
place values, using the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 Lowest Common Multiple
and 9, which we use today.
For example, Th H T O Number Patterns
e.g. 2 5 8 3 means ‘2 000 + 500 + 80 + 3’
Some Sets of Numbers Sequences
The following sets of numbers should be known and
studied: EXERCISES
Section A
- Natural Number: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5…}. These are counting 1. What is the place value of 3 in 38 245?
numbers. A. Thousands B. tens C. hundreds D. ten hundreds
2. How many rectangular patterns can be formed
- Whole Numbers: {0, 1, 2, 3, 4…}. These are Natural from 12?
Numbers including 0.
A. 2 B. 4 C. 6 D. 7
- Even Numbers: {0, 2, 4, 6, 8…}. These are 3. Which of the following is wrong?
Numbers which are divisible by 2. A. 27=3x3 B. 8=2x2x2 C. 18=2x3x3 D.
36=2x2x3x3
- Odd Numbers: {1, 3, 5, 7, 9…}. These are 4. The greatest prime number less than 60 is
numbers which are not divisible by 2. A. 59 B. 57 C. 53 D. 51
5. The number of multiples of 4 between 15 and 23 is
- Prime Numbers: {2, 3, 5, 7, 11…}. These are A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
numbers only divisible by 1 and itself. 6.

7.
1
 The Four Operations and CAD Laws
8. Which of the following is not a prime number? ADDITION:
A. 41 B.51 C.61 D.71 (i) Commutative Law – Two numbers can be
9.The LCM of 2, 4, 6 is added in any order and still give the same answer,
A.2 B.6 C.12 D.48 e.g. 5 + 8 = 8 + 5
10. The greatest factor of 12 is 13
A. 3 B.4 C.6 D.12 But, Subtraction is not commutative, e.g. 12 - 7  7 -
12
Section B 5 -5
1. List the following (ii) Associative Law – Numbers can be grouped and
added in any way and still give the same answer, e.g.
(a) Multiples of 4 less than 20 (6 + 4) + 3 = 6 + (4 + 3)
(b) (b) Odd numbers between 5 and 17 10 + 3 = 6 + 7
2. Subtract one hundred thousand, one hundred and 13 = 13
eleven But, Subtraction is not Associative e.g. (8 – 2)–5  8–
from one million one hundred. (2 – 5)
3. What is the place value of? 6–58
(a) 2 in 123 (b) 6 in 326 (c) 3 in 32 000 +3
4. 1  13.
MULTIPLICATION:
(I) Commutative Law – Two numbers can be
multiplied in any order and still give the same answer
e.g. 4 x 2 = 2 x 4
8=8
(ii) Associative Law -– Numbers to be multiplied can
be grouped in any way and still give the same answer
e.g.
(6 x 4) x 3 = 6 x (4 x 3)
24 x 3 = 6 x 12
72 = 72
MULTIPLICATION AND ADDITION
Distributive Law – Multiplication is Distributive over
GRADE 8 MATHEMATICS
Addition e.g. 7 x (3 + 5) = (7 x 3) + (7 x 5)
SUMMERISED LESSON NOTES 7 x 8 = 21 + 35
With 56 = 56
Worked Examples and Exercises *Multiplication is also Distributive over Subtraction
e.g.

2
 5 x (10 – 2) = (5 x 10) – (5 x 2) 6.
5 x 8 = 50 – 10
40 = 40 7. The value of 3(5 + 7) is
A. 15 B.22 C.36 D.105
ORDER OF OPERATIONS
To avoid confusion when more than one operation is 8. Which rule is this? 6 + 5 = 5 + 6
carried out, the following rules are followed: A. Distributive B. commutative C.
Addition and Subtraction in the order they are written associative D. additive
e.g. (a) 8 – 6 + 4 (b) 8 + 6 – 2 9.
=2+4 = 14 – 2
=6 = 12 10. When simplified 2 x 9 x 0 =
1. Multiplication and Division in the order they are
written e.g. (a) 8 x 4 ÷ 2 (b) 8 ÷ 4 x 2 A. 18 B. 0 C. 90 D. 1
= 32 ÷ 2 = 6 =2x2=4
Section B
1.
2.
EXERCISE 3. State the laws used in each of the following
(a) 3 + (4 + 2) = (3 + 4) + 2 (b) 0 + 4 = 4 + 0
Section A (c) 7(4 + 9) = (7 x 4) + (7 x 9)
1.1.The identity element for multiplication is 4.
1. A.0 B.1 C.2 D.3What is the place value of 5.
3 in 38 245? 6. Is subtraction associative?
2. A. thousands B. tens C. hundreds D. ten 7.
hundreds 8.
3. 2. Simplify 14 + 13 – 12 9.
A.11 B.15 C. 25 D. 29How many rectangular 10. Is multiplication distributive over subtraction?
patterns can be formed from 12?
A. 2 B. 4 C. 6 D. 7
3. If * means ‘Double the first number and subtract the


second’, then 7*3 equals A. 42 B.11 C.10
D.8Which of the following is wrong?
A. 27=3x3 B. 8=2x2x2 C. 18=2x3x3 D.
36=2x2x3x3
4.
GRADE 8 MATHEMATICS
5. (7 x 3) + (7 x 7) equals
A. 21 B. 42 C. 70 D. 140 SUMMERISED LESSON NOTES
3
 With
Worked Examples and Exercises. 5. A universal set contains all the elements being
SETS discussed. The symbol for ‘universal set’ is E (Entirety).
A set is a collection of well definedwell-defined objects, Using a Venn diagram this is represented by a rectangle.
A set
eg. A = is
{a,ab,
collection
c}. Usingofawell-defined
Venn diagram:objects. A E
aob
b c 6. A set X is a subset of a set YBif every member of YB
A set such as A = {a, b, c} is called a finite set, because s a member of XA. he symbol for ‘subset’ is , e.g. XA 
its elements can be counted. But the set W = {0, 1, 2, YB Y
3…} is called an infinite set, because its elements are
endless. 7. The intersection of two sets A and B is the set of
elements, which are members of both sets. The symbol
for ‘intersection’ of sets is ∩, ege.g. A ∩B.
1.The number of distinct elements in a set is written
n(X). For example, A∩B A∩B = ø
- The number of elements in set A above is n(A) = 3 and, 8. The union of two sets A and B is the set of elements
- If B = {0, 3, 6, 9, 12} then the number of elements in B belong to either A and or to B or to both A and B. The
is n(B) = 5. symbol for ‘union’ of sets is υ.
AUB A B AUB A A B
AUB
2.Membereship: Each object in a set is a member or B
element of that set indicated by the symbol ε. Non- 9. N.B. The operations intersection and union of sets
membership is indicated by the symbol . For example, a are
ε A. But p  {a, b, c}. - Commutative, e.g. (a) A∩B = B∩A
(b) A∪B = A∪B
- Associative, e.g. (a) (A∩B)∩C = A∩(B∩C)
3. The empty set or null set is the set with no elements. (b) (AUB)UC = AU(BUC)
The ‘empty set’ is indicated by the symbols Ø or { }. -Distributive over the other, e.g. (a) A∩(B∪C) =
(A∩B)∪(A∩C)
(b) A∪(B∩C) =
4. (a) Equal sets have exactly the same members, eg. (A∪B)∩(A∪C)
If P = {b, a, c, d} and Q = {a, b, d, c}, then P = Q. 10.The complement of a set A with respect to the
(b) Equivalent sets have the same number of universal set E is the set of elements in E, which do not
elements, e.g. if S = {1, 2, 3, 4} and T = {p, q, r, s}, then belong to A. The symbol for ‘complement’ is A´. And (A´)´
ST, =A A
because n(s) = n(T). But S  T. A´

4
 EXERCISES
Section A. Section B.
1. The number of elements in a set which has 4 subsets If A⊂B, draw Venn diagrams to show (a) AUB and (b)
is A∩B.
2. A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 Name the shaded parts in each diagram.
2.In the Venn diagram, the shaded area represents P
Q
A. PUQ´ B. P´UQ C.P´∩Q D. P∩Q´
3. The symbol for ‘is a member of’ is
4. A. U B. ∈ C. ø D. ⊂ 1. Translate the following into set signs
5. Given that E = {a, b, c, d, e, p, q, r, s}, X = {a, b, c, p, (a) G is a subset of H.
r} and Y = {b, c, d, e, p, q}, then n(X∩Y) equals (b) Union of M and N.
A. 5 B. 6 C. 3 D. 9 (c) m is an element of T.
6. If P = {Parallelograms}, S = {Squares}, Q = (d) E intersection F.
{Quadrilaterals} and R = {Rectangles}, then which of (e) p is not a member of W.
the following is true? 4. Shade the sets as indicated.s, eg. If S = {1, 2, 3,
A. R∩Q = P B. PUS = Q C. S⊄P D. 4} and T = {p, q, r, s}, then S  T because n(S) =
(SUR)⊂Q n(T). But S  T.
7. The number of subsets of the set {a, b, c} is
A. 3 B. 4 C. 6 D. 8
8. All 40 pupils in a Grade 10 class take either
Geography or History or both subjects. If 25 take
Geography and 20 take History, how many take both?
A.10 B. 5 C. 35 D. 45
9. If S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} and T = {-3, -2, -1, 0,
1, 2, 3},
10. then n(ST) equals
11. A. 7 B. 3 C. 14 D. 10
12. The set of prime factors of 12 is
A. {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12} B. {2, 3} C. {1, 2, 3} D.
{2, 3, 4, 6}
13. The intersection of the sets {even numbers} and {odd
numbers} is
A. { } B. {whole numbers} C. {Even numbers} D.
{odd numbers}
10. The set of even numbers between 1 and 9 is
A.{2, 8} B.{4, 6} C.{2, 4, 6}
D.{2, 4, 6, 8}
5


GRADE 8 MATHEMATICS

SUMMERISED LESSON NOTES

With
Worked Examples and Exercises

6
INTEGERS
The
Thesetsetofofnegative
negativeand
andpositive
positivenumbers
numbersincluding
includingzero
zero
isiscalled the set of integers.
called the set of integers, e.g. {…-3, -2, -11, 0, +1, +2,
+3…}.
Number line

Ordering

Addition

Subtraction

Multiplication

Division

EXERCISES

Section A
1.
2.Which of the following is false?
A. 8<9 B. 9>8 C. 7<7 D. 8>7
3.Simplify 5 +(-7)+(-2)
A.4 B.0 C.-4 D.14
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Section B

