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PELTON TURBINE RUNNER MATERIAL SELECTION THROUGH FEM
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Chayan Biswas*1, Prof. Prakash Pandey Guide*2
*1Director Design, Whirl Energy Pvt. Ltd., Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
*2Guide and HOD VITS, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
DOI : https://www.doi.org/10.56726/IRJMETS44892
ABSTRACT
Hydropower as the largest source is taking its position worldwide very rapidly, to fulfill the increasing power
demand as a part of renewable energy. It plays a major role in decarbonizing the power generation system. So, it
has become essential to the economies of hydro turbines by introducing economic material components of the
turbine after going through a number of researches. In this article, we will discuss the material selection for the
Pelton turbine (Impulse type) runner through structural analysis of the runner bucket by applying forces to it.
Initially, we will use standard calculations for bending analysis and will keep them for reference in the later part
of the analysis. Later on, various materials will be used for the bucket and loads will be applied to observe the
generated equivalent stress, total deformation, and maximum shear stress developed. Finally, we will determine
the optimal grade of material based on the results generated from the analysis.
Keywords: Pelton turbine, Runner bucket, Solid works, ANSYS 18.1, equivalent stress, total deformation,
maximum shear stress
I. INTRODUCTION
Though the Pelton turbine was invented 120 years ago, but still a lack of knowledge on the specific zone, like the
flow profile in the bucket of runner exists. Still, the buckets of the Pelton turbine have been developed using
model tests and empirical methods. When the volume of water flows through buckets with multi-directional
velocities, it becomes quite difficult to assume the ultimate solution to the resultant velocities of buckets.
However, the development of numerical methods like computational fluid dynamics (CFD) plays an important
role in the optimization of the runner bucket profile. So, it is needed to perform investigations further to
understand the effect of buckets with reference to the flow behavior, so as to validate the CFD solutions. Pelton
turbines are mainly impulse-type hydro turbines, commonly used with medium and high-water heads for
extracting energy from flowing water. The runner is called the heart of the turbine. So, By Improving the strength
& and curvature detail of the runner, enhances the performance of the turbine.
II. INTRODUCTION OF PELTON TURBINE
A Pelton turbine or Pelton wheel is a hydro turbine (mainly an impulse turbine) used mostly in hydropower
plants. When the acting head available is more than 300 Meters, these types of turbines are being used. The
impinging water from the nozzle on the runner buckets forces to rotate the runner and creates torque, which
finally rotates the generator shaft to generate electricity.
1.1 DESIGN
The Pelton turbine has a very fair and simple design. A big disc is mounted on a shaft, which is called the rotor.
On the big disc number of cup-shaped buckets are mounted equally on the periphery. The nozzles are arranged
at a designed angle to impinge water on the runner wheel tangentially. This causes the runner to rotate as an
impact of jets on the arranged buckets. A powerhouse for a Pelton turbine with components has been shown in
the following figure.

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Fig1 Pelton Turbine Power House model

1.2 PELTON TURBINE COMPONENTS
Below is the complete assembly of a Pelton turbine with three jets. The main components are distinctly shown
in the following figure.

Fig2 Pelton Turbine Component details model

The turbine is comprised of the following main components.
A. Housing assembly: Housing or housing assembly is the main component of the assembly, which holds the
other components of the turbines. Material of construction for housing assembly is hot rolled structural steel.
B. Distributor Assembly: This assembly is responsible for bring down the water to the turbine runner from
the turbine inlet valve. The inlet pipe is directly connected to the Main inlet valve and through the distributor
pipes the water enters the jet assemblies. Hence the water rushes out from the jet nozzles and impinges on
the runner. Main components of the distributor assembly is made from hot rolled structural steel.
a. Distributor pipes: it is combination of two or three parts. Inlet pipe and Distributor pipes. The inlet pipe
receives the water from main inlet valve, then distributes the water through the distributor pipes.
a. Jet assemblies: In this turbine, since this is a three jet turbine, it contains three jet assemblies. Through these
jet assemblies’ water from the distributor pipes, rushes into the nozzles and finally impinges on the runner
buckets. It contains further following components.
i. Injector Body: It acts as connecting link in between distributor outlet and nozzle carrier. It smoothens the
flow and resists the turbulence. It is made of hot rolled structural steel E-350 BR (Is-2062).
ii. Nozzle carrier: Nozzle carrier is having the curved surface to reduce the diameter of injector body to the
nozzle diameter. The curvature of this component is well designed to again smoothen the flow. It is made of
Cast steel according to the standard IS:1030/280-520 W.

