Rayat Shikhan Sanstha,

Satara

New English School Surwadi, Shri Bableshwar

Tal– Phaltan, Dist– Satara N. K.
 Std-- VIIIth
Subject-- Mathematics
3. N.M.M.S. & Scholarship
घाताांक व घनमळ
ू
(Iindices and Cube root)
 (A) Indices---
(I) Defination--
Multiplication of multiple times of a number is written in simplest
form is called as indices. A number which is multiplied is called
base and a number shows how many times multiplied is called
index or power or exponent.

a is any rational number and m is natural number then

multiplication a × a × a × a × a × ……….....… × a (m times)
is written as, am
Here a → Base, m → Index, am → Indices
(II) Laws of indices--
(1) Law of multiplication of exponential numbers with the same
base-- If exponential number with same base are multiplied index is
added.
a is any rational number, m and n are any positive integers then,
am × an = a m + n
Ex-- 34 × 32 = 34 + 2 = 36
(2) Law of division of exponential numbers with the same base--
If exponential number with same base are divided index is
subtracted.
a is any rational number, m and n are any positive integers then,
am ÷ an = am – n

Ex-- 57 ÷ 53 = 57 – 3 = 54

(3) Law of exponential numbers of exponents-- If exponential

number having exponent outside bracket exponents are multiplied.
a is any rational number, m and n are any positive integers then,

(am)n = am × n

Ex-- (43)5 = 43 × 5 = 415

(4) Law of exponential of multiplication or division of numbers--
If the product or division of two numbers has only one exponent,
then that exponent is of both are numbers.
a and b are any rational number, m is any positive integer then,
(a × b)m = am × bm and (a ÷ b)m = am ÷ bm
Ex-- (a) (3 × 5)7 = 37 × 57, (b) (3 ÷ 5)7 = 37 ÷ 57
(5) Law of inverse multiplication of exponential number--
If exponential number multiplied inversely, sign of exponent
changes.
a is any non zero rational number, m is any positive integer then,
1 m 1 1 5 1
am  , a  Ex...35  ,3  5
a m am 35
3
(6) Law of inverse of base of exponential number-- If base of
exponential number multiplied inversely, sign of exponent
changes.
a and b are any non zero rational number, m is any integer then,
a b
( ) m  ( ) m
b a
4 5
Ex...( ) 7  ( ) 7
5 4

(7) Law of value of exponential number of zero exponent-- If

exponential number having zero exponent, then value of
exponential number is 1.
a is any non zero rational number then, a0  1 ex-- 50 = 1
(III) Meaning of numbers with rational indices--
(a) Meaning of the numbers when the index is a rational number
1
of the form n
1
a n means nth root of a
Ex--
1
7
It reads as, 7th root of 9
9
m
(b) Meaning of numbers, having index in the rational form n
m
We can express two meanings of the number a n

m
(1)a means nth root of mth power of a
n

5
Ex-- 4 3 It reads as, cube root of 5th power of 4
 m
(2)a n
means mth power of nth root of a
9
Ex-- 7 5 It reads as, 9th power of 5th root of 7
 (B) Cube---
(I) Definition--
If a number is multiplied three times itself, then product is called
cube. a × a × a = a3. Here a3 is cube of a.
Ex-- 3 × 3 × 3 = 27, Here 27 is cube of 3.
In symbolically it is written as, 33 = 27

If N is product of number ‘a’ multiplying by three times.

Cube formula is written as, N = a3
Ex-- 125 = 53
(II) Properties--
(1) If we can find exact cube root of given number, then given
number is a perfect cube. Ex-- 3 64  4, 3 729  9
(2) Cubes of the numbers ending in digit 0, 1, 4, 5, 6 and 9 are the
numbers ending in the same digit. Ex-- 13 → 1, 43 → 64,
(4) Cubes of even number is even. Ex-- 23 → 8, 103 → 1000
(5) Cubes of odd number is odd. Ex-- 73 → 343, 113 → 1331
(6) Cubes of positive number is positive. Ex-- 53 → 125
(7) Cubes of negative number is negative.
Ex– (–9)3 → –729
 (C) Cube root---
(I) Definition--
If a number is multiplied three times itself, then multiplied number
is called cube root. Cube root is denoted by a sign. 3

