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Effect of Rabbit Urine Application Rate as a Bio- Fertilizer on Agro-
Mophorlogical Traits Of UC82B Tomato (Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill) Variety
in Zaria, Nigeria
Article · June 2020
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ISSN (Print): 2476-8316
ISSN (Online): 2635-3490
Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences (DUJOPAS), Vol. 6 No. 2 June 2020
Effect of Rabbit Urine Application Rate as a Bio-
Fertilizer on Agro-Mophorlogical Traits Of UC82B
Tomato (Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill)
Variety in Zaria, Nigeria
*Indabo, S. S. and Abubakar, A. A.
Department of Biology,
Faculty of Life Sciences,
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The demand for tomato and its by-products far outweighs the supply, inherent low soil fertility has
necessitated the use of chemical fertilizers in quest for an increased production. However, the use of
chemical fertilizers poses significant threat on agricultural ecosystems. Therefore, this study aimed at
determining the effect of rabbit urine supplemented with NPK fertilizer on the agro-morphological traits
of UC82B tomato variety. The study was conducted in the green house of the experimental garden,
Department of Botany, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria. The experimental treatments consisted
of seven groups (T1toT7)which are various combinations of NPK fertilizer and rabbit urine. The NPK
fertilizer rate was adopted as a range of recommended 250: 250: 250kg of NPK ha -1. The treatments were
made in triplicates. The treatments were used as basal application which were then top-dressed by
application of urea. Standard cultural practices of sowing, spacing, thinning, watering, pruning and
staking were followed. Data on plant height, number of leaves and number of branches were taken after 2,
3, 4 and 6 weeks of treatment application. Data obtained revealed that T5(recommended fertilizer + ¼ litre
of rabbit urine)had the best performance in terms of number of branches with 6.57±0.24, 6.61±0.13,
6.63±0.51 and 6.66±0.18 number of branches at 2, 3, 4 and 6 weeks respectively, indicating that rabbit
urine has indirect effect on tomato yield. Highest number of leaves was recorded in T2 (18.44±0.04
leaves), a treatment which also contained rabbit urine. In terms of plant height, the highest values were
recorded in T1(8.59±0.21cm).T5had a maximum height of8.33±0.03cm immediately following T1.
Improvement in crop morphological parameters was therefore found in treatment containing rabbit urine.
It is recommended that rabbit urine should be applied to tomato in addition to recommended dose of NPK
fertilizer.
Keywords: Agro-morphological, Bio-fertilizer, Tomato, Rabbit Urine
*Author for Correspondence
Indabo S. S., Abubakar, A. A., DUJOPAS 6 (2): 344-352, 2020 344
Effect of Rabbit Urine Application Rate as a Bio-Fertilizer on Agro-Mophorlogical Traits Of UC82B Tomato
(Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill) Variety in Zaria, Nigeria
INTRODUCTION
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) because of its wide adaptation, high yielding potential and
suitability for variety of uses both in fresh and processed food industries, is one of the most
important vegetable crops grown globally (Nwosu et al., 2018). The popularity of the crop
originates from its acceptable flavour, great nutritive value, short life cycle and high
productivity rate (Adil et al., 2003). The best area for tomato production in Nigeria is the
Savannah agro-ecological zone where tomato diseases and pests are uncommon. The crop,
tomato is known to grow in most parts of Nigeria. These areas include Bauchi, Benue, Borno,
Kano, Kaduna, Plateau, Jigawa, Delta, Kwara and Oyo states(FAO, 2010; Ugonna et al., 2015).
Tomato is considered as an important cash and industrial crop in many parts of the world
(Ajagbe et al., 2014) as it gives a high yield and is economically attractive (Ugonna et al.,
2015).However, low soil fertility and unfavourable soil physical properties are some of the
major flaws of tomato production in Nigeria (Adekiya and Ojeniyi, 2002). Tomato plant requires
nutrients such as N, P, K, Mg, Ca and Na which are necessary for proper plant production,
these nutrients must be available to the plant at the right time and quantity needed to exert their
specific functions (Shuka and Naik, 1993; John et al., 2004). Proper fertilizer and manure
application can be linked to an unprecedented boost in tomato production (Nnabude et al.,
2015).