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iii. Nozzle seat: Nozzle seat is the most important part of the nozzle assembly. On its surface, the spear tip is
resting to have a leakproof connection So that in the condition of the nozzle close, no water will spill out from
the nozzle. It is having the same curvature as the spear tip. The material of construction of the nozzle seat is
SS-420 (ASTM UNS S 42000)
iv. Spear tip: The spear tip controls the flow of water. By moving forward and backward by means of a nozzle
servomotor it allows the desired flow of water to come out from the nozzle. The aerodynamic curvature of
the nozzle tip again gives a smooth flow of water towards the runner bucket. It is again made of SS-420 (ASTM
UNS S 42000).
v. Spear Rod: It holds the spear and connects the nozzle servomotor piston rod through a Coupler. It is again
made of SS-420 (ASTM UNS S 42000).
vi. Nozzle servomotor: Nozzle servomotor is assembled at the distributor pipe end. Its piston rod is connected
to the spear rod. It’s a double-acting hydraulic cylinder. During the operation, it will be connected with the
oil pumping unit to get pressurized oil to operate the servomotor/hydraulic cylinder to result in a to and fro
motion of the spear rod. It is well designed to absorb the high pressure of oil for operation.
A. Deflector assembly: The deflectors are responsible for deflecting the water jet coming out from the nozzles.
When there is a grid fail situation, an immediate requirement of shut down of turbine will be required. Then
by mean of oil pressure from the Oil pumping unit, the deflector servomotor triggers the deflector link lever
assembly to bring down the deflectors in front of the jets, to restrain the flow of water reaching the runner
buckets and slowly the runner lost its speed & finally stops. The deflector is made of CA6NM (ASTM A 743).
It’s Martensitic stainless steel with erosion and high corrosion-proof ability.
B. Runner assembly: Runner assembly is mainly comprised of the runner and its cover. The runner is cast or
forged one precisely machined to get the required profile according to the design. The runner will be directly
mounted on the generator shaft and they will be coupled together with parallel keys and end covers.
The runner is made of a number of buckets and is well-arrayed around the central disc. The bucket surface is well
designed to hold the volume of water coming from the nozzle to have an appropriate thrust for getting the rated
RPM the of turbine. It’s a Martensitic stainless steel to provide a high carrion resistance a in corrosive
environment. Due to the high hardness property, it gives a highly smooth and shiny surface. Since our point of
interest is the runner of the Pelton turbine, let us see the detailed design of the runner. A runner is shown below
for ease of understanding.
Since in this article we are dealing with the Pelton turbine, we have a goal to optimize the material of the runner
of the Pelton turbine. So, we need to find the materials that are available in the market and are useful for runner
manufacturing. In this context, we have to explore the characteristics of the material. One biggest problems in
the operation of the Pelton turbine is fatigue of the material and cracking of the Pelton bucket in the root region,
where the greatest material stresses are recorded as a result of a large periodic bending moment. Still, numerous
studies are being conducted to find appropriate material for the runner.
For choosing a material for the runner we have to explore the following areas.
Tensile strength is the foremost property of the material which can support the body without fracture.
Shear strength is the property of the material that resists the flow of material layers with respect to each other
when a shear force acts.
Hardness is the property of the material that prevents the materials from being penetrated by other forces. Low
hardness softens the materials and reduces their strength. At the same time, high hardness reduces the
machinability.
Machinability is the property that provides the machining capacity of the material. Moderate shear strength
causes machinability.
Abrasion resistance It helps the material to resist it wearing down by means of friction. Corrosion resistant It
helps the material from forming iron oxide. Since in this research, we are dealing with the search for appropriate
material for runners The aim of this work is to provide the Selection of runner material among the various
available stainless steels with respect to the acting head on the runner buckets and the derived deformation and
other stress values.