GRADE 9 MATHEMATICS
7
SUMMERISED LESSON NOTES
With
Worked Examples and Exercises

TIME DISTANCE and SPEED

8
 (c) Find the HCF of 36,15 and 70. Answer: - 36 = 2 x 2 x 3 x 3
GRADE 8 MATHEMATICS 15 = 3 x 5
70 = 2 x 5 x 7
 No HCF
SUMMERISED LESSON NOTES
4. Multiples: A multiple is a number divisible by another number
with called a factor, e.g. (a) 6 is a multiple of 1, 2, 3 and 6.
DEVELOPMENT OF NUMBERS (b) 20 is a multiple of 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, and 20
5. Lowest Common Multiple (LCM): - Is the smallest number
Numbers developed in pre-historic times by sedentary which is a multiple of two or more numbers,
communities e.g. Romans, Mayas, Chinese, Egyptians, Hindus, etc. e.g. (a) Find the LCM of 9 and 15. Answer: - 9 = 3 x 3
However, the Hindus of India invented the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 15 = 3 x 5
8 and 9 (base 10,), with place values, which we use today.  LCM = 3² x 5 = 45
For example, e.g. Th H T O (b) Find the LCM of 6, 12 and 18. Answer: - 6 = 2 x 3
2 5 8 3 means ‘2 000 + 500 + 80 + 3’ 12 = 2 x 2 x 3
18 = 2 x 3 x 3
Some Sets of Numbers  LCM = 2² x 3² = 36
Number Patterns
The following sets of numbers should be known and studied: 6. Sequences: - Is an arrangement of numbers (called terms)
- Natural Number: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5…}. These are counting numbers. following a certain rule. e.g.
- Whole Numbers: {0, 1, 2, 3, 4…}. These are Natural (a) Find the missing term in the sequence: 4, 10, 16, -, 28. Ans: 22
Numbers plus 0.including 0. (b) Find the next term in the sequence: 2 500, 500, 100, -. Ans: 20
- Even Numbers: {0, 2, 4, 6, 8…}. These are Numbers which (c) State the rule used in the sequence:1, 2, 4, 8,16.Ans:Multiply by
are divisible by 2.by 2. 2.
- Odd Numbers: {1, 3, 5, 7, 9…}. These are numbers which are EXERCISES
not divisible by 2.by 2. Section A
- Prime Numbers: {2, 3, 5, 7, 11…}. These are numbers only 1. What is the place value of 3 in 38 245?
Divisible by 1 and itself. A. Thousands B. tens C. hundreds D. ten
- Integers: {… -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3…}. These are positive hundreds
and negative numbers including 0. But zero is neither 2. How many rectangular patterns can be formed from 12?
+positive nor - negative. A. 2 B. 4 C. 6 D. 7
3. Which of the following is wrong?
1. Factors: A factor is a number that divides another number A. 27=3x3 B. 8=2x2x2 C. 18=2x3x3 D. 36=2x2x3x3
called a multiple, e.g. 1, 2, 4, and 8 are factors of 8. 4. The greatest prime number less than 60 is
2. Prime Factors: Are factors, which are prime numbers, A. 59 B. 57 C. 53 D. 51
e.g. (a) The prime factors of 12 are 2 and 3. 5. The number of multiples of 4 between 15 and 23 is
(b) The prime factors of 66 are 3 and 11. A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
Test of Divisibility 6. State the rule used in the sequence: 87, 83, 79, 75, 71.
3. Highest Common Factor (HCF): Is the largest common A. add 4 B. divide by 4 C. subtract 4 D. multiply by4
factor of two or more numbers, e.g. 7. The LCM of 2, 4, 6 is
(a) Find the HCF of 12 and 18. Answer: - 12 = 2 x 2 x 3 A.2 B.6 C.12 D.48
18 = 2 x 3 x 3 8. Which of the following is not a prime number?
 HCF is 2 x 3 = 6 A. 41 B.51 C.61 D.71
(b) Find the HCF of 30, 20 and 60. Answer: - 30 = 2 x 3 x 5s 9. Find the missing term in the sequence: 1, 3, 9, 27, -, 243
20 = 2 x 2 x 5 A. 66 B. 54 C. 36 D. 81The LCM
60 = 2 x 2 x 3 x 5 of 2, 4, 6 is
 HCF is 2 x 5 = 10
9
 A.2 B.6 C.12 D.48 72 = 72
10. The greatest factor of 12 is MULTIPLICATION AND ADDITION
A. 3 B.4 C.6 D.12 Distributive Law – Multiplication is Distributive over Addition e.g.
7 x (3 + 5) = (7 x 3) + (7 x 5)
Section B 7 x 8 = 21 + 35
56 = 56
1. List the following(a)Multiples of 4 less than 20 (b) Odd numbers *Multiplication is also Distributive over Subtraction e.g.
between 5 and 17 5 x (10 – 2) = (5 x 10) – (5 x 2)
5 x 8 = 50 – 10
Multiples of 4 less than 20 40 = 40
(b) Odd numbers between 5 and 17
2. Subtract one hundred thousand, one hundred and eleven # ORDER OF OPERATIONS
from # one million one hundred.
3. What is the place value of? (a) 2 in 123 (b) 6 in 326 (c) 3 in To avoid confusion when more than one operation is carried out,
32 000 the following rules are followed:
(a) 2 in 123 (b) 6 in 326 (c) 3 in 32 000 2. Addition and Subtraction in the order they are written
4. e.g. (a) 8 – 6 + 4 (b) 8 + 6 – 2
5. =2+4 = 14 – 2
A. Daka =6 = 12
3. Multiplication and Division in the order they are written
e.g. (a) 8 x 4 ÷ 2 (b) 8 ÷ 4 x 2
The Four Operations Rules and CAD Laws = 32 ÷ 2 = 6 =2x2=4
3. If more than two operation signs are used, then use BODMAS,
ADDITION: e.g. (a) –5 + 49 – 6 (b)
(i) Commutative Law – Two numbers can be added in any = 44 – 6
order and still give the same answer, eg 5 + 8 = 8 + 5 = 38
13 = 13
But, Subtraction is not commutative, ege.12 - 7  7 - 12 EXERCISE
5 -5 Section A
(ii) Associative Law – Numbers can be grouped and added in 1.The identity element for multiplication is
any way and still give the same answer, ege. A.0 B.1 C.2 D.3
(6 + 4) + 3 = 6 + (4 + 3) What is the place value of 3 in 38 245?
10 + 3 = 6 + 7 A. ten thousands B. tens C. hundreds D. ten hundreds
13 = 13 2. Simplify: 14 + 13 – 12
But, Subtraction is not Associative ege. (8 – 2)–5  8– (2 – 5) A.11 B.15 C. 25 D. 29
6–58+3 How many rectangular patterns can be formed from 12?
1  13. A. 2 B. 4 C. 6 D. 7
MULTIPLICATION: 3. If * means ‘Double the first number and subtract the second’,
(I) Commutative Law -– Two numbers can be multiplied in any then 7*3 equals A. 42 B.11 C.10 D.8Which of the
order and still give the same answer e.g. 4 x 2 = 2 x 4 following is wrong?
8=8 A. 27=3x3 B. 8=2x2x2 C. 18=2x3x3 D. 36=2x2x3x3
(ii)ii) Associative Law -– Numbers to be multiplied can be 4. Work out 2 + 4 x 5
grouped in any way and still give the same answer e.g. A. 30 B. 22 C. 40 D. 18
(6 x 4) x 3 = 6 x (4 x 3) 5. (7 x 3) + (7 x 7) equals
24 x 3 = 6 x 12 A. 21 B. 42 C. 70 D. 140

10
 6. The value of 32 – 41 is 2. Membereship: Each object in a set is a member or element of that set
A. 73 B. 9 C. 11 D. -9 indicated by the symbol ε. Non-membership is indicated by the symbol
7. The value of 3(5 + 7) is έ. For example, a ε A. But p έ {a, b, c}.
A. 15 B.22 C.36 D.105

8. Which rule is this? 6 + 5 = 5 + 6 3. The empty set or null set is the set with no elements. The ‘empty set’
A. Distributive B. commutative C. associative D. additive is indicated by the symbols Ø or { }.
9. When evaluated 24 + 96  4 – 169  13 equals
A. 24 B. 48 C. 28 D. 35
10. When simplified 2 x 9 x 0 = 4. (a) Equal sets have exactly the same members, eg.
A. 18 B. 0 C. 90 D. 1 If P = {b, a, c, d} and Q = {a, b, d, c}, then P = Q.

Section B (b) Equivalent sets have the same number of elements, eg.e.g. if S
1. Find the sum of 1 763, 98 and 271. = {1, 2, 3, 4} and T = {p, q, r, s}, then ST, because n(s) = n(T). But S 
2. Is subtraction associative? T.
3. State the laws used in each of the following because n(s) = n(T). But S  T.
(a) 3 + (4 + 2) = (3 + 4) + 2 (b) 0 + 4 = 4 + 0
(c) 7(4 + 9) = (7 x 4) + (7 x 9)
4. Work out 7 x 3 + 64  (12 + 4) 5. A universal set contains all the elements being discussed. The
5. Is multiplication distributive over subtraction? symbol for ‘universal set’ is E (Entirety). Using a Venn diagram this is
6. Is subtraction associative? represented by a rectangle. E
7.
8. 6. A set XA is a subset of a set YB if every member of YB is a member
9. of XA. The symbol for ‘subset’ is , ege.g. XA  YB. Y
10. Is multiplication distributive over subtraction?
A. Daka 7. The intersection of two sets A and B is the set of elements
SETS whichelements, which are members of both sets. The symbol for
A set is a collection of well-defined objects. ‘intersection’ of sets is ∩, ege.g. A ∩B.

A set is a collection of well definedwell-defined objects, e.g. A = {a, b, c}. A∩B A∩B = ø
Using a Venn diagram:(See Fig 1). A a objects. 8. The union of two sets A and B is the set of elements belong to either A
b cb c and or to B or to both A and B. The symbol for ‘union’ of sets is υ, e.g.
A set such as A = {a, b, c} is called a finite set, because its elements can .
be counted. But the set W = {0, 1, 2, 3…} is called an infinite set, AUB A B AUB A B A B AUB
because its elements are endless.
B

1. The number of distinct elements in a set is written n(n(X). For 9. N.B. The operations intersection and union of sets are
example, - Commutative, e.g. (a) A∩B = B∩A
- theThe number of elements in set A above is n(n(A) = 3 and, (b) A∪B = A∪B
- ifIf set B = {0, 3, 6, 9, 12} then the number of elements in B is - Associative, e.g. (a) (A∩B)∩C = A∩(B∩C)
n(n(B) = 5. (b) (AUB)UC = AU(BUC)
-Distributive over the other, e.g. (a) A∩(B∪C) = (A∩B)∪(A∩C)
(b) A∪(B∩C) = (A∪B)∩(A∪C)

11
10.9. The complement of a set A with respect to the universal set E is the Section B.
set of elements in E whichE, which do not belong to A. The symbol for 2. If A⊂B, draw Venn diagrams to show (a) AUB and (b) A∩B.
‘complement’ is A´. And (A´)´ = A A 3. Name the shaded parts in each diagram.
A´
A A. Daka
EXERCISES

Section A.
14. The number of elements in a set which has 4 subsets is
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 4. Translate the following into set signs
2.In the Venn diagram, the shaded area represents P Q (a) G is a subset of H.
A. PUQ´ B. P´UQ C.P´∩Q D. P∩Q´ (b) Union of M and N.
15. The symbol for ‘is a member of’ is A. U B. ∈ C. ø D. ⊂ (c) m is an element of T.
16. Given that E = {a, b, c, d, e, p, q, r, s}, X = {a, b, c, p, r} and Y = (d) E intersection F.
{b, c, d, e, p, q}, then n(X∩Y) equals A. 5 B. 6 C. 3 (e) p is not a member of W.
D. 9 4. Shade the sets as indicated.s, eg. If S = {1, 2, 3, 4} and T = {p, q,
17. If P = {Parallelograms}, S = {Squares}, Q = {Quadrilaterals} and r, s}, then S  T because n(S) = n(T). But S  T.
R = {Rectangles}, then which of the following is true?
A. R∩Q = P B. PUS = Q C. S⊄P D. (SUR)⊂Q A. and Exercises
U B. ∈ C. ø D. ⊂
Given that E = {a, b, c, d, e, p, q, r, s}, X = {a, b, c, p, r} and Y = {b, c, d, ALGEBRA
e, p, q}, then n(X∩Y) equals
A. 5 B. 6 C. 3 D. 9 In algebra, letters are used to represent numbers whose
18. The number of subsets of the set {a, b, c} is exactwhose exact values are not known.
A. 3 B. 4 C. 6 D. 8If P = {Parallelograms}, S =
{Squares}, Q = {Quadrilaterals} and R = {Rectangles}, then which of the 1.Variable::-: - Are The letters used in algebra, e.g. x, 5y, ½x,
following is true? 3a + 1.
A. R∩Q = P B. PUS = Q C. S⊄P D. (SUR)⊂Q Tare called variables because their heir value can
The number of subsets of the set {a, b, c} is change.
A. 3 B. 4 C. 6 D. 8
19. All 40 pupils in a Grade 10 class take either Geography or 2. Term:-: - In algebra, 5x, -2x, ¾x, x, etc are called terms in x.
History or both subjects. If 25 take Geography and 20 take
History, how many take both? A.10 B. 5 C. 35 D. 45 3. Coefficient:-: - IA coefficient is a numerical factor in a term,
20. If S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} and T = {-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3}, e.g. I) 3 is the coefficient in the term 3a
then n(ST) equals A. 7 B. 3 C. 14 D. 10 ii) 4 is the coefficient in 4m – 3
A. 7 B. 3 C. 14 D. 10 iii) – 5 is the coefficient in 1 – 5x
21. The set of prime factors of 12 is
A. {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12} B. {2, 3} C. {1, 2, 3} D. {2, 3, 4, 6} 4. Expression:-: - In algebra , e.g. 4a – 3, 2x + 1, 3 – 5x, etc
22. The intersection of the sets {even numbers} and {odd numbers} are called algebraic
is expressions.
A. { } B. {whole numbers} C. {Even numbers} D. {odd
numbers} (a) Like and Unlike Terms:- 3x + 2x are like terms while 3x – 5y
10. The set of even numbers between 1 and 9 is are unlike terms. Note that like terms have the same variable.
A.{2, 8} B.{4, 6} C.{2, 4, 6} D.{2, 4, 6, 8} Like Terms
6. Addition and Subtraction