Organic fertilizers/organic materials have been shown to have important chemical functions
such as the provision of macro and micro-nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Zn, Cu and Mo) in relative
amounts (Izaurralde et al., 2000; Abustam et al., 2018). In general, the application of organic
fertilizers improve root system and plant stems better than chemical compounds (Benchasri and
Simla, 2017). Organic ingredients in livestock waste serve as raw materials for fertilizer being an
alternative to increase the added value of the waste (Said et al., 2018). Thus, the recent initiative
of livestock waste management makes the development of livestock business more
recognizable. Comprehensive test carried out on both livestock waste and chemical fertilizer
revealed that the former is more efficient, more effective and environmentally friendly.
Livestock waste increases the availability of nutrients in food crops, thereby increasing yield
(Leite et al., 2010; Wildayana, 2017; Vasileva et al., 2017).
Rabbit urine has been shown by Said et al. (2018) to contain essential nutrients such as nitrogen,
potassium and phosphates for plant growth. Carbon-organic content, a very important factor in
organic fertilizer that distinguishes it from an inorganic fertilizer, has also been shown to be
present in rabbit urine (Stark et al. 2008). According to Atia et al. (2005), rabbit urine contains
high levels of nitrogen since their major food preference is forage and drink little water. Rabbits
can produce 100ml of urine which contains ammonia (NH3), a colourless gas, strong in odour
and lighter than air. Ammonia and other nitrogenous gases are by-products of protein
digestion, some of which are lost in manure and urine. This liquid animal waste can be used as
liquid organic fertilizer (Salisbury and Ross, 1995). Rabbit urine may be a suitable alternative
to chemical fertilizers since it poses minimal risks to the ecosystem while still providing the
essential nutrients needed for adequate plant growth. In addition, the economic advantage is
that rabbits can be farmed for meat and the urine which was hitherto considered livestock waste
Indabo S. S., Abubakar, A. A., DUJOPAS 6 (2): 344-352, 2020 345
Effect of Rabbit Urine Application Rate as a Bio-Fertilizer On Agro-Mophorlogical Traits Of UC82B Tomato
(Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill) Variety in Zaria, Nigeria
is easily used as an organic fertilizer without the need of further treatment. In this light, the
study was conducted to determine the effects of rabbit urine on agro-morphological traits of
tomato plant.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Area
The research was conducted at the Experimental Garden, Department of Botany, Ahmadu Bello
University, Zaria in polythene bags under greenhouse conditions. Zaria is located in Kaduna at
Latitude 11°4'0'' North, 7°42'0'' East. Zaria is situated in the Northern Guinea Savanna Zone
with a tropical continental climate possessing distinct rainy and dry seasons.
Source of Plant Material and Rabbit Urine Used
Seeds of Tomato (UC82B variety) were obtained from Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR),
Ahmadu Bello University. Rabbit urine was obtained from Rabbitry Unit of National Animal
Production Research Institute (NAPRI), Ahmadu Bello University.
Sowing of Seed, Experimental Design and Maintenance of Seedlings
Five seeds of UC82B tomato variety were planted in labelled polythene bags and thinned to
three seedlings after germination. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete
Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. The experimental treatments consisted of seven
various applications of NPK fertilizer supplemented with rabbit urine. The quantity of each
experimental treatment was calculated based on the recommended 250: 250: 250 kg of NPK ha-1
(Yogeeshappa and Srinivasamurthy, 2017). Application rate of fertilizer ranged between high
dose (higher than recommended) and low dose (lower than recommended). The seven
treatments included; T1(control): recommended dose of NPK fertilizer with no rabbit urine, T2
:1.5 times recommended dose of NPK fertilizer plus ½ litre of rabbit urine, T3 :1.5 times
recommended dose of NPK fertilizer plus ¼ litre of rabbit urine, T4 : recommended dose of NPK
fertilizer plus ½ litre of rabbit urine, T5 : recommended dose of NPK fertilizer plus ¼ litre of
rabbit urine, T6 : ½ times recommended dose of NPK fertilizer plus ½ litre of rabbit urine, T7 : ½
times recommended dose of NPK fertilizer plus ¼ litre of rabbit urine. The treatments were
used as basal application, which were then top-dressed by application of urea at the onset of
flowering. Recommended cultural practices for tomato suggested by Hanson et al. (2000) were
followed; crop spacing were maintained at 50 x 50cm and thinned to one seedling after
germination. Daily watering was done to ensure better seedling establishment and moisture
availability. Weeding was done manually after every two weeks. Fungicide (Chlorothalonil)
was applied when symptoms of fungal infection appeared. Side shoots were pruned and the
crop staked with 1m stake (Hanson et al., 2000; Ilupeju et al., 2015).