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III. METHODOLOGY
The methods to be followed for this research are as follows
• The theoretical calculation for Runner bucket deformation
A standard bending theory will be applied to the bucket to calculate the deformation.
• Structural simulation for runner bucket stress analysis and deformation
In this section, the runner bucket will be simulated using FEM structural analysis method to yield the
required deformation and generated equivalent stress and maximum shear stresses.
IV. MODELING AND ANALYSIS
As described in the methodology section we will first see the theoretical calculation.
Theoretical Calculation for Runner Bucket Deformation
A theoretical approach as follows has to be done to determine the deflection/deformation of the bucket of the
runner. Here the assumption is that the bucket is being considered as a cantilever beam. It is obvious that the
maximum deformation will occur at the runner tip, since it is the furthest point from the root of the runner. The
same result of the calculation will be compared with the result obtained from the Ansys 18.1 structural analysis.
Jet diameter = 60 mm
Area of jet = (3.14/4) x 602 = 2826 sqmm = 28.26 sqcm
Force acting on bucket (W) = 28.26 x 10.64 Kg/sqcm = 300.68 Kg

Fig 3 Pelton Runner Bucket dimension Details

Length of the bucket (as per the output of turbine calculations) = 175 mm
Runner PCD = 1091 mm
Runner Outer diameter = 1316 mm
Runner root diameter = 1316-175x2 = 966 mm
Moment arm length (L) = (1091-966)/2 = 62.5 mm
Distance between the tip of the bucket and the point at which the
water jet strikes (M) = 175-62.5 = 112.5 mm
Slope at the striking point = W x L^3/6x (ExI) = 300.68 x 62.5^3/6 x (2.039 x 10 4 x 359899) = 0.001667mm
Where Ixx = Area moment of inertia = 359899 mm4
E = 20000 Kg/sqmm
Deflection at the striking point = W x l3 / (3x E x I) = 0.00333 mm
Now, Deflection at the bucket tip = 0.00333 + 0.001667 x 112.5 = 0.1908 mm
The above observations are compared with the results theoretically obtained. The theoretical calculations are
done on the assumption that the bucket is roughly in the form of a cantilever beam and then the equations for
finding out the deflection acting in a cantilever beam are used to theoretically validate the results obtained by
ANSYS.

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V. RUNNER MODELING
To do the analysis we need to find out the formation of the bucket and so that reason we need to do the complete
calculation to retrieve the design data of a turbine. For this reason, we have to consider the actual data of a Hydro
turbine project. The following table shows Data of a runner, extracted from head, discharge values available for
a project of Himachal Pradesh, India.
Design head of turbine: 130 Mtrs
Design Discharge of turbine = 0.45 Cumecs
TABLE 1 RUNNER DIMENSIONAL DATA
Runner PCD 1.0910 Mtrs.
Number of buckets 24 Nos.
Bucket width 0.200 Mtrs
Bucket depth 0.06 Mtrs
Bucket Length 0.175 Mtrs
The outer diameter of Runner 1.316 Mtrs
From the data of the runner from the above table solid modeling done using software SOLIDWORKS® Dassault
System.

Fig 4 Pelton Runner and Bucket Model Formation

Now from the runner model a bucket is extracted for the structural analysis. The bucket model will be transferred
to Ansys 8.1 Software for the structural analysis. In Ansys software the bucket is meshed with Tetrahedron
elements and number of elements generated is 24237 numbers, which is fair enough to carry on further analysis.