12
 (b) (b) Like and Unlike TermsWe can add or subtract like terms to Section A
get a simplified term, e.g. 1. Evaluate 3xy + y² when x = 2 and y = -1
Simplify the following: i) 3x + 4x – x = 6x ii) a A. 4 B. –10 C. -4 –2
+ a + a = 3a iii) 5y – 2y = 3y D. 10 E. -4
iv) 4x + 3y +2x +y (First collect like terms)
= 4x + 2x + 3y + y 2. The result of adding 5 to x and multiplying the answer
= 6x + 4y (Cannot be simplified by 4
further). A. 20x B.4x + 5 C. x + 20
D. 4(x + 5)
7. Multiplication:- Is commutative, e.g. I) 3 x a = a x 3 = 3a. 3. The number of terms in the expression 5a+3b-4c is
Also, A.3 B.4 C.6 D.12
coefficients are multiplied together and variables together, 4. When simplified, 2(b + 1) – 2b gives
e.g. ii) 2b x 3a = (2 x 3) x (b x a) = 6ab. We normally write A. 1 B. 2 C. 0
the letters D. 2b + 1
in alphabetical order, so 6ba is written as 6ab. Iii) And a x a 5. 3x – 4 + 5x can be expressed as
x a = a³ A.4x B.8x – 4 C.2x
D. 5x - 1Evaluate 3xy + y² when x = 2 and y = -1
8.Division A. 4 B. –10 C. –2 D. 10 E. -4
9.Expansion:- An algebraic expression can be expanded using 6. p x q x q x r, when written in short is
the A. q(pqr) B. 2pqr C. pq²r
distributive law, D. p+2q+r
e.g. (a) 2(x - 3) = 2x – 6 Each term within the 7. – 4k + 3k – 8k –k gives A. –10k B. – 2k C. –6k D. –8k
brackets is multiplied. 8. 36ab ÷ - 4ab = A. 9 B. 9ab C. -9 D. –9ab
(b) - 3(x – 2) = - 3x + 6y A. –10k B. – 2k C. –6k D. –8k
36ab ÷ - 4ab =
9. If p = -4 and q = -2, then p - q =
A.0 B.-2 C.-4 D.-6A. 9
10.Factorisation:- An algebraic expression is factorised when it B. 9ab C. -9 D. –9ab
is 10. 7x – 3(x – y) =
expressed as a product of factors, e.g. A. 4x – y B. 4x – 3y C. 4x + 3y
Factorise (a) 2a + 2b = 2(a + b) (b) 8x – 4y = 4(2x – y) D. 4x + y 9.If p = -4 and q = -2, then p - q =
(b)8x – 4y = 4(2x – y) A.0 B.-2 C.-4 D.-6
(c) ab + ac = a(b + c) 10. 7x – 3(x – y) =

11.Substitution:- Is the replacement of aof a variable by a A. 4x – y B. 4x – 3y C. 4x + 3y D. 4x

given +y
number, e.g. (a) If a =2 and b =3, then find the value of b +
4a.
Answer:- 3 + 4x2 = 3 + 8 = 11
(b) Find the value of 2xy² when x = 3 and y Section B
= 5. 1. If a = 2 and b = 3, find the value of: (a) 4ab (b) 2b + 5
Answer: - 2 x 3 x 5² = 6 x 25 = 150 (c) 6a – 4 (d) 3b
– 2a (e) a² + b²
EXERCISES 2. Simplify the following: (a) 8x – 3y + 5y (b) 4p + q
– 3q – p

13
 (c) 6a – 7a + 9b – b(d) 2x³ + 5x³ (e) 3x² + 2x – 2x² 3x2 4x3
- 3x Ordering Fractions
3. What is the coefficient of the variable in the - Which is greater, ½ or ⅓?
following:following? - Arrange the fractions in ascending order: ⅔, ⅝, ¾,
(a) 2y + 1 (b) 8x – 4 (c) – 3x + 1 (d) 3 + - Find the fraction between ¼ and ⅔
y (e) -½x
4. 5.Expand the following: (a) 3(x + 1) (b) 4(2a – b) Addition and Subtraction
(c) 8(m – 3n) First case: When the fractions have the same
(d) 3a + 4(a – b) (e) 2(x + y) – (x – y) denominators
5. 6. Factorise the following: (a) 2a + ab (b) pq – - (Just add the numerators), e.g. ⅜ + 4/8 = ⅞
pr(c) 4xy + 6x - or (subtract the numerators), e.g. 3/5 – 2/5 = 1/5
(d) y² - y (e) 2ab + 4a²
Second case: When the fractions have different
denominators – first find the lowest common denominator,
A. Daka e.g. (a) 5/6 - ⅓ (b) 2/5 + ¾
= 5/6 – 2/6 = 8/20 + 15/20
FRACTIONS = 3/6 = ½ = 23/20 = 1 x
A fraction is a part of something: Fraction = Numerator 3/20
Denominator Multiplication
If a  b = a/b a is the numerator and b is the Multiply numerators and denominators (cancel where
denominator. possible),
A fraction is a part of something. e.g. (a) ¾ x ½ = 3 x 1 = ⅜
4x2
Types of Fractions (b) ⅜ x ⅔ = 3 x 2 = 6 = ¼
8 x 3 24
(a) Proper Fractions have the numerator less than the denominator: NB: When dealing with mixed numbers, (first change the
- e.g. ¼, ½, ⅞, ⅓, ¾, etc. numbers into improper fractions),
e.g. (a) 3½ x 2⅔ (b)
(b) Improper Fractions :have the numerator greater than the = 7/2 x 8/3
denominator - e.g. 5/2, 4/3, 8/5, etc. = 28/3 = 9⅓

Division
(c) Mixed Numbers (fractions) have a whole number and a proper First turn the divisor upside down and then, multiply,
fraction: - 2¼, 5⅔, 3⅝, etc. e.g. (a)
(b) Evaluate: 3⅓ ÷ 2½ = 10 ÷ 5 = 10 x 2 = 4 = 1⅓
(d) Equivalent Fractions have the same value: - Equivalent 3 2 3 5 3
fractions (c) Calculate: 3¼ ÷ 1½ = 13/4 ÷ 3/2 = 13/4 x 3/2 = 13 x
can be obtained by either 2
- dividing by the same number 4x3
e.g. (i) 2/4 = 2  2 = ½, (ii) 304/456 = 30  15 = 13/6 = 21/6
= ⅔, 9/12 = ¾, etc. Order of Operations: Fractions follow the same operation
42 45  15 rules like whole numbers.
- or multiplying by the same number,
e.g. (i) 5/3 = 5 x 2 = 10/6 (ii) ¾ = 3 x 3 = EXERCISES
9/12, etc. Section A
14
 1.Simplify 1¼ + 1½ = A.2½ B.1¾ C.2¾
D.3¼ 5. Write down the fractions of shaded parts in the figures.
A.2½ B.1¾ C.2¾ D.3¼
2. Arrange ⅔, ¾ and ⅝ in ascending order.
A. ⅔, ¾, ⅝ B. ⅔, ¾, ⅝ C. ⅝, ⅔, ¾ D. ¾, A. Daka5.
⅝, ⅔Find the value of ⅓ + ⅔ xx ¾
A. ⅜ B. ¾ C. ¾ D. 1¾ E. 5/6

3. Which of the following is false?

A. 2 + ½ = 4 B. 1½ ÷ 1⅓ = 1⅛ C. ⅓ ÷ ½ = 1½
D. 3⅓+ 2 = 1⅔
4. Calculate ⅝ of K32 000
A. K10 000 B. K115 000 C. K20 000 D. K25
000 DECIMALS
5. Find the value of ⅓ + ⅔ x ¾. A. ⅜ B. ¾ C. - A decimal fraction or a decimal is a fraction with denominator 10,
5/6 D. 1¾ 100, 1000, and so on.
6. e.g. (a) 2.3 means 23/10 (b) 0.34 = 34/100 (c) 0.004 means
4/1000
7. Evaluate 5½ x 2¾ ÷ 1⅜ A. 2 B. 22 C. 2¾ A decimal fraction or a decimal is a fraction with denominator 10,
D. 11 100, 1000, and so on.

8. If the sum of 1½ and 2¼ is subtracted from10, what 1. Converting Fractions into Decimals: -
remains is 0.8 0.875
A. 6¼ B. 6⅔ C. 7¼ 3.60
D. 6¾ e.g. (a) 4/5 = 5)4.0 (b) ⅞ = 8)7.000 (c) 3 3/5 = 18/5 =
9. Calculate (¼ + 1½) + (1½ + 2) A. 5½ B. 1 C. 5¼ 5)18.00
D. 3½ -4 0 -6 4 -15
10.When evaluated 1½ x 2¼  4½ equals A. B. C. D. 0 60 30
-56 -30
40 0
-40
0Fractions into Decimals
Such fractions are called terminating decimals.
Section B.
1. Evaluate: (a) 2¼ x 1⅔ ÷ 1⅞ (b) ⅜ of 40 pupils (c) 6½ - 2¼ - Some fractions are called recurring decimals since the process of
+ 1½ division never comes to an end.
0.666…
2. (a) Find the fraction between ⅝ and ⅔ (b)Evaluate: 2¼÷ 6.33…
½ e.g. (a) ⅔ = 3)2.00 (b) 4/11 = 0.3636… (c) 19/3 =
3)19.00
3. If a woman spends ⅜ of her income on food, and ¼ on rent, -1 8 = 0.36 -18
what 20
fraction is left?Evaluate 2¼ x 1⅔ ÷ 1⅞ 10
-18 -
4. 9