Data Collection
Data on plant height, number of leaves and number of branches per plant were recorded as
follows; plant heights were determined by measuring the height of three randomly sampled
plants per treatment from soil surface to the tip of the apex using a meter rule. The average
height was calculated and recorded. Number of leaves on randomly sampled plants were
Indabo S. S., Abubakar, A. A., DUJOPAS 6 (2): 344-352, 2020 346
Effect of Rabbit Urine Application Rate as a Bio-Fertilizer on Agro-Mophorlogical Traits Of UC82B Tomato
(Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill) Variety in Zaria, Nigeria
counted and recorded. Primary branches borne on the main shoot of randomly sampled plants
from each treatment were also counted and recorded. All parameters were taken at 2nd, 3rd,
4thand 6th week after application of experimental treatment (fertilizer plus rabbit urine).
Data Analyses
The data obtained from the growth parameters were subjected to One-way Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA) to determine the significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) among the treatment means using
Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) 2007 (version 9.0). Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT)
was used to separate the means, where significant differences are observed.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Effect of application of NPK fertilizer supplemented with rabbit urine on plant height of UC82B
tomato variety is presented in table 1. There is significant difference (p˂0.05) in plant heights
among the treatments. The experimental groups responded differently to the treatments
applied. T1, which is the control group had the highest plant height with 8.43±0.04cm,
8.54±0.30cm and 8.59±0.21cm at 3, 4 and 6 weeks after rabbit urine application (WAU)
respectively. However, at 2 WAU, T5 had highest plant height (8.21±0.14cm). In similar trend, T1
was the second in terms of plant height (8.15±0.09cm) at 2 WAU, whereas at 3, 4 and 6 WAU, T5
was the second in terms of plant height with 8.23±0.48cm, 8.27±0.28cm and 8.33±0.03cm
respectively. The lowest plant height at 2 and 3 WAU, was in T6 with 7.17±0.14cm and
7.19±0.15cm respectively whereas the lowest plant height at 4 and 6 WAU was in T4 with
7.5±0.14cm and 7.57±0.13cm respectively. T1 and T5 proved more effective in terms of plant
height, this could be as a result of the recommended dose contained in T1. For T5, the
improvement in plant height could be attributed to the addition of large quantity of the rabbit
urine to the recommended dose, hence the crop responded by increasing height in consequence
to the additional nutrients available through the rabbit urine.