Cube root of ‘a’ is written as, 3

a

Ex-- 6 × 6 × 6 = 216, 3 216  6

1
Index form of cube root of ‘a’ is written as, 3
a a 3

1
Ex...3 2197  2197
3

If ‘a’ is multiplied three times and N is product of ‘a.’ Cube root

formula is written as, a3 = N. Ex-- 203 = 8000
(II) Properties--
(1) Cube root of positive number is positive. Ex..3 9261  21

(2) Cube root of negative number is negative. Ex..3  1331  11

(3) When taking cube root of a decimal fraction a number, decimal

point should be put right to left as 1/3 number of places to the left
of the decimal point.
Ex..3 0.000729  0.09
(III) Method of finding cube root--
Cube root of number can be find by taking prime factors. It has
has two arrangements. (a) Vertical arrangement (b) Horizontal
arrangement
(a) Vertical arrangement-- Divide the given number into its prime
factors vertically. Take one factor from three pair of prime factors.
Find the product of the factors obtained by taking one factor from
each pair. That product is cube root of the given number.
Ex-- 512 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2
3
512  2  2  2
3
512  8
(b) Horizontal arrangement-- Divide the given number into its
prime factors horizontally. Take one factor from three pair of
prime factors. Find product of factors obtained by taking one
factor from each pair. That product is square root of the given
number.
Ex..1728
3 1728
3 576
3 192
4 64
1728  3  3  3  4  4  4
4 16
4 4 3
1728  3  4  12
1 3
1728  12
 Examples---
2 5
(1)(3 )  3
5 2 ? (1)3(2) (3) (4)10
5 2


(a m ) n  a mn
(35 ) 2  352  310

पर्ाार् (4)
(2) 17 चे घनमळ
ू खालीलपैकी असे लललितात.
(1) 173 (2) 317 (3) 171/3 (4) 131/17


1
3
17  17 3

पर्ाार् (3)
 (3) (–1)501 =?
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) –1 (4) 501



1 लि सख्ां र्ा लकतीिी वेळा गणु ली असता लतचा गणु ाकार 1 इतकाच र्ेतो. –1 लि
लवषम सांख्र्ेएवढे गणु ले असता –1 र्ेते.
(1)501  1
पर्ाार् (3)
(4) (125)1/3 =?
(1) 3 (2) 5 (3) 25 (4) 125


1
125  3 125
3

1
125  3 5  5  5
3

1
125  5
3

पर्ाार् (2)
 (5) (81)1/4 = x तर x5 = ?
(1) 3 (2) 9 (3) 27 (4) 243


1
81  x
4

1
(34 )  x
4

1
4
3 x 4

3 x
x3
x5  35
x5  243 पर्ाार् (4)
(6) (5/7)-3 = (....)3
(1) 3/7 (2) 7/5 (3) 5/7 (4) 7/3


a m b m
( ) ( )
b a

5 3 7 3
( ) ( )
7 5

पर्ाार् (2)
(7) (0.02)3 =?
(1) 0.04 (2) 0.08 (3) 0.008 (4) 0.00008


र्ेथे तात्परु ते दशाांश लचन्ि लक्षात ठे वार्चे नािी. म्िणजे लि सांख्र्ा 2 असेल.
23 = 8, दशाांश स्थळाांची सख्ां र्ा व घात र्ाांचा गणु ाकार 2 x 3 = 6 र्ेतो. 8 लि
सांख्र्ा ललिून 6 स्थळ सोडून दशाांश लचन्ि द्यावे.