15
 2 - To multiply a decimal by 10, 100, 1000, etc, move the decimal point
1 n
2. Converting Decimals into Fractions: - places to the right. e.g. Simplify (a) 2.351 x 100 = 235.1
e.g. (a) 0.2 = 2/10 (b) 5.7 = 57/10 (c) 0.73 = 73/100 (d) 0.003 = 6. Division:- To divide by a decimal number, change the divisor into a
3/1000 whole number .
- If possible, the fractions are then expressed in their lowest e.g. Simplify (a) (b) 9.42718 ÷ 0.476
terms, 19.805
e.g. (a) 0.28 = 28/100 = 28 ÷ 4 = 7/25 (b) 3.075 = 375/1000 = 33/40 = 9.42718 x 1000 476)942.18
100÷4 0.476 x 1000 -476
= 9427.18 4667
Decimal Places: - Is the number of digits after the decimal point in a 476 -4284
given number, 3831
e.g. (a) 1.25 has 2 decimal places (b) 0.072 has 3 decimal -3808
places. 2380
Rounding off -2380
- If the next digit to be left out is 5 or greater, increase the
round off figure by 1, 0
e.g. Round off (a) 5.37 to 1 decimal place. Answer: 5.4 - To divide a decimal number by 10, 100, 1000, etc, move the
(b) 21.9685 to 2 decimal places. Answer: decimal point n places to the left, e.g. Simplify (a) 451.3 ÷ 100 =
21.97 4.513
(c) 17.99 to 1 decimal place. Answer: 18.0
- If the next digit to be left out is less than 5, ignore it,
e.g. Round off (a) 3.947 to 1 decimal place> Answer: 3.9
(b) 20.0432 to 2 decimal places. Answer:
20.04 EXERCISES
4. Addition and Subtraction: - of FractionsDecimals are added
and subtracted Section A
like whole numbers. But! Keep the decimal points under each 1. 0.856 ÷ 0.008 equals A. 1070 B. 10.7 C. 107 D. 1.07
other, 2. When simplified 2.3 x 0.5 is A. 11.5 B. 0.115 C. 115 D. 1.15
e.g. (a) 53.40 (b) (c) 53.40 3. 6.4 – 0.08 equals A. 0.56 B. 5.6 C. 6.32 D. 6.48
+31.82 - 31.82 4. The value of 3.62 – 2.56 + 1.73 is A. 0.67 B. 1.79 C. 2.79 D.
85.22 21.58 1.67
5. 64.1 x 100 is A. 641 B. 0.641 C. 6410 D. 6.41
5. Multiplication: - Ignore the decimal points and multiply out as 6. When simplified 35.2 ÷ 0.02 is A. 1760 B. 1.76 C.17 600
whole D.17.6
numbers. Then, fix the decimal point in the answer, 7. 0.258 ÷ 8.6 gives A. 0.3 B. 0.03 C. 0.003 D. 3
e.g. Simplify (a) 4.72 x 6 (b) 38.593 x16.04 (c) 18.23 x 8. If he product of two numbers is 0.0156, and one of the numbers
0.0059 is1.2, the other number is A. 0.013 B.1.3 C. 0.0013 D.
= 4.72 = 38593 = 1823 0.13
x6 x1604 x 59 9. Express ⅜ as a decimal A. 3.75 B. 37.5 C. 0.375 D.
28.32 154372 16307 375
231558 +9115 10. (1.4 – 0.8) x 0.3 equals A. 0.66 B. 0.42 C. 0.24 D.
+38593 0.107557 0.18
619.03172
Section B

16
1. (a) Multiply 63.46 by 0.042 (b) Divide 0.5244 by 0.0019 (c) 3.7 x Answer: 0.64 = 0.64 x 100% = 64%.
0.3 (b) 0.435 = 0.435 x 100% = 43.5% or 43½%
2. Express as fractions in their lowest terms (a) 0.35 (b) 0.08 (c)
0.05 4. Percentages into Decimals:- Divide by 100,
3. The product of 3 numbers is 3.9. Find the third number if two e.g. (a) Express 5% as a decimal. Answer: 5% =
of the numbers are 1.25 and 0.3. A. Daka 5/100 = 0.05
(b) 247% = 247/100 = 2.47 (c) 7½% = 7.5/100 = 0.07
Percentage of a Quantity
PERCENTAGES A. To find a certain percentage of a given quantity, e.g. Find
Percentages are fractions with denominator 100. The symbol 6% of
for ‘percent’ is .‘Cent ‘ is short for centum. Per cent means ‘out of K300. Answer:- 6/100 x K300 = K18.
100’,Percentages are fractions with denominator 100. The symbol
for ‘percent’ is . B. To express one quantity as a percentage of another, e.g. A
boy
obtained 52 marks out of 80 in a test. What was his
e.g. (a) 5 percent , written 5% means 5 per 100 or percentage?
5/100. Answer:- 52/80 = 52/80 x 100% = 65%
(b) 75/100 = 75 percent = 75% C. Given a certain percentage of a quantity, to find the
Converting quantity, e.g. A
1.Fractions into Percentages: - (i) Multiply the fraction by x man pays K336 as income tax and this is 24% of his
100 or equivalent fraction with denominator 100, income. Find
e.g. (a) Change 4/5 into a percentage. Ans: 4/5 = 4/5x100% his income.
= 80%.. Answer:- The ratio of tax to income is 24:100. Hence
(ii) or make equivalent fraction with denominator 100/24 x K336
100, = K1 400
e.g. (b) 3/5 = 3x20 = 60 = 60%.
5x20 100 Percentage Changes
2.Decimals into Percentages x 100 Percentages into (a) An increase of 3% in a number means the new number is 103.
Fractions:- Divide by100, then divide it into the lowest fraction The ratio of the new number to the old is 103:100. 
possible, e.g. (a) Express 50%as a fraction. the
Answer: 50% = 50/100 = ½ multiplying factor is 103/100, e.g. A man, whose
(b) 12 %= 12/100 = 3/25. (c) 60% = 60/100 salary is K750
= 3/5 a year, receives an increase of 8%. Find his new
NB: If there is a fractional percentage involved, then put the salary.
percentage over 100 and reduce to its lowest terms, Answer:- 108/100 x K750 = K810
e.g. (a) 12½% = 12½/100 = 25/200 = ⅛(b) 33⅓% = 33⅓ =
100/300 = ⅓ (b) A decrease of 7% means the new number is 93. The ratio of the
100 new number to the old is 93:100.  the multiplying
(c) 37½ = 37½ = 75/200 = ⅜ factor is
4. 100. 93/100, e.g. After 5% of a bill has been deducted
from it, K57
remains to be paid. How much was the bill?
3. Decimals into Percentages: Multiply by100, Percentages Answer:- 100/95 x K57 = K60
into Fractions  100.
e.g. (a) Convert 0.64 into a percentage. EXERCISES

17
 RATIOS
Section A.
1. In a class of 40 pupils there are 16 girls. What is the A ration is a comparison of similar quantities.
percentage?
of boys in the class? A. 40% B. 16% C. 60% D. - A ration is a comparison of two similar quantities. If the ratio of
40% A to B, thenwhere B is not zero, is A÷B, or A/B, and is often
2. 15% OF K70 000 is A. K7 000 B. K10 000 C. K10 500 D. written A: B.
K4 500 - If 4 and 6 are natural numbers, the ratio of the first number to
3. If 35% of pupils in a school are girls, and there are 611 the second number is 2:3. This is represented by the number 4/6
boys, the or ⅔, which is called a rational number or simply a fraction. In
number of girls is A. 400 B. 940 C. 500 D. general, ratios behave in the same way as fractions,
340 e.g. (a) 30 = ⁵/₆. Or 30:36 = 5:6
4. Express 60 m as a percentage of 3 km. 36
A. 60% B. 2% C. 33% D.20% N.B. Both numbers in he ratio may be multiplied or divided by the
5. Mary obtains 50 marks out of 60 in a Maths test. What same number.
percentage is
this? A. 50% B. 60% C. 20% D. Examples:
83⅓% Express these ratios in their simplest forms.
6. If 60% of x = 12, x is A. 500 B. 20 C. 0.2 D. (a) 80 to 32 = 80 = 5 = 5:2 (b) ½ : ⅔ = 3 : 4
7.2 32 2
7. K720 was divided between P and Q, so that Q got 45%. ½:⅔=3:4
How much did P get? A. K324 B. K396 C.K45 D. (c) 1¼:1 ⅔ = 5/4: 5/3 = 3:4 (d) 60m:2km = 60m:2000m =
KK3 240 3:100
8. If 6 out of 30 bananas are bad, what percentage is good? 60m:2km = 60m:2000m = 3:100
A. 20% B. 24% C. 44% D. 80%
9. 37½% of 128 m is A. 96 m B. 48 m C. 64m D. 24 1. Increase and Decrease in a Given Ratio
m If a quantity is increased in the ratio 5:3 it means that the
10.If 36% of Mr. Phiri’s monthly salary is K162 000, his salary new quantity is 5/3 of f the original one. NB -ote Tthat the ratio
is for an increase has the larger number in the numerator.
A. K450 000 B. K900 000 C. K478 000 D. Similarly, if it is decreased in the ratio 3:4, it means that the
K239 000 new quantity is ¾ of the original one. Again note that the ratio
for a decrease has the smaller number in the numerator.
Section B
1. Express the following as fractions in their lowest terms: I) (a) 20% Examples:
(b) 33⅓% (c) 150% ii) Express as (a) ¼ (b) ⅔ percentages (a) If costs were increased in the ratio 10:9, what would a
2. (a) A factory had 1 200 workers. One day 80 were absent. What cost of K180 become? Answer: New cost =K180
percentage were on duty? (b) What percentage is 3m of 1km? x10/9 =K200
3. Find (a) 10% of 80m (b) 25% of K200 000 (c) 20% of 6km New cost = K180 x 10/9 = K200
4. (a) Increase 200 by 16% (b) Decrease 500 by 40%
5. What percent of each figure below is shaded? (b) Increase 27metres in the ratio 4:3
Answer: Increased value = 4/3 x 27metres =
36metres.

(c) Decrease 20kg in the ratio 4:5

A. Daka Answer: Decreased value = 4/5 x 20kg = 16kg

18
 a) K50, 000 in the ratio (7:8) b) 3km (in the ratio 4:3:8)
2. Proportional parts c) 2h (2:3:5)
This is the division of a whole quantity into parts c) 2h in the ratio 2:3:5 d)
according to the given ratios. 3.a) Increase 20 in the ratio 8:5 b) Decrease 60m in the ratio 6:9
b) Decrease 60m in the ratio 6:9
Examples: c) Increase
(a) Divide K35, 000 between two people in the ratio 3:4 d) Decrease
Since 3 + 4 = 7 e)
 The first person receives 3/7 x K35, 000 = K15, 000
And the second person receives 4/7 x K35, 000 = K20, 4.The population of a town is35 000 of whom 21 000 are female.
000 What
is the ratio of males to females?
(b) Divide 144metres into three shares in the ratios
4:7:5 5.Two rectangles have lengths 8m and 4m, and breadths 6m and 3m
Since 4+5+7 = 16 respectively. Find the ratios of a) Their perimeters b) their
areas
 The first share = 4/16 x 144metres = 36metres. a) Their perimeters b) their areas
The second share = 5/16 x 1144metres = 63metres. 6.Divide K30 000 between 2 people: A and B in the ratio of ½:⅓
And the third share = 7/116 x 144metres = 45metres. 7.Divide K26 000 between 3 people: X, Y and Z in the ratio ½:⅓:¼:
¼
8. Find the value of x in the following (a) 2:5 = 4:x (b) x: 8 = 15:20
EXERCISES 5. 12
6. 12
Section A. 12
1. The ratio 3 mm: 3 m is A. 1:1 B. 1:3 C. 1:100 D. A. Daka
1:1000
2. Mr. Tuta shared K80 among his 3 children, Popo, Tute and
Nyemu in the ratio 1:6:9 respectively. Find Nyemu’s share. EQUATIONS
A. K15 B. K30 C. K45 D. K50 An equation is an open sentence, which is joined by the ‘equal’ (=)
3. sign.
4. An equation is an open sentence which is joined by the ‘equal’ ( =)
5. Write 9 g: 1.2 kg in the lowest term. sign.
A. 4:3 B. 3:40 C. 2:15 D. 3:4
6. Solving Equations by
7. 1. (a) Additive Inverse method: - Move variables to the LHS and
8. constants
9. to the RHS, by either
10. (a) adding the same quantity from each side,
e.g. x – 5 = 8
Section B x–5+5=8+5
1.Express each of the following ratios in its simplest form:  x = 13
a) 350:400 b) 2kg:800g c) 2½:3¾ d) 1h:45min or (b) subtracting the same quantity from each side,
e) 80cm:1m e.g. x+5=8
2.Divide the following according to the given ratios in brackets: x+5–5=8–5
 x=3