Table 1: Tomato plant height measured after rabbit urine application
TREATMENT PH
2 WAU 3 WAU 4 WAU 6 WAU
T1 8.15± 0.09a 8.43± 0.04a 8.54± 0.30a 8.59± 0.21a
T2 8.12± 0.03a 8.16± 0.31a 8.18± 0.31a 8.28± 0.18a
T3 8.51± 0.15a 7.55± 0.50b 7.75± 0.25b 7.78± 0.12b
T4 7.52± 0.15b 7.54± 0.28b 7.55± 0.14b 7.57± 0.13b
T5 8.21± 0.14a 8.23± 0.48a 8.27± 0.28a 8.33± 0.03a
T6 7.17± 0.15b 7.19± 0.15b 8.00± 0.20a 8.24± 0.20a
T7 7.79± 0.13a 7.85± 0.10b 7.87± 0.04b 7.91± 0.21b
Means with different superscripts along columns are significantly different (p ≤ 0.05)
Key: PH- Plant height, WAU- Weeks after rabbit urine application T1(control): recommended dose of NPK fertilizer
with no rabbit urine, T2 :1.5 times recommended dose of NPK fertilizer plus ½ litres of rabbit urine, T3 :1.5 times
recommended dose of NPK fertilizer plus ¼ litres of rabbit urine, T 4 : recommended dose of NPK fertilizer plus ½
litres of rabbit urine, T5 : recommended dose of NPK fertilizer plus ¼ litres of rabbit urine, T6 : ½ times recommended
dose of NPK fertilizer plus ½ litres of rabbit urine, T7 : ½ times recommended dose of NPK fertilizer plus ¼ litres of
rabbit urine
Indabo S. S., Abubakar, A. A., DUJOPAS 6 (2): 344-352, 2020 347
Effect of Rabbit Urine Application Rate as a Bio-Fertilizer On Agro-Mophorlogical Traits Of UC82B Tomato
(Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill) Variety in Zaria, Nigeria
Number of tomato leaves per plant are presented in table 2. There is significant difference
(p˂0.05) in number of leaves among the treatments. Interestingly, the highest number of leaves
per plant at 2, 3, 4 and 6 WAU were all recorded in T2 with 18.37±0.07, 18.23±0.20, 18.41±0.31
and 18.44±0.04 leaves respectively. Even though T2 had fertilizer above the recommended dose,
it could be the additional influence of the rabbit urine that neutralize it and ensure adequate
supply of nitrogen. This can be confirmed from the trend observed in T7 which had the lowest
number of leaves at 2, 3, 4 and 6 WAU with 17.07±0.18, 17.10±0.23, 17.13±0.01 and 17.18±0.14
leaves respectively.
Table 2: Number of tomato leaves per plant counted after rabbit urine application
TREATMENT NLP
2 WAU 3 WAU 4 WAU 6 WAU
T1 17.13±0.02c 17.35±0.12ab 17.36±0.13bc 18.40±0.13a
T2 18.37±0.07a 18.23±0.20ab 18.41±0.31a 18.44±0.04a
T3 16.80±0.04abc 16.91±0.02abc 16.93±0.05abc 16.97±0.04a
T4 18.22±0.01ab 18.23±0.03ab 18.26±0.21ab 18.29±0.11a
T5 17.21±0.12bc 17.24±0.32bc 17.27±0.14bc 17.28±0.08a
T6 16.73±0.08abc 16.77±0.11abc 16.79±0.12abc 16.82±0.15a
T7 17.07±0.18c 17.10±0.23c 17.13±0.01c 17.18±0.14a
Means with different superscripts along columns are significantly different (p ≤ 0.05)
Key: NLP- Number of leaves per plant, WAU- Weeks after rabbit urine application
Number of tomato branches per plant are presented in table 3. Number of branches differed
significantly (p ˂0.05) among the treatments. Number of branches recorded at 2, 3, 4 and 6
WAU were highest in T5 with 6.57±0.24, 6.61±0.13, 6.63±0.51 and 6.66±0.18 branches
respectively. Number of branches bear significant correlation with crop yield, hence, the
treatment with highest supply of nutrients (supplemented through large quantity of rabbit
urine) had highest number of branches. The trend observed in T1 was that they had the lowest
number of branches with 2.51±0.31, 2.63±0.01, 2.69±0.33 and 2.74±0.12 branches at 2, 3, 4 and 6
WAU respectively.