(0.02)3  0.000008
पर्ाार् (4)
(8) (5 × 5)2 – (5 × 4)2 = m2, m = ?
(1) (5 × 1) (2) (5 × 2) (3) (5 × 3) (4) (5 × 6)


45  5  m 2
(5  5) 2  (5  4) 2  m 2
(25)  (20)  m
2 2 2 3  3  5  5  m2

a 2  b 2  (a  b)(a  b) 3 5  m

252  202  m2 m  3 5

(25  20)(25  20)  m 2 m  5 3

पर्ाार् (3)
45 5  m 2
(9) 2561/4 =?
(1) 4 (2) 6 (3) 16 (4) 14


256  2  2  2  2  2  2  2  2

256 28
1 1
(256)  (2 )
4 8 4

2 1
8
" 2 4
1

" 22
1
(256)  4
4 पर्ाार् (1)
 (10) (41/4)1/9 =?
(1) 41/11 (2) 21/18 (3) 21/9 (4) 22/9


(a m ) n  a mn
1 1 1 1

(4 )  4
2 9 2 9

1
18
" 4
1
2 18
" (2 )
1
1
2
" 2 18
9
1 1 1
(4 )  2
2 9 9 पर्ाार् (3)
(11) (82)3 = 2…
(1) 6 (2) 18 (3) 3 (4) 8


(a m ) n  a mn
(82 )3  823
(8 2 ) 3  86

(82 ) 3  (23 ) 6

(82 ) 3  218

पर्ाार् (2)
(12) (102)3/5 = 10…
(1) 2 (2) 14 (3) 1 (4) 10


(a m ) n  a mn
1
2 2
5
(10 )  10
5 5 5
1

2
5 25
(10 )  102

पर्ाार् (1)
(13) (–16)0 = …………
(1) 16 (2) –16 (3) 0 (4) 1


कोणत्र्ािी सांख्र्ेचा शन्ु र् घात म्िणजे त्र्ाची लकांमत 1 इतकी असते.
a0  1
(16) 0  1

पर्ाार् (4)
(14)3 32768  ?
(1)32(2)42(3)52(4)62

उभ्र्ा पद्धतीने अवर्व शोधावे.
8 32768 32768 = 8 × 8 × 8 × 8 × 8
8 4096 32768 = 8 × 8 × 8 × 4 × 2 × 4 × 2
8 512
32768 = 8 × 8 × 8 × 4 × 4 × 4
8 64

8 8 3
32768  3 8  8  8  4  4  4
1 3
32768  8  4  32

पर्ाार् (1)
(15) (–19)3 = …………
(1) 361 (2) –361 (3) –6859 (4) 6859



ऋण सांख्र्ेचे घन ऋण सांख्र्ाच असते.

पर्ाार् (1) व (4) िे र्ोग्र् नािीत. पर्ाार् (2) व (3) र्ापैकी एक असेल.
(19) 3  19  19  19

(19)3  6859

पर्ाार् (3)
 16
(16)3 ?
54
4 2 9 2
(1) ( 2) (3) ( 4) 
9 3 4 3



16 3 2  2  2  2
3 
54 2  3 3 3

16 2 2 2
3  3
54 3 3 3

16 2
3 
54 3
पर्ाार् (2)
(17) (343)7/3 = ………
(1) 37 (2) 73 (3) 77 (4) 71/3


343  7  7  7  73
7 7
(343)  (7 )
3 3 3

7 7
3
(343)  7
3 3

7
(343)  77
3

पर्ाार् (3)
(18)3  1331  ?
(1)  12(2)  21(3)11(4)  11



प्रथम 1331 चे अवर्व काढू.

1331 111111
3
1331  3 111111
3
1331  11

ऋण सांख्र्ेचे घनमळ
ू ऋण सांख्र्ाच असते.
3
 1331  11 पर्ाार् (4)
(19) (x)1/4 = 4 तर x =?
(1) 4 (2) 16 (3) 64 (4) 256


1
x 4
4
म्िणजे x चे चौथे मळ
ू 4 िोर्.

x = 4× 4 × 4 × 4 = 256
पर्ाार् (4)
(20) 101/5 = x तर x5 =?
(1) 100 (2) 1000 (3) 10 (4) 50


1
10  x
5

1
x  10 5

1
( x)5  (10 )5 5

1
5
( x)5  10 5

( x) 5  10 पर्ाार् (3)