Fig 5 Bucket Mesh formation

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VI. ANALYSIS
The study only considers the initial jet impact condition and thus static analysis was considered in this study by
considering the pressure distribution along the bucket profile.
The bucket is operated at a head of 130 m and the mass flow rate is 0.45 Cumecs.
Water will impingement on the bucket at an angle of 35 degrees. This angle can be found during the complete
design of the runner. If the pressure of water is 13 bar coming out of nozzle, then the vertical component of
pressure will be = 1.3 MPA x cos35 ˚ = 1.064 MPA

Fig 5 Water strike angle on bucket

By considering the pressure distribution along the bucket profile. The assumptions made in this analysis are
a. The bucket is stationary.
b. The bucket profile is uniform
c. Effects of external forces are negligible
d. The bucket is fixed at its arm and acts similar to a cantilever beam
This aspect of the real situation is considered for the simulation in ANSYS by taking pressure distribution along
the bucket profile. The pressure distributions at various nodes were referred from experimental data and these
pressure values are applied to the predefined nodes modeled on the bucket profile. The deformation
characteristics of the bucket were studied by the simulation in ANSYS. Now the structural analysis of the bucket
is done considering the various stainless-steel materials.
1.2 Material being used for Pelton Turbine Runner
Hydro turbine runners are commonly made of stainless-steel runners due to their following properties
• Corrosion resistance
• High tensile strength
• Very durable
• Temperature resistant
• Easy formability and fabrication
• Low maintenance (long-lasting)
• Bright appearance
Here in our analysis, we will use stainless steel of the following grades
• CA6NM (ASTMA276)
• INCONEL-600
• SS-420(UNS S 42000)
• SS-316 (ASTM A 240)
• CA-15 (ASTM A 487)
• CB-6 (ASTM A 890)
In this section we will analyze the physical behavior of Runner bucket with different material
CA6NM (ASTM A743)
CA6NM belongs to martensitic stainless steel, also it is called hydroelectric steel, since it is used in making hydro
turbine components. Under quenching and tempering conditions Molybdenum is added to prevent rust. Since it
is having good toughness, it can be used at temperatures ranging from -65 ℃ to +300 ℃. CA6NM stainless steel
is generally divided into three heat treatment conditions, QT650, QT780, and QT900. Good corrosion resistance
in a heavy corrosive environment without yielding chloride. The tempering condition determines hardenability.
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Chemical Properties
C Mn Si P S Cr Ni
Max 0.06 1.00 1.00 0.04 0.03 14.0 4.5
Min – – – – – 11.5 3.5
Physical Properties
TABLE 2 CHEMICAL AND PROPERTIES OF CA6NM
Properties Values
Youngs Modulus 2x 10e5
Poisson’s Ratio 0.28
Yield Strength, min 350 MPA
Tensile Strength, min 775 MPA
Elongation[50mm], min / % 15 %
Hardness 250 BHN
Ansys 18.1 has been used to analyze the physical properties of the runner and the results are as under.

FIGURE 1 EQUIVALENT STRESS OF CA6NM

Fig 6 Equivalent Stress CA6NM Fig 7 Total Deformation CA6NM

Fig 8 Maximum Shear Stress CA6NM

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Inconel 600 (UNS N06600)
Inconel 600 is a nickel chromium-based alloy. It has good oxidation resistance. The addition of nickel provides it
an excellent stress corrosion resistance. Also, it remains unaffected in alkaline solutions. Alloy 600 is non-
magnetic and it gives high strength and good mechanical and structural workability. It has having good
weldability character. Cold forming Characteristics are also an added advantage. Widely used in thermos couple
industries, also jigs and fixture making for a high-temperature environment. Also used in food industries. It is
also a good material for the components used in Hydro power plants.
Chemical Properties
C Mn Si P S Cr Ni
Max 0.15 1.00 0.5 0.04 0.015 17.0
Min – – – – – 14.0 72.0
Physical Properties
TABLE 3 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF INCONEL 600
Properties Values

Youngs Modulus 2.14x 10e5

Poisson’s Ratio 0.29
Yield Strength, min 585 MPA

Tensile Strength, min 765 MPA

Elongation[50mm], min / % 45 %
Hardness 290 BHN
Ansys 18.1 has been used to analyze the physical properties of the runner and the results are as under.

