HI 362: INFRASTRUCTURE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
2024/5
LECTURE 7: WATER SUPPLY DESIGN
• Introduction
• Water consumption
• Water demand rates
• Water demand estimates
• Uncounted for water
• Peak of water use
• Water storage sizing
• Water distribution
• Pipe sizing
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INTRODUCTION
• People depend on water for drinking, cooking, washing,
carrying away wastes, and other domestic needs.
• Water supply systems must also meet requirements for
public, commercial, and industrial activities.
• In all cases, the water must fulfill both quality and
quantity requirements.
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Water Consumption for Various Purposes
• The bottom line of water consumption can be
defined as the 'lifeline' per capita water
consumption.
• This lifeline water requirement is nowadays often
set at 50 liters of clean and safe fresh water per
capita per day
• Note that this figure excludes water required for
food consumption and for other economic
activities.
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Water Consumption for Various Purposes
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Water demand rates
Factors which influence domestic, municipal and
commercial water demands include.
• Number of people within the considered area
• Connection rate for different types of supply; e.g
stand pipe supply(private connection etc)
• Per capital consumption which depends on such
factors as level of development, type of supply and
price of water.
• Losses in the infrastructure for transport, treatment
and distribution 5
Water demand rates
Source: Water supply design manual MoWI Tanzania, 2009 6
Water demand rates
Source: Water supply design manual MoWI Tanzania, 2009
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Water demand rates
Source: Water supply design manual MoWI Tanzania, 2009
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Water demand estimates
Population Projection
• An important element in the demand assessment is the
projection of demographic developments (for the life
period of the new infrastructure).
• Population developments have two components:
autonomous growth and migration.
• Care should be taken that a proposed water resources
management strategy may itself have a substantial
impact on migration.
• The design should take into consideration future
population.
• In Tanzania the design population figure is taken at 20
years from the present population. 9
Water demand estimates
Population Projection (cont’d)
• Usually census figures are available otherwise a head
count will have to be made.
• (Guidelines: 50% added if design for 10 years, 100%
added if 20 years are used).
• Rigorous estimates population growth models can be
use to estimate future populations and corresponding
water demands.
Projected population = Current population x Growth factor
𝑃𝑛 = 𝑃𝑜 1 + 𝑟 𝑛
Where r = growth rate 10
Water demand estimates
Projected water demand
Projected Water demand (L/day) = Per capita water demand (L/cap/day) x Population
𝐷𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗 = 𝐷𝑐𝑎𝑝 × 𝑃𝑛
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Unaccounted for Water
• Un accounted for water (UAFW) is the water lost in transport,
treatment and distribution systems.
• These may reach levels of 60% in old and deteriorated systems.
• Normal percentages are 15 to 25%, including a 5%
“consumption” in treatment plants.
• Leaking systems may present substantial threats to public
health, because of possibilities for infiltration of contaminated
groundwater under low pressure conditions in the distribution
network.
• Many utilities strive to reduce UAFW below 20%.
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Unaccounted for Water
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Unaccounted for Water
Projected water demand with losses
Water demand (L/day) with losses = Per capita water demand (L/cap/day) x Population
Loss factor
𝐷𝑐𝑎𝑝 × 𝑃𝑛
𝐷𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗 =
1 − 𝐿𝑠
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Peak Water Uses
• Water demand differs at different times of a day
• Mostly, morning and evening the water demand
increases compared to the rest of the periods in a day
• Some of the peak factors are 1.2, 1.3, 1.5 , 2 and 3.
• Water demand with inclusion of peak factor (pf)
Water demand (L/day) with losses = Per capita water demand (L/cap/day) x Pn x pf
Loss factor
𝐷𝑐𝑎𝑝 × 𝑃𝑛 × 𝑝𝑓
𝐷𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗 =
1 − 𝐿𝑠
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Storage tank
• The main and primary function of a distribution tank is
to meet the fluctuating demand with a constant rate
of supply from the source.
• Pumping rate,
σ 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦
𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 =
𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Where, Σsupply = Σdemand
• Storage can be worked out using
o Mass curve method
o Analytical tabular method 16
Storage tank
• Only the analytical method will be considered here.
Note, Cd5 < Cs5 and Cd7 < Cs7
Storage = Max excess Demand + Max excess Supply
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Storage tank
Determine the volume of a storage tank required to serve a
community of 5000 people growing at a rate of 1.2% if peak
water demand above the average is 40%, water losses are 30%
and per capita water demand is 45 litres per day. Assume the
pumping of water to the tank is between 5:00 AM and 9:00 AM
in the morning and between 3:00 PM and 9:00 PM in the
evening, and the design life of the tank is 25 years.
Solve ……………….
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Storage tank
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Water distribution
Treatment
• There are two basic patterns:
Grid-like system (loop network
Branch system (dead-end system) 20
Water distribution
Combination of the two 21
Water distribution
The transmission and distribution of water in pipes
under pressure has the following rationales:
• There is minimum risk of contamination to the water
in the system.
• The pipe need not follow the route with continuous
fall, but may both fall and rise against the hydraulic
gradient, which allows route through hilly terrain. This
is cheaper to build than free flowing conduit
• Smaller pipe diameters cost less but have high losses.
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Water distribution
The transmission and distribution of water in pipes
under pressure has the following rationales (cont’d):
• The smaller the diameter, the higher the losses large
(high Velocity and high losses)
• Little or no capacity for future expansion.
• High risk of surge pressures if flow is stopped by a
valve or by pump instantaneously.
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Pipe Sizing
• Consideration of pipe size
o Velocities should range between say 0.8 - 1.5 m/s;
o Size range for mainlines: diameter ³ 50-75mm for service
lines: diameter ³ 25 – 40mm
o Leave spare capacity for future expansions
• Commercial common diameters: 38, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mm
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Pipe Sizing
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End of Lecture 7
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