Lesson 15 : Energy
5. Work, energy and power
5.1 Energy conservation
Learning outcomes
understand the concept of work, and recall and use work done = force ×
1
displacement in the direction of the force
2 Recall and apply the principle of conservation of energy
recall and understand that the efficiency of a system is the ratio of useful
3
energy output from the system to the total energy input
4 use the concept of efficiency to solve problems
Work done
When a force acts on an object and makes it move, work is done on that object.
Energy is said to be transferred to the object.
Work done = force x distance moved in the direction of the
force whilst the force is acting on the object
Example 1: Work done against friction
A box is pushed along the ground 5m with a force of 20N. Calculate the work done
F=20N d= 5m
Work = F x d
Work = 20 x 5
Work = 100J
Example 2: Work done against gravity
The force required to lift the man against gravity is equal to his
weight. Remember as we are only interested in the distance in
the direction of the force, we can say that :
Work done = Force x Distance in the direction of force
W.D = (80x 9.81) x 4
W.D = _________J
Exam question
In which situation is most work done? Why (2marks)
Lifting an object at constant velocity
The MINIMUM FORCE required to lift an
object with CONSTANT velocity is equal to
the WEIGHT of the object
Example 3: Work done by gravity
A satellite orbits earth at a
constant speed and height. The
weight of the satellite is
5000N. Its height above
the ground is 30Km.
Calculate the work done by
Gravity
Hint: Be sure to write the full worded equation especially for this question
Example 4 : force acting along a different
line compared to direction of motion
In some situations (mainly against
friction), It’s easier to determine the
component of the force in the direction
of distance.
Find work done on object
Force-distance graphs
Questions 1-5 (p93-94)
…questions continued
…questions continued
TYPES OF ENERGY DESCRIPTION Example
a form of energy resulting from the flow
Electrical A.C, D.C
of electric charge
Conservation of Energy
Energy transfers
• 1)
• 2)
• 3)
Efficiency
This is the ratio of useful work done by a device to the total work done (or the ratio of
useful output energy to the total energy input)
𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑊. 𝐷 Efficiency is sometimes expressed
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑥 100
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑊. 𝐷 as a ratio (0-1)
𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 No device is perfect. Energy is always
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑥 100 lost, thus efficiency is always less than
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
100% (or less than 1)
Q. What is efficiency of 60W filament
lamp that gives out 1W of light?
Lesson 16 : Power
5. Work, energy and power
5.1 Energy conservation
Learning outcomes
5 define power as work done per unit time
6 solve problems using P = W / t
7 derive P = Fv and use it to solve problems
Power
Power is the rate at which work is done, or the rate at which energy is
transferred.
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐷𝑜𝑛𝑒
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
Where:
power is measured in watts (W)
work done or energy transferred
is measured in joules (J)
time is measured in seconds (s).
MOTIVE POWER
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑥 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
Since power =
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝑒 = velocity
Therefore, if an object is powered at a constant speed and height then we
can find its power using the following:
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
Lesson 17 : GPE & KE
5. Work, energy and power
5.2 GPE & KE
Learning outcomes
derive, using W = Fs, the formula ΔEP = mgΔh for gravitational potential
1 energy changes in a uniform gravitational field
recall and use the formula ΔEP = mgΔh for gravitational potential energy
2 changes in a uniform gravitational field
derive, using the equations of motion, the formula for kinetic energy
3 EK = 1/2mv^2
4 recall and use K.E = 1/2mv^2
POTENTIAL ENERGIES
• Potential energy is stored energy from an object. Instead of coming from motion,
it can come from its position relative to others, internal stress, electric charge, or
its condition. This object has the capability of producing energy as these
conditions change. This energy could be mechanical energy, chemical
energy, electric energy, nuclear energy, or elastic energy.
Chemical
Electrical
Gravitational
Light
Elastic
Sound
Electrical Nuclear Thermal Wind
Kinetic Energy
• The kinetic energy of a body is the energy that it possesses by virtue of its
motion. When a force acts on a body to increase its speed, then the work done
equates to the increase in kinetic energy of the body (provided that no other
forces are involved).
• If a constant force F acts on a body of mass m, which is initially at rest on a
smooth horizontal surface, then after a distance s the body has velocity v.
• So, by considering the work equation:
• Work done against friction = f × s
• Since f = ma we can say that W.D = ma x s
• Equations of motion W.D = m x
𝑣2
xs
v u 2as
2 2
2𝑠
1
W.D = 2m𝑣 2
u0
This is the energy transferred
to the car and therefore is K.E.
v2
a 𝟏
2s
K.E. = 𝟐
m𝒗𝟐
Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE)
• This is the energy associated with an objects change in height.
Work Done in lifting an object = F x s
• The force required to lift an object is equal to its weight
W.D = mg x s
Since an object moves vertically against gravitational pull of earth we can say
that s= height (h)
W.D = mg x h
Since energy is transferred from you to provide the object to overcome the
gravitational pull of the earth, the object gains GPE.
GPE = mgh
Questions
120m
95g
42º
Conservation of Energy
• Consider the situation of a moving body where no work is done against
friction and that gravity is the only other force present then:
Total Energy = Kinetic Energy + Potential Energy = Constant
• Or in other terms:
• Total Initial Energy = Total Final Energy
KEinitial + GPEinitial = KEfinal+ GPEfinal
Consider an object released from rest from a
cliff with a height h:
KEinitial + GPEinitial = KEfinal+ GPEfinal
However, in the beginning v= 0 , and when the object reaches the bottom of the cliff
GPE= 0
GPEinitial = KEfinal
Depending on the situation you can also use:
KEinitial = GPEfinal
Find the velocity upon impact as it hits the ground
Height cliff = 100m
Question 14 (p102)