FIGURE 1 EQUIVALENT STRESS FOR INCONEL 600

Fig 9 Equivalent Stress Inconel 600 Fig 10 Total Deformation INCONEL 600

Fig 11 Maximum Shear Stress INCONEL 600

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SS-420(UNS S 42000)
Grade 420 stainless steel is a high-carbon steel with a minimum chromium content of 12%. Like any other
stainless steel, grade 420 can also be hardened through heat treatment. It offers good ductility in its annealed
state and excellent corrosion resistance properties when the metal is polished, surface grounded, or hardened.
This grade has the highest hardness - 50HRC - among all the stainless-steel grades with 12% chromium. Stainless
steel grades that are similar to grade 420 stainless sheets of steel include martensitic steels such as the other
versions of grade 420, having vanadium, sulfur, and molybdenum in their composition, and the grade 440 series.
Non-standard grade 420C has a carbon content that is a little higher than that of grade 420. Martensitic stainless
steels are ones with high hardness and high carbon content. These steels are generally fabricated using methods
that require hardening and tempering treatments. The operating conditions of martensitic steels are affected by
the loss of material strength at high temperatures and a decrease in ductility at negative temperatures.
Chemical Properties
C Mn Si P S Cr Ni
Max 0.15 1.00 1.0 0.04 0.03 14.0 -
Min – – – – – 12.0 72.0
Physical Properties
Properties Values

Youngs Modulus 2.0 x 10e5

Poisson’s Ratio 0.285
Yield Strength, min 345 MPA

Tensile Strength, min 665 MPA

Elongation[50mm], min / % 45 %

Hardness 290 BHN

TABLE 4 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SS-420

FIGURE 1 EQUIVALENT STRESS FOR SS-420

Fig 12 Equivalent Stress SS 420 Fig 13 Total Deformation SS-420

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Fig 14 Maximum Shear Stress SS 420

S-316 (ASTM A 240)

Grade 316 is the standard austenitic molybdenum grade. Grade 316 has the second commercial importance to
Grade 304. The molybdenum provides better resistance to pitting and corrosion than SS-304. It can be well-
formed and has a good welding property. During the welding of a thin section, post-welding annealing is not
required. The austenitic structure gives these grades excellent toughness when used in sub-zero temperatures.
Chemical Properties

Physical Properties
TABLE 5 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SS-316

FIGURE 1 EQUIVALENT STRESS FOR SS-316

Fig 15 Equivalent Stress SS 316 Fig 16 Total Deformation SS 316
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Fig 17 Maximum Shear Stress S

A-15 (ASTM A 487)
CA15 is 400 series stainless steel which can be hardened since the chromium present is enough. Chromium
makes it rusting-proof in a heavy corrosive environment. At different temperature treatments, a range of
hardness is available. It can be machined and welded, but post-operation heat treatment is required.
Chemical Properties

Physical Properties
Table 6 chemical and physical properties of ca 15
Properties Values

Youngs Modulus 1.9 x 10e5

Poisson’s Ratio 0.28
Yield Strength, min 450 MPA

Tensile Strength, min 620 MPA

Elongation[50mm], min / % 18 %

Hardness 220 BHN

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FIGURE 1 TOTAL DEFORMATION FOR CA-15

FIGURE 1 EQUIVALENT
Fig 18 Equivalent Stress CA 15 Fig 19 Total Deformation CA 15

Fig 20 Maximum Shear Stress CA 15

CB-6 (ASTM A 890)