19
 Example: - Solve 9 – 2x = 11 – 3x Forming Equations
 9 – 2x + 3x = 11 – 3x + 3x (add 3x to each side)
 9 + x = 11 EXERCISES
 9 + x – 9 = 11 – 9 (subtract 9 from each side)
 x=2 Section A
1. Solve m + 3 = 7 A. 10 B. - 3 C. 4 D. 10m

2. Multiplicative Inverse: - Multiply both sides by the A. 10 B. - 3 C. 4 D. 10m

multiplicative 2. Simplify 4x + 2 = 52 – 6x
inverse of the coefficient of the variable (or divide each term A. 10 B. - 5 C. 5 D. - 10
by 3. The solution of: 2y + 5 = 18 is
the same number), e.g. Scale’s Method A. 23 B. 13 C. 6½ D. 11
(a) Solve: 3x = 15 (b) Solve: 2x – 5 = 17 4. Solve for x if 3(x – 1) = 2(x + 2)
 ⅓ x 3x = ⅓ x 15  2x – 5 + 5 = 117 + 5 A. 7 B. –1 C. 5 D. 1 E. 3
 x=5  2x = 22
 ½ x 2x = ½ x 22 5. 5.The solution of 4x + 9 = 2 – 3x is
 x = 11 A. 7 B. - 1 C. 1 D. - 7
3. If the equation contains brackets, these should be removed, 6. Solve: x + ½ = 0 A. 2 B. -½ C. ½ D. - 2
e.g. Solve: 6(x + 4) – (2 – x) = 15 7. Solve the equation 4x + 2 = 38
 6x + 24 – 2 + x = 15 A. 8 B. 9 C. 10 D. 11A. 2
 7x + 22 = 15 B. -½ C. ½ D. - 2
 7x + 22 – 22 = 15 - 22 8. The solution of the equation x/x = 7 is
 7x = - 7 9. A. 3½ B. - 14 C. - 14 D.
 x = - 1 (Some equatons have 3½Solve the equation 4x + 2 = 38
negative answers) A. 8 B. 9 C. 10 D. 11
10. 8. Solve: 2x = 3(5 – x) A. 4 B. 3 C. 2 D. 1The
4. If equations contain fractions, either solution of the equation x/x = 7 is
(a) cross-multiply, e.g. 2x/5 = 4 A. 3½ B. - 14 C. - 14 D. 3½
 2x = 5 x 4 Solve: 2x = 3(5 – x)
 2x = 20 9.A. 4 B. 3 C. 2 D. 1 The solution of 2(x – 1) = 4
 ½ x 2x = ½ x 20 – x is
 x = 10. A. 0 B. 2 C. 3 D. 7
Or 23. If 3x – 15 = 27, then x is
(b) Or multiply every term (on both sides) by the LCM of the 24. A. 4 B. 6 C. 12
denominators of the fractions, D.18 The solution of 2(x – 1) = 4 – x is
e.g. 1/3x - ½ = x/4 A. 0 B. 2 C. 3 D. 7
 (1/3x) x 12 - ½ x 12 = x/4 x 12
 4x – 6 = 3x
 4x – 6 + 6 = 3x + 6 Section B
 4x = 3x + 6 1.Solve the following equations:
 4x – 3x = 3x – 3x + 6 a) x + 2 = 5 b) x – 4 = 10 c) 2x = 3x – 7 d) 3 + 5x = 27 – 3x
 x =6 e) 9x + 2 = 4x + 22
2. Solve the following equations by cross-multiplication or otherwise:
3. Forming Equations: - Multiplicative Inverse
20
 a) x/4 = 3/1 b) x/6 = ⅓ c) x/4 = 3/2 d) x + 2 = 3 e) and 16m wide. Find its perimeter. 0.40m. If the
e) length is 12cm,
2 Answer :Answer: P = 2(l + b) P b)
3. = 2(25 + 16)
Write each of the following equations and solve it: = 50 + 32
a) The sum of 13 and x is 56 = 82m
b) Think of a number, double it, and add 5. The result is 11.
c) 5 multiplied by y gives 12 2. 2. The perimeter of a rectangle is0.40m. If the length is
d) Think of a number, multiply it by 3, and add 6. The answer is 30. 12cm, find its breadth.
e) Subtract 7 from b is 15 4. calculate its breadth.
A. Daka  P = 50 + 32 Answer:P: - P = 2(l
+ b) 2(l + b) = P
 P = 82m  2(12 +
b) = 0.40 x 10
PERIMETER  24 +
2b = 40cm
Perimeter is the distance round a given figure. 
2b = 40 - 24
Perimeter is the distance round a given figure. What is the 
perimeter of the shapes? 2b = 16

Answer: The perimeter is found b = 16  2
by adding the lengths of the sides. 
P = 3cm + 4cm +5cm 3cm 5cm b = 8cm
= 12cm
4cm b) Square
P=l+l+l+l
Some shapes however, have formulas for calculating their =4 xl
perimeters, ege.g. l  P = 4l
a) Rectangle
l
P=l+l+b+b l
b b = 2l Examples: 1. Find the perimeter of a square whose Sides
+ 2b We generally write 2linstead of 2xl, of 2xl, are 3cm long. 2..The perimeter of a square is
l  P = 2(l + b) and 2b instead and of 24cm.
2xb. a square whose Sides are 3cm long. Calculate the length
of its side
We generally write 2l instead Answer : - P = 4l
= 2(l + b) instead of 2xl, and = 4 x 3cm
2b instead of 2xb. = 12cm
l
Examples: 1. A room is 25m long and 16m wide. Find its 2...The perimeter of a square is 24cm. Calculate
perimeter. the length of its side.
2. The perimeter of a rectangle is Answer :-Answer: - P = 4l
 4l = P

21
 = 12cm  4l = .  l=
24cm  4 6cm
 l = 6cm.
NUMBER BASES
In the denary (decimal) system we count in ones, tens, hundreds,
EXERCISES etc.
Notation: H T 0
5 6 7
Section A This means ‘5 hundreds + 6 tens + 7ones.’
1.The sides of a triangle are 5.2cm, 7.6cm and 8.7cm long. = (5 x10²) + (6 x10) + 7
The perimeter in cm is A.20.1 B.20.3 C.20.5 D.21.5
A.20.1 B.20.3 C.20.5 D.21.5 Binary System
2. A rectangle has length 8cm and breadth 6cm. Calculate its The binary system (base 2) has only two figures, 0 and 1. We count
perimeter. A. 42cm B. 32cm C. 24cm D. 28cm in ones, two, fours, eights, etc. Numbers expressed in binary form
3. The side of a square is 1¾m long. What is its perimeter? are used in computers. Computers can:
A. 3½m B. 7m C. 16m D. 8m
4. The perimeter of a rectangle of length 8.5 cm and breadth 4.5 (a) quickly convey instructions
cm (b) store information
is A. 13 cm B. 43 cm C. 26 cm D. 32 cm (c) carry out calculations very rapidly
5. A rectangle has length (3x + 5) cm and breadth (7x – 4) cm.
Given that x = 3, find the perimeter of the rectangle. Notation: S E F T O
A.24 cm B. 32 cm C. 28 cm D. 62 cm 1 0 1 0 1 = 21 in base ten.
6. This means ‘1 sixteen + 0 eight + 1 four + 0 two + 1 one
= (1 x 2) + (0 x 2³) + (1 x 2²) + (1 x 2) + 1
7.
8. 1. Converting from denary to any other base
9. (i) Express 5 213 in base 8
10.
Answer: 8 5 213 = 12135 base 8
Section B 8 651 r 5
1.Find the perimeters of the following figures 10m 4m 8 81 r 3
4cm 4m 5m 8 10 r 1
(a) 3cm (b) 5m (c) 7m 6m 8 1r2
6m 0r1
2. The length off a rectangle is x metres and y metres. Write
down a (ii) Express 21 base 10 in binary
formula for its perimeter P.
3. Answer:2 21 = 10101 base two
4. 2 10 r 1
5. 2 5r0
A. Daka 2 2r1
2 1r0
 l= 0r1
24  4
2. Converting from other bases into denary

22
(i) Express 412 base 5 in base 10

Answer: Five² Five¹ Fiveº or 4 1 2

4 1 2 x5
20 +1
= (4 x 25) + (1 x 5) + (2 x 1) 21
= 100 + 5 + 2 x5
= 107 base 10 105 + 2
107 base ten

(ii) Express 11010 base 2 in denary

Answer: S E F T O or
1 1 0 1 0
= (1 x 16) + (1 x 8) + (0 x 4) + (1 x 2) + (0 x 1)
= 16 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 0
= 26 base ten

CIRCUMFERENCE OF A CIRCLE
A circle is the curved path traced by a point, which, is always the
same distance (radius) from a fixed point called the centre.

Parts of a circle:
The circle has three important
parts to be measured, v.i.z. (a)  (b)
circumference and (c) diameter.

1. Pi (): Is the ratio Circumference  Diameter  C/d = . The ratio

called  (a Greek letter) – pi, pronounced ‘pie’) is the same for all
circles.

The number  is an approximation. It can be expressed as a

common fraction22/7 or as a decimal 3.14 to three significant figures.

2. Circumference of a Circle. The perimeter of a circle is called

Circumference.

23
Formula: A. B. C. D.
C = d, (if diameter is given) or C = 2r (if radius is given). Section B
1.The diagram (Fig #) shows a running track. The curved ends are
Examples: semi-
a) Calculate the circumference of a wheel, which has a radius of circle. Calculate the perimeter of the track (π = 22)
28cm. 7
Answer: C = 2r 100m
C= 2 x 22/7 x 28 C = 176cm.
b) Find the circumference of a circle whose diameter = 21cm.
Answer: C = d 70m 28cm
C = 22/7 x 21 C = 66cm.
c) Calculate the diameter of a circle whose circumference is 11m. Fig # Fig # 28cm
Answer: C = d or d = C 2. Calculate the circumference of a circle with radius 3.5cm.
22/7 x d = 11 3. Fig # shows the shape of a window consisting a square of side
d = 11 x 7/22 d = 3½m. 28cm
and a semi-circle. Calculate the perimeter of the window.
3. Perimeter of combined shapes 4. The diameter of a car’s wheel is 42cm. (a) Calculate its
circumference.
a) Semi-circle: b) Quarter circle: (b) How far in metres, does the car travel if the wheel turns 50
P = ½d + d P = 2r + 2r times?
5. Calculate the perimeter of the following figures.
EXERCISES (a)
(Take  = 22/7 in this exercise) 3½cm
3m
Section A
1. The circumference of a circle of diameter 21 cm is
4.2m
A. 33cm B. 66cm C. 132cm D. 462cm
2. The diameter of a circle of circumference 176cm is
A. Daka
A. 112cm B. 28cm C. 56cm D. 84cm
3. The perimeter of the shape in Fig 1 is
A. 100m B. 64m C. 86m D. 72m
Fig 1 28cm
4.
A. B. C. D.
5.
A. B. C. D.
6.
A. B. C. D.
7.
A. B. C. D.
3.5m
8. Calculate the perimeter of the shape in Fig 2.
A. 7cm B. 16.5cm C. 23.5cm D. 20cm Fig 2.
9.
A. B. C. D.
10.
24
 1 m² = 10 000 cm² used, i.e. 1 ha = 100 Ares = 1
hm²
1 cm² = 100 mm² 1 are = 1 dm²
1 mm² = 1 mm² In Zambia, farmland is also
measured
in Lima: 1 Lima = ¼ ha = 2,500m²