Indabo S. S., Abubakar, A. A., DUJOPAS 6 (2): 344-352, 2020 348
Effect of Rabbit Urine Application Rate as a Bio-Fertilizer on Agro-Mophorlogical Traits Of UC82B Tomato
(Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill) Variety in Zaria, Nigeria
Table 3: Number of tomato branches per plant after rabbit urine application
TREAMENT NBP
2 WAU 3 WAU 4 WAU 6 WAU
T1 2.51±0.31c 2.63±0.01c 2.69±0.33c 2.74±0.12c
T2 2.56±0.23c 2.62±0.04c 2.67±0.34c 2.70±0.23c
T3 5.71±0.01 b 5.74±0.23 b 5.77±0.05b 5.81±0.03b
T4 5.60±0.12b 5.70±0.04b 5.73±0.16b 5.76±0.34b
T5 6.57±0.24a 6.61±0.13a 6.63±0.51a 6.66±0.18a
T6 5.81±0.03 b 5.84±0.06 b 5.88±0.15b 5.91±0.01b
T7 6.07±0.20 a 6.05±0.42 a 6.12±0.65a 6.18±0.22a
Means with different superscripts along columns are significantly different (p ≤ 0.05)
Key: NBP- Number of branches per plant, WAU- Weeks after rabbit urine application
Even though T4 had the recommended fertilizer dose but the plant height was low just like T6
with fertilizer below the recommended dose and low quantity of rabbit urine. Urine in fertilizer
was reported by Yogeeshappa and Srinivasamurthy (2017) to undergo evaporation. The
evaporation of urine create air-filled pore spaces in the soil leading to improved soil aeration,
nitrification and dominance of N2O production. These processes could be responsible for the
improved plant height recorded in T1 and T5. However, Yogeeshappa and Srinivasamurthy
(2017) conducted a research on effect of human urine and cattle urine on growth and yield of
tomato in India. Their study, reported a contrasting result where there was significantly lower
plant height (85.7cm) with recommended dose of fertilizer compared to the treatment where
human urine was applied, in which case, the plant height was 87.2cm. Chandra et al. (2019)
opined that liquid bio-fertilizer is a natural organic product, relatively slow acting but supply
available nitrogen for a longer period. Liquid bio-fertilizer is effective in enhancing significant
increase in morphological parameters.
T7 with low number of leaves, had low fertilizer and rabbit urine and therefore low nitrogen
supply. The findings of this study, is in contrast to the report by Lamidi et al. (2018) who
reported that there was no significant difference in number of leaves of tomatoes on organic
manure buffered lateritic soils. Yogeeshappa and Srinivasamurthy (2017) reported significantly
maximum number of leaves per plant (40.8) in tomato treated with human urine compared to
the application of recommended chemical fertilizer, where 29.6 leaves were recorded.
Low number of branches could be an indication of low yield. These results corroborates the
findings of Yogeeshappa and Srinivasamurthy (2017) who reported maximum number of
branches (5.90 branches per plant) of tomato crop treated with 2 times recommended dose of
nitrogen through human urine compared to the low number of branches (5.15 branches per
plant ) in tomato treated with recommended fertilizer dose. The use of livestock urine is a form
of integrated farming system and serves as a better supplement for nutrient management
(Pradhan et al., 2018). Use of different urine sources from livestock as fertilizer for crops has
been reported by several authors(Patil et al., 2012; Singh et al., 2015; Yogeeshappa and
Srinivasamurthy, 2017). Nwite et al. (2015) opined that different urine sources were responsible
for enhanced soil nutrient status and agronomic yield parameters of maize when applied to the
Indabo S. S., Abubakar, A. A., DUJOPAS 6 (2): 344-352, 2020 349
Effect of Rabbit Urine Application Rate as a Bio-Fertilizer On Agro-Mophorlogical Traits Of UC82B Tomato
(Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill) Variety in Zaria, Nigeria
soil as a fertilizer. Application of cow urine on chickpea at the rate of 10% was tightly linked to
higher plant height (35.78cm) and number of pod per plant (60.86) as compared to control (Patil
et al., 2012). Singh et al. (2015) also reported higher plant height (116.2cm), leaves per plant
(13.5), root length (12.6cm) and other agronomic parameters of buckwheat after cow urine
application.
CONCLUSION
Rabbit urine had effect on the morphological parameters(plant height, number of leaves and
number of branches) of tomato grown under treatment containing recommended doses of NPK
fertilizer plus rabbit urine. Maximum mean number of branches (6.66±0.18) and mean number
of leaves (18.44±0.04) were found in treatments containing ¼ litre of rabbit urine, an indication
of adequate supply of additional nitrogen through the urine. For plant height, there was also a
high value in treatment containing rabbit urine. It is recommended that farmers should apply
rabbit urine (¼ litre)in addition to the recommended fertilizer dose(250: 250: 250 kg of NPK ha-
1), for improved agronomic parameters and yield.
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