CB 6 alloy is mainly martensitic steel alloy which can be used for casting. It is used in heat-treated conditions. It
has low conductivity of electrical among martensitic steel, low thermal conductivity, and very high ductility in
nature.
Chemical Properties
C Mn Si P S Cr Ni Mo

Max 0.06 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 17.5 5.5 0.5

Min – – – – – 15.5 3.5 -
TABLE 7 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CB 6
Properties Values

Youngs Modulus 2.0 x 10e5

Poisson’s Ratio 0.28
Yield Strength, min 580 MPA
Tensile Strength, min 790 MPA
Elongation[50mm], min / % 16 %
Hardness 373 BHN

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Fig 21 Equivalent Stress CB 6 Fig 22 Total Deformation CB 6

Fig 23 Maximum Shear Stress CA 15

VII. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1. Results
The results obtained from the structural analysis have been accumulated in the graphs
A. Tensile yield strength vs. induced stress bar chart
The chart shows the relation between tensile yield strength and induced stress of the stainless steels used
for the stress analysis. The next chart shows the factor of safety obtained from the analysis
TENSILE YIELD STRENGTH VS INDUCED STRESS
700
580 585
600 Yield strength Stress Induced
STRESSES IN MPA

500 450

400 345 350

300 262.62 261.75 262.08 261.95 268.53 261.42

205
200

100

0
SS-316 SS-420 CA6NM CA 15 CB 6 Inconel
STAINLESS STEELS 600

Fig 24 Tensile yield strength vs. Induced stress Graph for different stainless steel

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TENSILE FACTOR OF
SAFETY

2.24
2.16
1.72
FACTOR OF SAFETY

1.34
1.32
0.78

STAINLESS STEELS

Fig 25 Tensile factor of safety for different stainless steel

B. Bar Chart for Deformation
The following bar chart shows the maximum deformation of buckets using different stainless steels.

DEFORMATION IN MM
0.350
0.276
0.262

0.262

0.262

0.245

SS-316 SS-420 CA6NM CA 15 CB 6 INCONEL

600

Fig 26 Bar chart for deformations in different stainless steel

C. Shear Yield vs. Shear stress-induced bar chart
Shear Yield Vs Induced shear stress
400
351
Shear Stress -MPA

Shear stress Shear strength (yield)

350
348
270

300
210

250
207

135.34

200
116.79

116.73
116.69

108.7
123
116.82

150
100
50
0
SS-316 SS-420 CA6NM CA 15 CB 6 Inconel
STAINLESS STEELS 600

Fig 27 Shear Yield vs. induced shear stress bar chart

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Factor of safety (Shear Chart)

FACTOR OF SAFETY
(SHEAR)