1. Area of a Rectangle

b Area = Length x Breadth

Square b A = lxb (Note: lxb means lb)
P=l+l+l+l l  A = lb
=4 xl l
l = 4l
Examples: -
Examples: - (a) A room is 5 cm long and 3 cm wide. Find its area.
l Answer: - A = lb = 5 X 3 cm² = 15 cm².
Examples: 1. Find the perimeter of 2.The perimeter of a A = 5 X 3 cm²
square is 24cm. A = 15 cm².
a square whose Sides are 3cm long. Calculate the length
of its side If the area of a rectangle is A = lb, this gives two other
Answer : P = 4l = 4 x 3cm Answer : P = 4l  4l = P formulae, i.e.
= 12cm  4l = l = A/b and b = A/l
24cm
 l= (b) If the area of a rectangle is 160 cm² and breadth is 8 cm,
24  4 find its length. Answer: - l = A/b = 160/8 = 20 cm.
.  l= its length.
6cm Answer: - l = A/b
l = 160/8
l = 20 cm.
2. Area of a Square
Area = length x length
l A = lxl Area = length x length
AREA A = l² (l² means side²)A = lxl
Area is the amount of surface occupied. We use the square to l Example: - (a) Calculate the area of a
measure area. Area is measured in mm², cm², m² etc. We use the square of side 5 cm long. Answer: - A = l² = 5² = 5 cm
square to measure area. Area is the amount of surface occupied. It x 5 cm = 25 cm². A = l² (l² means side²)
is measured in mm², cm², m² etc.
Example: -
Units of Area (a) Calculate the area of a square of side 5 cm long.
Answer: - A = l²
1 km² = 1 000 000 m² For measuring the area of fields, A = 5²
e.g. A = 5 cmx 5 cm
1 ha = 10 000 m² farmlands, the Are and Hectare A = 25 cm².
are

25
(b) Calculate the length of the side of a square whose area is 49 cm².
cm². 4. Some shapes are not neat squares or rectangles. But if we divide
Answer: - Side of square = √Area of square them up, they soon become simple to calculate their areas.
A = l² (re-arrange the equation)
l² = A = 49 cm² =√49  l = 7 cm. Examples: - (a) Calculate the area of the shape opposite. (First
l² = 49 cm² divide it
√l² =√49 into a rectangle and triangle).
l = 7 cm. (a) Find the area of the field shown in the diagram. (First divide the
area into 2 rectangles, A and B).
3. Area of a Triangle: Area = ½base x height = ½bh or A = bh
2 200 m 200 m

Area = ½base x height A

height A = ½bh (note: ½bh means ½ x b x 150 m 150 m
h) or A = bh
2 60 m 60 m B
base
50 m 50 m
Examples: -
Examples: - (a) Calculate the area of the triangle opposite with base Area A = 200 m x 90 m = 18 0 00 m²
4 Area B = 50 m x 60 m = 3 000 m²
cm and height 3 cm. Total area = 21 000 m²
Answer: - A = ½bh 3cm
A = ½ x 4 x 3 cm² A = 6 cm². (b) Calculate the area of the shape opposite.
4cm (First divide it into a rectangle and triangle).
and height 3 cm.
Answer: - A = ½bh
A = ½ x 4 x 3 cm² 3cm 11 m 11 m
A = 6 cm².
4cm 6m 6m
11
(b) The area of a triangle is 64.8 cm². If the base is 24 cm, calculate m
its 7m 7m
height. Answer: - h = 2A = 2 x 64.8 = 5.4 cm 4m 7m
B 24Answer: - h= 6m
2A = 2 x 64.8 = 5.4 cm A = lb + ½bh =7x6+
B 24 ½x6x4 = 42 + 12 Answer: = 54 m²
A=7x6+½x6x4
(c) Calculate the area of the triangle opposite. 7m A = 42 + 12
Answer: A = 54 m²
Answer: - A = ½bh 4 cm
A = ½ x 5 x 4 cm² 5. Area of Parallelogram: - Is a quadrilateral whose opposite sides
A = 10 cm² are parallel. Its height can be measured anywhere from the base
to
5 cm the opposite side.

26
 Area = base x height  A = bh
h Examples: - (a) Calculate the area of the Section B
parallelogram with base 7cm and height 1. Calculate the area of the rectangle with l = 12cmand b = 8cm. 6m
5cm. 8m
b Answer: - A = bh = 7 x 5 cm² = 35 cm². 2. Calculate the area of the trapezium and parallelogram above.
Examples: - 3. Find the area of a square of side 3.5cm.
(a) 4. Calculate the area of the triangle with base = 24m and height = 16m.
5. Calculate the height , if the area of a triangle is 18m² and base is 12m.
(b)The area of a rhombus is 48m². If the base is 6m, calculate the A.
height. Daka
Answer: - h=A  h = 48  h=8m AREA OF A CIRCLE: -
b 6 Area of a circle: - A = πr²

6. Area of a Trapezium: - A = ½(a + b)h Examples: -

Examples: - Calculate the areas of the trapezium given below. (a) Find the area of a circle with a radius of 7 cm. (Take π = 22/7)
(a) 5 cm Answer: - A = ½(a + b)h
A = ½(5 + 8) x 4 Answer: - A = πr²
4 cm A = ½ x 13 x 4 cm² A = 22/7 x 7 x 7 cm² = 154 cm².
A = 26 cm²
8 cm (b) Calculate the area of a circle with diameter 7cm. (π = 22/7)

EXERCISES Answer: - A = πr²

Section A A = 22/7 x 7/2 x 7/2
1. A rectangle of length 5½cm and breadth 4¾cm has an area of A = 77/2 = 38.5 cm².
A. 20½cm² B. 26⅛cm² C. 18⅜cm² D. 23¾cm²
2. The area of a rectangle is 40cm². If length is 8cm, then breadth is (c) The area of a circular pond is 314 m². Find its radius. ( π =
A. 10cm B. 6cm C. 5cm D. 4cm 3.14)
3. A rectangular room is (3x – 2)m long and (x – 2)m wide. If the
perimeter is 40 m, then the area is A. 240m²B. 20m²C. 64m²D. 224m² Answer: - A = πr²
4. A square has side 35cm. Its area is r² = A  r² = 314  r² = 100
A. 140cm² B. 1225cm² C. 70cm² D. 925cm² π 3.14  r = 10
5. The area of a rectangle is 340cm² and length is 20cm. Find the cm.
breadth.
A. 300cm B. 17cm C. 320cm D. 170cm Shapes combining circular parts: -
6. The perimeter of a square is 32cm. Its area is
A. 36cm² B. 60cm² C. 60cm² D.56cm² 1. Semi-circle is half a circle. Area of a semi-circle A = ½πr²
7. The area of the triangle is 3cm e.g. Find the area of the semi-circle with diameter 14 cm.
A. 15cm² B. 7.5cm² C. 30cm² D.8cm² (π = 22/7)
8. The area of a rectangle 14m long and 6m wide is 5cm Answer: A = πr²
A. 40m² B. 20m² C. 84m² D. 42m² A = 22 x 7² = 154 cm² 14cm
9. The area of a rectangle is 60 cm², and one side is 15 cm. The 7
perimeter of this rectangle is A. 15 cm B.19 cm C. 38 cm D. 60 2. Quadrant is a quarter of a circle.  A = ¼πr²
cm e.g. Calculate the area of the quadrant with
10. The area of a rectangle is 48cm² and length 8cm. Its perimeter is radius 3.5m. (π = 22/7)
A. 28cm B. 32cm C. 42cm D. 24cm 8cm

27
 Answer: A = πr² 1.
3.5m 2.
A = 22 x 3.5² = 38.5m² 3.
7 4.
3. Calculate the area of the shaded segment for a quadrant of 5. Calculate the areas of the following figures.
radius (a) (b) (c)
14 cm.
Answer: Area of quadrant – Area of triangle 70m 20m
πr ² - ½bh 8cm
= 22 x 14² - ½ x 14 x 14
7 100m 14m 14cm
14cm
= 154 – 98
 A = 56 cm²

EXERCISES A.
Daka
Section A(Take = 22/7 in these exercises)

Section A BANKING
1. The area of a circle of radius 21 cm is - Banking is the investing / saving of money in a commercial
A.132 cm² B. 924 cm² C. 462 cm² D. 1 386 bank for future use.
cm² Banking is the investing / saving of money in a commercial bank for
2. The radius of a circle of area 616 cm² is future use. Money can be kept in a bank by opening either a (a) a
A. 14 cm B. 28 cm C. 176 cm D. 196 cm Current Account or (b) a Savings Account.
3. The area of a circle with diameter 14 cm is
A. 44cm² B. 154 cm² C. 38.5 cm² D. 22 cm² (a) Current Account
4. The area of the shape in Fig 1 is
A. 240m² B. 462m² C. 350m² D. 494m² 14m (b) Savings Account
Fig 1.
5. INTEREST
A. B. C. D. - Any money lent or borrowed is called the Principal, and the
6. charge made for its use is called the INTEREST. Interest is
A. B. C. D. usually paid at fixed intervals – yearly, half-yearly, or quarterly
7. and depends on how much money has been borrowed and the
A. B. C. D. length of time for which it is borrowed.
8.
A. B. C. D. SIMPLE INTEREST
9. - When money is invested in a bank at Simple Interest, the investor
A. B. C. D. receives the interest at regular intervals, the principal remaining
10. unchanged. The calculation of simple interest, I, is given by the
A. B. C. D. formula
I =Simple Interest
Section B I = PRT where P = Principal
100 R = Rate

28
 T = Time If the simple interest for any given time is added to the principal, the
sum is called the amount.
Example: Find the simple interest on K50 000 for 3 years at 4% per
annum. Amount = Principal + Interest.

Example:
Answer: I = PRT = K50 000 x3x4 = K6 000.
100 100100

Inverse Problems on Simple Interest

The same formula
I = PRT ÷ 100 can be expressed in various ways
to solve inverse problems. For example, iIf we require to find Time COMPOUND INTEREST
(T), Rate (R), or Principal (P) we use a letter for the unknown At Compound Interest the interest is added to the Principal at the
quantity. end of each interval, so that the Principal steadily increases, and
the interest paid also increases with it.
Examples:
(a) What sum will yield K81 000 interest in 2½ years at 4½ p..a? Example:
Answer:
P = 100 x I = 100 x 81 000 = 100 x 81 000 x 2 x 2
RxT 4½ x 2½ 9x5 Answer:
 Principal is K720 000.

(b) A man borrowed K400 000 on condition that he pays back K440 000
at the end of 8 months. At what rate  p.a. is interest charged?
Answer: EXERCISES
Answer: P = K400 000, I = K440 000 – K400 000 = K40 000,
T = 8 months = 8 = ⅔ Section A.
12 1.The interest on a loan of K360 000 for 6 months at 5% p.a. is
R = 100 x I = 100 x 40 000 = 10 x 3 A. K180 000 B. K90 000 C. K27 000 D. K9 000
PxT 400 000 x ⅔ 2
 Interest is charged at 15% p.a. 2.A sum of K75 000 is deposited in a savings account and gains
K4 500 in one year. The rate of interest p.a. is
(c) A man deposits K540 000 in a bank. He makes no withdrawal and A. 360% B. 16⅔% C. 6% D. 1⅓
interest is added at the rate of 2½ p.a. After what time will he be credited
with K549 000? 3.The simple interest on K200 000 for 6 months at 2% p.a. is
Answer: A. K1 000 B. K2 000 C. K4 000 D. K8 000
Answer: Interest = K549 000 – K540 000 = K9 000
T = 100 x I = 100 x 9 000 = 10 x 2 = ⅔ 4. Calculate the interest earned on the principal of K400 for 3yrs
P x R 540 000 x 2½ 6 5 at
4%
 Time is ⅔ year = 8 months. A. K48 B. K32 C. K16 D. K24
5.Simple interest on K126 000 at 3⅓ p.a. for 8 months is
AMOUNT= Principal + Interest. A. K2 800 B. K2 940 C. K3 150 D. K3
307.50

29
 6. Calculate the principal if the interest is K15 at the rate of 4%
for 5
yrs.
A. K25 B. K50 C. K75 D. K100
7.The simple interest on K100 000 for 6 months at 3% p.a. is
A. K6 000 B. K3 000 C. K1 800 D. K1 500

8. Calculate the amount accrued if K200 is invested at 4% for

5yrs
A. K225 B. K265 C. K285 D. K240
9.K1 250 is put into a deposit bank account and amounts to
K1325
in 1 year. The rate of interest p.a. is STATISTICS
A. 4% B. 6% C. 8% D. 10% Statistics is information (data) in numerical form in rank
10.The interest on K6 000 for six months at 6% p.a. is order (i.e. in order of size). The statistical data collected may be
A. K21 600 B. K18 000 C. K2 160 D. K1 800 presented in form of tables or graphical form, e.g. pictogram, bar
chart and pie chart, e.g.
Section B
1. Statistics is information (data) in numerical form. The
2. numerical information is presented in form of tables or graphs.
3.
4. Bar chart
5.

A. Daka
Section B.
11.Calculate the Interest
12.Find what sum of money will amount to
13.Calculate the Rate Statistical Averages
14.How long will There are three (3) most used measures of central tendency –
15.Study the following table (a) mean, (b) mode and (c) median.

Principal Rate Time (yrs) Interest Amount 1. Mean: - Is the sum of all the measures, divided by the number of
measures.
Examples:
K Find the mean of 1, 3, 5, 6 and 10 Ans: 1 + 3 + 5 + 6 + 10 =25 =5
5 5
2. Mode: - Is the most frequent measure.
Examples:
Find the mode of 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 1, 3, 0
Answer: 2 occur most frequently. So 2 is the mode.

3.Median: - Is the middle measure in a collection of ordered

30
 measures. Section A
Examples: 1. The median of the distribution 0, 1, 1, 4, 5, 5, 5 is
(a)Find the median of 4, 3, 5, 2, 11. A. 1 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5
Answer: First arrange numbers in ascending order: 2, 3, 4, 5, 11. 2. The mean of two numbers is 3.2, and the mean of another three
The number in the middle is 4.  So 4 is the median. numbers is 2.2. Then the mean of the five numbers is
A. 2.7 B. 1 C. 5.4 D. 2.6
(b) Find the median of 4, 3, 5, 2, 6, 11. 3. The mode of the distribution 0, 3, 2, 1, 0, 4, 3, 6, 2, 0, is
Ans: First arrange numbers in ascending order, i.e. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 11. A. 0 B. 2 C. 2.1 D. 3
Since there is no single number in the middle, add the two numbers 4. The table gives the heights of 20 pupils. The mean height of the
in the middle and divide by 2, i.e.. = 4 + 5 = =9 . 9. Therefore, pupils is
2 2
 the median is 4½ or 4.5.
A. 69 B. 70 C. 71 D. 72
Collecting and Recording Data
5. In 9 Tests a pupil scored 6, 8, 7, 3, 8, 1, 10, 2, 9. Which of the
Frequency Tables: – Data may also be given in a frequency
following statements are true?
table,e.g.
(i) The median is 8 (ii) The mean is 6 (iii) The mode is 8
A. (i) and (ii) B. (i) and (iii) C. (ii) and (iii) D. (i), (ii) and
(iii)
6.
The frequency is the number of times each piece of data occurs.
Frequency Tables – 7. The median of the distribution 1, 1, 1, 5, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8 is
(a) Ungrouped data A. 6 B. 5 C. 7 D. 6½
8. The average age of 4 pupils in a Grade 9 class is 16yrs 3 months.
(b) Grouped data The average age of 6 other pupils is 16yrs 8months. So the
average
Presentation of Data age of the 10 pupils is A. 16yrs 5months B. 16yrs 6½months
(a) Pictogram C. 16yrs 5½months D. 16yrs 6months
A pictogram or pictograph shows information in small 9.
pictures or diagrams.
(b) Bar chart 10.The average height of 5 people is 158cm. When 1 person left the
A bar chart is a graph showing information in form of bars. group, the height of the remaining 4 was 159cm. The height of
Bars are of the same heights and the same distance apart. the person who left was
A. 160cm B. 157cm C. 154cm D. 153cm
(c) Compound Bar Chart
Are bars giving information comparing two or more things in Section B
the same diagram with different shadings. 1. Find the mean, median and mode of each of the following scores:
(a)2, 2, 1, 2, 3 (b)2, 1, 5, 4, 5, 1 (c)4, 2, 8, 0, 5, 8, 1 (d)2, 4, 3, 4, 5,
(d) Line graph 1
A line graph is used to show information that reveals a 2. The average age of 6 people is 37, and one of them is 42 yrs.
pattern or trend e.g. temperature, production of goods, Find
the average age of the other five people.
(e) Pie chart 3. Find x if the mean of 1, 3, 6, 8, x, is 6.
A pie chart is a circular graph used to compare shares. 4. Find x if the mode of 11, 2, 2, 3, x, 5, 5, 1, 4, is 2
5.
EXERCISES A student gained the following Test marks 81, 52, 66, 39, 72.
31
What was his mean mark?

NUMBER BASES
In the denary (decimal) system we count in ones, tens, hundreds, etc.
Notation: H T 0
5 6 7
This means ‘5 hundreds + 6 tens + 7ones.’ = (5 x10²) + (6 x10) + 7
= (5 x10²) + (6 x10) + 7
Binary System: - (base 2) has only two digits, 0 and 1. We count in
A. Daka ones, two, fours, eights, etc. Numbers expressed in binary form are used
in computers.
The binary system (base 2) has only two figures, 0 and 1. We count in
ones, two, fours, eights, etc. Numbers expressed in binary form are used
in computers. Computers can: quickly convey instructions
(d) store information
(e) carry out calculations very rapidly

Notation: S E F T O
1 0 1 0 1 = 21 in base ten.
This means ‘1 sixteen + 0 eight + 1 four + 0 two + 1 one
= (1 x 2) + (0 x 2³) + (1 x 2²) + (1 x 2) + 1

1. Converting from denary to any other base

(i) Express 5 213 in base 8
8 5 213 Answer: = 12135 base 8
8 651 r 5
8 81 r 3
8 10 r 1
8 1r2
r1
(ii) Express 21 base 10 in binary
2 21 Answer: = 10101 base two
2 10 r 1
2 5r0
2 2r1
2 1r0
r1
2. Converting from other bases into denary

32
 (i) Express 412 base 5 in base 10 3.How old are you in binary system?
Answer: Five² Five¹ Fiveº or 4 1 2 4.Convert the following numbers into the bases indicated in brackets.
4 1 2 x5 a) 413ten (7) b) 10101two (10) c) 121three (2) d) 132ten (5)
20 +1 5.
= (4 x 25) + (1 x 5) + (2 x 1) 21
= 100 + 5 + 2 x5
= 107 base 10 105 + 2
107 base ten A. Daka.

(ii) Express 11010 base 2 in denary

Answer: S E F T O or
1 1 0 1 0 = (1 x 16)+(1 x 8)+(0 x 4)+(1 x 2)+(0 x 1)
= (1 x 16) + (1 x 8) + (0 x 4) + (1 x 2) + (0 x 1)
= 16 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 0
= 26 base ten

EXERCISES

Section A
1. Which of the following is not a number in binary system?
A. 10101 B. 10201 C. 11011 D. 10001
2. In which base is the following calculation done? 4 x 3 = 14.
A. five B. three C. ten D. four E. eight

3. Evaluate 11 + 1 + 111
A. 1111 B. 11011 C. 11111 D.1011
4. Three of the following are equal. Which is the ‘odd one out’?
A. 43five B. 1111two C. 113four D. 212three
5. Simplify 10101 - 1011
A. 1110 B. 1010 C. 1011 D. 1001
6. Which of the following is the greater than 20ten?
A. 32five B. 10010two C. 25seven D. 212three
7. Evaluate 1101 x 11
A. 10111 B. 100111 C. 110111 D. 101111
8. In which base is 21 – 12 = 7 done?
A. 6 B. 7 C. 8 D. 9
9.When evaluated 110111 ÷ 101
A. 1101 B. 1011 C. 101 D. 111
10. The next term in the sequence: 1, 11, 101, 111, … is
A. 1001 B. 1010 C. 1011 D. 1111
SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS
Section B
1.Write the next three counting numbers in binary: 1, 10, 11, -, -, - A pair of linear equations is called a system of equations. A solution
2. Evaluate of such a system is an ordered pair (x, y) that makes both equations
a) 735eight x 43eight b) 342five + 213five c) 110101 – 11010 true.

33
 The system of Solving Simultaneous Equations may be solved by
(a) Elimination (b) Substitution and (c) Graphing 3x + 4y = 3  3x + 4(-3) = 3
 3x – 12 = 3
Elimination Method: - This is the process of getting rid of one of the  3x = 3 + 12
unknown variable. It does not matter which unknown is eliminated first.  3x = 15  x = 5 Solution is x = 5, y = -3
Always do which is easier. Eliminate by either addition or subtraction.
2. Substitution Method: - Substitution means ‘putting in place of’. This
1. Elimination Method: - General Instructions method of substitution is a convenient when one of systems of the
(i) First) First number the equations. equations has a coefficient1 in one of the terms (x or y).
(ii) Then, decide which unknown is easier to eliminate first.
(iii) When one unknown has been found, obtain the other by Examples: -
substitution. (a) Solve the system of equations: y = x + 1 and x + y = 3
y = x + 1 ……… (i)
Examples: - (a) Solve the pair of equations x – y = 3 ……………(i) x + y = 3 ……… (ii)
x + y = 11 …………(ii) Put x + 1 in place of y in equation (ii)
Signs in y are different, add the equations: x – y = 3 x + (x + 1) = 3  x+x+1=3
x + y = 11  2x + 1 = 3
2x = 14 x =7  2x = 3 – 1
Substitute x = 7 in equation (ii).  2x = 2  x=1
Substitute x = 1 in equation (i)
x + y = 11  7 + y = 11 y=x+1
 y = 11 – 7  y=1+1 y = 2
 y=4 Therefore, solution is x = 7, y = 4.  Solution is x = 1, y = 2

(b) Solve: 3x + 2y = 9 …………(i) (b) Solve by substitution 3x – 2y = 8 and 4x + y = 7

5y – 3x = 12 ……… (ii) 3x – 2y = 8 ……… (i)
Re-arrange (i) 2y + 3x = 9 …………(iii) 4x + y = 7 …………(ii) The second equation can be written y = 7 – 4x

Add equation (ii) and (iii) 5y – 3x = 12 Then, substitute y by (7 – 4x) in equation (I)
2y + 3x = 9 3x – 2(7 – 4x) = 8
7y = 21 y=3  3x – 14 + 8x = 8
 11x = 8 + 14
Substitute y = 3 in equation (i)  11x = 22  x=2
3x + 2y = 9 Substitute x = 2 in equation(i)
 3x + 2(3) = 9 3x – 2y = 8
 3x + 6 = 9  3(2) – 2y = 8
 3x = 9 – 6  3x = 3  x = 1  Solution is x = 1, y = 3.  6 – 2y = 8
 -2y = 8 – 6
(c) Solve the system of equations: 3x + 4y = 3 ………… (i) x 2  -2y = 2  y = -1  Solution is x = 2, y = -1.
2x – 5y = 25 …………(ii) x –3 3. Graphical Method: - If we graph a system of two linear equations,
the point at which the lines intersect will be the solution of both
6x + 8y = 6 ……… (iii) equations.
Add equation (iii) and (iv) -6x + 15y = -75 …… (iv)
23y = - 69 y=-3 Examples: - Solve graphically
Substitute y = -3 n equation (i)
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 x 2 4
(a) x + y = 5 …… (i) Table of values y 1 3
For every value of x there is a corresponding value of y.

x – y = 1 ……(ii) “ “ “ “”
Draw the graph of each equation on the same set of axes.
y

No solution, because equations (lines) are parallel.