3.20

3.01
FACTOR OF SAFETY (SHEAR)

2.31
1.77

1.55
1.05

STAINLESS STEEL

Fig 28 Factor of safety (shear stress) for different stainless steel

VIII. DISCUSSIONS
It can be ascertained from this chart that SS-316, SS-420, and CA6NM have the same deformations of 0.262 mm,
and CA-15 has a little bit more of 0.276 mm. CB6 has the maximum deformation of 0.350 mm and the lowest
observed in INCONEL 600 material. If we apply the theory of elimination then CB 6 can easily be eliminated for
its higher deformation, though its factor of safety is good enough at 2.16.
Now CA6NM stainless steel has a factor of safety of 1.34 and a lower deformation of 0.262 mm. Similarly,
INCONEL 600 material has the highest factor of safety of 2.24 and the lowest deformation of 0.245 mm.
If we discuss the result obtained from the analysis of shear, then we can say that except SS-360 all the stainless
steel is producing a very good result here. SS-420 has to have a 1.77 factor of safety, CA15 is 2.31, CB6 is 3.20 and
INCONEL 600 has 3.01. So CB6 is showing the ultimate result in shear strength.
If we relate the shear stress analysis criteria with the tensile analysis, then we have to ascertain that the tensile
analysis will be the governing parameter and the final selection of material should be CA6NM only on the grounds
of sustainability and economy. The material for the construction of the runner which is the heart of the hydro
turbine is selected mainly on the budget of the project. If the budget suits, then a higher grade of material like
INCONEL 600 may be used. Actually, the runner bucket erodes due to the excessive presence of silts, quartz, and
even large sizes of stones present in the water jet. So, the high hardness and tensile strength of materials prevent
the erosion of bucket material. So, the life of the runner increases.
So according to the requirement, the runner materials may be chosen. Now another factor is the cost of stainless
steel. The cost factor is the most considerable factor that is being discussed in the actual field of the machine
building industry. The fact is that INCONEL-600 is more expensive than CA6NM. So, on the grounds of economy
CA6NM should be used, otherwise, for a long-life criterion, INCONEL 600 is the best material for a runner
material.
IX. CONCLUSION
The above process of analysis, results, and subsequent discussion, is the proper way of selecting runner materials
as used in hydro industries. With the development of CAD CAM and analysis tools, the process of economization
of any machine and component has become easier. The runner is the most important part of the Hydro turbine,
so the material selection for it should be done with extreme care, otherwise, economization cannot be done, and
the longevity cannot be forecasted.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank my beloved wife “Ipsita Biswas” for helping me complete the article. I would like to thank
the almighty God and Gunu for helping me indirectly in this endeavor.

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X. REFERENCES
[1] Hydraulic machines – Jagdish Lal
[2] The micro-Hydro Pelton turbine manual - Jeremy Thake
[3] Hydro-electric engineering practice – John Gutherie Brown
[4] Theory and Design of Hydraulic Machines- Dr. V.P.Vasandani
[5] Pelton Turbines-Zhengil Zhang
[6] Hydraulic machines and Pumps - Krivchenco
[7] Model acceptance tests acc. IEC 60193 and IEC 62006
[8] Design and analysis of Pelton turbine buckets (Maddela Veda Ratna Prakash and Srinivasa Rao) in January
2017
[9] Design and static analysis of Pelton turbine bucket (N. Nava Indrasena Reddy, T. Siva Prasad) 2015
[10] Simulation for Material Selection for a Pico Pelton Turbine’s Wheel and Buckets (Felix A. Isholaa, Joseph
Azetaa, George Agbia, Obafemi O. Olatunjib, Festus Olawale)
[11] Toward design optimization of a Pelton turbine runner (Christian Vessaz, Loïc Andolfatto, François
Avellan & Christophe Tournier) (2016)
[12] Design and static analysis of Pelton turbine bucket (N. Nava Indrasena Reddy, T. Siva Prasad) 2015
[13] Fatigue Analysis of Simple and Advanced Hoop Pelton Turbine Buckets (Li Ji-Qinga , May Myat Moe Sawb)
2016
[14] Design and static analysis of Pelton Turbine bucket (N. Nava Indrasena Reddy, T. Shiva. Prasad) 2015
[15] Sand Erosion of pelton Turbine nozzle and bucket: A case study of Chilime Hydropower Plant (Tri Ratna
Bajracharya, Binod Acharya, C.B.Joshi, R.P,Saini) 2021
[16] Design and analysis of Pelton turbine buckets (Madella Veda Ratna Prakash, Srinivasa Rao Ponugupati)
2017
[17] Analysis of influence of bucket angle of Pelton wheel (K Arun) 2022
[18] Static analysis of Pelton wheel bucket (N K George, Sebin Sabu, Kevin Raju Joseph, Ashwin Chandy Alex)
2014
[19] Towards design optimization of a Pelton turbine runner (Christian Vessaz, Loel Andolfatto,Francois
Avellan, Chrisophe Tournier) 2017
[20] Modelling Fabrication & Analysis of Pelton turbine for Different Head and materials (Kailash Sing
Chouhan,G.R Kisheoray, Manish Shah) 2017
[21] Design and Analysis of Pelton Wheel (Ma Myat Win Khaing, Ma YI Yi Khin, Mg Than Jaw) 2019

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