EXERCISES
Section A
Solve the following systems of equations by either elimination or
substitution method.
1. a + b = 11 2. 3p + q = 1 3. x – 5y = 1 4. p = 2 + q
a–b=5 p+q=7 x + 4y = 28 q=8-p
Solution: (3, 2) 5. Peter and John have K60 between them. Peter has K24 more than
John. How much has each got?
(b) Solve graphically the system of equations y = 3 and 2x – y = 3
Section B
y = 3 ………… (i) Table of values 1. The sum of two numbers is 19 and their difference is 5. Find the
numbers.
2. The sum of two numbers is 17, and twice the larger exceeds three
2x – y = 3 …… (ii) “ “ “ “ times the smaller by 4. Find the numbers.
Plot the points on the graph and draw the lines. 3. A farmer can buy 3 cows and 5 sheep for K90, or 4 cows and 10
sheep for K140. What is the price of a cow and of a sheep?
4.
5. Figure # shows the lengths of the sides of a triangle in cm. If the
triangle is equilateral, find its perimeter.

x+4 4x - y

y+x
A. Daka
Solution: (3, 3)
SQUARES AND SQUARE ROOTS
(c) Solve the simultaneous equations graphically.
y = x + 4 ……… (i) Table of values SQUARE: - The square of a number (factor) is the x 2 4
y = x – 2 ……… (ii) “ product of a y 3 1
multiplying a number by itself, e.g.

35
 EXERCISES
1.Find the square of
(a) 5 Answer: 25 because 5 x 5 = 5² = 25 Section A
1. The value of √6 + 8 is
(b) 7 Answer: 49 because 7 x 7 = 7² = 49 A. 90 B. 10 C. 48 D. 100
2. The square root of 625 is
(c) 11 Answer: 121 because 11 x 11 = 11² = 121 A. 15 B. 13 C. 25 D. 35
3. Evaluate 3² + 4²
2.Find the value of A. 49 B. 13 C. 25 D. 14
(a) 4² + 3². Answer: 4² + 3² =16 + 9 4. The square root of 196 is
= 25 A. 13 B. 12 C. 16 D. 14
5. If x * y = x² - y², then 3 * 6 equals
(b)10² - 6². Answer: 10² - 6² = 100 – 36 A. - 3 B. 9 C. – 27 D. - 9
= 64 6. The value of 30² is
A. 60 B. 90 C. 300 D. 900
GEOMETRICAL REPRESENTATION OF SQUARES 7. Find the value of √10² - 6²
A. 10 B. 8 C. 6 D. 4
8. The value of 7² + 5² is
A. 74 B. 12 C. 49 D. 24
9. Evaluate a² – b² when a = 5 and b = - 3
A. 8 B. 16 C. 22 D. 34
1 2 3 4 etc 10. The √1 is
1 2 3 4 A. 1 B. 0 C. 2 D. ½
1x1=1² =1 2x2 = 2² = 4 3x3 = 3² = 9 4x4 = 4² = 16
Section B
SQUARE ROOT: -
1. Find the value of the following
The square root (symbol √¯¯ ) of a number (product) is (a) 3² + 4² (b) 10² – 7² (c) 25² - 24² (d) 12² + 9² (e) 8² +
the number (factor) which gives the square when 6²
multiplied by itself, 2. Find the square roots of the following
e.g. (a) 9 (b) 10² – 8² (c) 8² + 6² (d) 625 (e) 13² -12²
1. Find the square root of 3. Evaluate the following
(a) √36 (b) √196 (c) √576 (d) √12²+5² (e) √17² -
(a) 64. Answer: √64 = 8 (b) 400. Answer: √400 = 15²
20 4. Calculate the area of a square of side 8cm long.
2. Find the length of the side of a square of area 81cm². 5. Calculate the length of the side of the square with area 169m².
Answer: √81 = 9cm.
A. Daka
3. Find the value of
(a) √13² - 5². Answer: √13² - 5² = √169 – 25 = √144
= 12
PYTHAGORAS THEOREM
(b) √24² + 7². Answer: √24² + 7² = √576 + 49 = √625 The square on the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle is equal to the
= 25 sum of the squares on the adjacent sides (see Fig. 1 below).

36
 12cm. The length of the hypotenuse is
A. 13cm B. 15cm C. 17cm D. 20cm
C 2. An isosceles triangle has each of its equal sides 5cm long, and the
altitude is 4cm, as shown in Fig 1. The length of the base is
A. 3cm B. 6cm C. 9cm D. 14cm 5
5
Fig. 1
Fig. 1. A B 3. Each side of a rhombus is 10cm, and one diagonal is 16cm.
Using triangle ABC, this rule is sometimes expressed algebraically as The length of the other diagonal is
shown in Fig. 2: C A. 6cm B. 10cm C. 12cm D. 16cm
4. An isosceles triangle with equal sides17cm each and base 16cm long
b a has height of A. 9cm B. 12cm C. 15cm D.
a² = b² + c² or BC² = AC² + AB² 30cm
Fig. 2. A c B 5. The diagonals of a rhombus are 12cm and 16cm long. The length of
the
Conversely, in triangle ABC, if a² = b² + c², then A is a
side is A. 10cm B. 12cm C. 14cm D.
Examples: - 20cm
Use Pythagoras’ theorem to calculate sides marked with letters for B
each triangle below. 6. A wire AB supports a telephone pole CB 24cm
which is 24 m high. The wire is anchored at A,
(a) (b) 7m from C, as shown in Fig 2. The length of AB is Fig 2. C
5m A
x 8cm 3m A. 18cm B. 20cm C. 25cm D. 31cm 7cm

6cm b 7. The length of a diagonal of a rectangle whose length is 4cm and

breadth
x² = 8² + 6² 5² = b² + 3² is 3cm is A. 7cm B. 6cm C. 14cm D. 5cm
 x² = 64 + 36  b² + 3² = 5²
 x² = 100  b² = 5² - 3² 8. The Pythagoras theorem for the triangle in Fig 3 is x y
√x² = √100  b² = 25 - 9 A. x² = y² + z² B. y² = x² + z²
 x = 10cm.  b² = 16 C. z² = x² + y² D. x =y + z Fig.3 z
 b = 16 9. The length of one adjacent side of a right-angled triangle with
 b = 4m. hypotenuse 25cm and other side 24cm is
A. 20cm B. 7cm C. 10cm D. 117cm
(c) A BC² = 4² + 3² 10. Calculate the length of x in the figure.
 BC² = 16+9 A. 19cm
12m x  BC² = 25 3cm B. 13cm
 BC = 5m x C. 17cm
B C  x² = 12² + 5² 4cm D. 15cm
 x² = 144 + 25 E. 16cm
3m 4m  x² = 169 12cm
D  x = 13m. Section B
EXERCISES 1. The length of side x in the triangle is 8 cm 17
Section A cm
1. The adjacent sides of the right –angled triangle have lengths 9cm and 2. Find the third side of a ∆ with hyp 25m and adj side 7m.

37
3. Calculate the area of the triangle in Question 1. x Answer: From the number line: 268 lies between 260 and
4. Do the sides of 6cm, 10cm and 8cm form a right–angled triangle? 270, but is nearer 270. Answer: 270
5. Calculate the side marked y in the triangle. 24m (b) 7653 correct to 3 sig. Figures.
7m A. Answer: 7 653 lies between 7 650 and 7 660, but is nearer
Daka 7 650. Answer: 7 650
(c) 2.4275 correct to 3 sig. Figures. Answer: 2.43
(d) 0.001735 correct to 2 sig. Figures. Answer: 0.0017
APPROXIMATIONS (e) 20.8036 correct to 2 sig. Figures. Answer: 21Significant
Figures
All measurements are approximate.
4. Standard Form
Significant Figures – Is the number of important digits
Standard Form (or Scientific Notation) is writing numbers
in a number
Significant Figures – Is the number of important digits in a number in short using
Standard powers
Form of 10,Notation)
(or Scientific i.e. A x is
10ⁿ, where
writing 1≤A≤10
numbers in short
and
usingnpowers
is an integer.
of 10, i.e. A x 10ⁿ, where 1≤A≤10 and n is an integer.
1. Whole numbers
- Zeros at the end are not significant, but place value holders,
e.g. (a) 32 580 has 4 significant figures - Large numbers: - (Move the decimal point to the left).
(b) 2 500 has 2 sig. Figures e.g. (a) 342 = 3.42 x 10² (b) 57 600 = 5.765 x 10⁴
- Zeros between non-zero digits are significant, e.g. (c) 839.74 = 8.3974 x 10² (d) 274.8 x 10³ = 2.748 x 10⁵
(a) 307 has 3 sig. Figures (b) 57 600 = 5.765 x 10⁴
(b) 1020 has 3 sig. Figures (c) 839.74 = 8.3974 x 10²

2. Decimal numbers (d) 274.8 x 10³ = 2.748 x 10⁵

- Zeros at the end are significant, e.g. (a) 2.40 has 3 sig. Figures - Small numbers: - (Move the decimal point to the right).
(b) 5.7300 has 5 sig. Figures e.g. (a) 0.045 = 4.5 x 10ˉ² (b) 0.006871 = 6.8751 x 10ˉ³
- Zeros between non-zero digits are significant, e.g. 0.006871 = 6.8751 x 10ˉ³
(a) 10.02 has 4 sig. figures (b) 8.0504 has 5 sig. figures (c) 0.059 x 10⁵ = 5.9 x 10³

(b) EXERCISE
- Zeros at the beginning are not significant, but place value holders, Section A
e.g. 1. Which of the following numbers is rounded to 2 decimal places?
(a) 0.34 has 2 sig. figures (b) 0.00109 has 3 sig. figures A. 31.402 B. 0.341 C. 310.4 D. 31.24
(b) 2. Write 69.18 correct to one significant figure
A. 60 B. 6 C. 69.2 D. 70 E. 7
3. Rounding off
3. The number of significant figures in 0.06045 is
If the digit to be left out is 5 or more, increase the digit A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5
in front o itdigit
If the by to1.be
If itleftisout
less
is 5than 5, ignore
or more, it. the digit in front o it
increase 4. Write 703.076 correct to 3 sig. Figures
by 1. If it A. 703.1 B. 700 C. 703 D. 703.06
is less than 5, ignore it. 5. Express 0.0047 to three sig. Figures.
A. 0.001025 B. 0.001 C. 0.00102 D. 0.0010
Examples: 6. In standard form 0.024 is
Express (a) 268 correct to 2 significant figures. A. 2.4 x 10² B. 2.4 x 10ˉ² C. 2.4 x 10ˉ¹ D. 2.4 x 10ˉ³
7. When expressed in standard form 30 060 is

38
 A. 3.0 x 10² B. 3.006 x 10⁵ C. 3.006 x 10⁴ D. 3.006 x 10³
8. When expressed in standard form, 285.6 x 10² is
A. 2.856 x10⁵ B.2.856 x 10³ C. 2.856 x 10⁴ D. 2.856 x 110²
9. Express 1 654 in standard form correct to 1 sig. Figure
A. 1 x 10³ B. 2 x 10² C. 1.7 x 10³ D. 2 x 10³
10. Write 0.47 in standard form to 1 sig. figure
A. 4 x 10ˉ¹ B. 5 x 10ˉ² C. 4 x 10ˉ² D. 5 x 10ˉ²

# Find the product of 3 x 10² and 4 x 10³

A. 1.2x10⁵ B. 12 x10⁵ C. 1.2x10⁶ D. 12x10⁶ E. 12x10

Section B

Standard Form
1. How many significant figures are there in 8.009?
2. Write 0.00568 correct to 1 significant figure.

39
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