Nutrition revision
Unit one
Food:- is defined as any Solid or liquid which when ingested will enable the body to carry
out any of its life function.
Nutrition:- is the sum total of the process by which living things receive and utilize the
necessary materials for survival, growth and maintenance of worn out tissues.
Diet:- is defined as food containing all the nutrients in a sufficient amount and proper ratio.
Malnutrition:- is the condition that results from an imbalance between dietary intake and
requirements.
Roughage:-is defined as food fibres which enable the body to to get rid of waste products,
which would otherwise become poisonous to the body.
Dietary guidelines
● Eat a wide variety of foods
● Maintain healthy weight
● Choose a diet low in fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol
● Use sugar in moderation
● Use salt and sodium in moderation
● Choose a diet with plenty of vegetable, fruits and grain products.
Human beings need food to provide energy for the essential physiological functions
like:-
● Respiration
● Circulation
● Digestion
● Metabolism
● Maintaining body temperature
● Growth and repair body tissues.
Major causes of malnutrition
● Lack of knowledge in selecting foodstuff with high nutritive value
● Poverty and infectious diseases
● Drought
● Social arrest and civil conflicts
● Transport problems ( inaccessibility)
● Increased population
● Insufficient farming technique
● Poor management of resources
● Loss of food through destruction by insects
● Exploited land due to planting the same type of food crop for may years, erosion
because of overgrazing and moreover the farmers could not use the fertilizer due
to many reasons.
Daily calories requirements of individuals
● Infants 1-3 years need 1,000 cal/day
● Children 5 years need 1,500 cal/day
● Children 5-8 years need 1,800 cal/day
● Children 10_12 years need 2,000 cal/day
● For adolescents and adults calorie requirements depend on the degree of
physical activities
From 13_20 years of age
Office worker =2,800 cal/day
Heavy work = 3,500 cal/day
Adults
Office worker = 2,300 cal/day
Heavy work = 3,700 cal/day
Very Heavy work up to 4,000 cal/day
Unit two
➢ Carbohydrates provide a great part of the energy in all human diets.
➢ In the diet of poor people especially the tropics, up to 85% of the energy my come
this source.
➢ In the diet of rich people in many countries the proportion may be as low as 40%
➢ The cheapest and digestible fuel of human is Carbohydrates
➢ Carbohydrates Are components of body substances need for the regulation of body
process. Heparin, which prevents blood from clotting, Nervous tissues, connective
tissues, various hormones, Ribose, and enzymes contain Carbohydrate.
➢ Another Carbohydrates are part of Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic
acid (RNA).
Types of Carbohydrates
● Monosaccharides:
■ Glucose
■ Fructose
■ Mannose
■ Galactose
● Disaccharides:
■ Sucrose ( Present in taste sugar)
■ Lactose ( Present in milk)
■ Maltose ( Present in starch)
➢ Mannitol and dulcitol are alcohol derived from mannose and galactose
➢ There are two hormones, which control the Metabolism of Carbohydrates,
insulin and glucagon.
■ Insulin is secreted by beta cell of the islets of langerhans and the
secretion is stimulated by:
● Hyperglycemias
● parasympathetic Nervous activity
➢ Functions of insulin
● To facilitate Glucose Transport to the liver and muscle cells.
● To facilitate formation of glycogen in the liver and muscle cells.
● To incorporate formation of protein from amino acids
➢ Glucagon is secreted by the Alpha cells Of the islets of langerhans and the secretion
Is stimulated by
○ Hypoglycemia
○ Sympathetic Nervous activity
➢ Function of Glucagon
○ To facilitate the breakdown of glycogen in the liver and muscle cells in to
glucose.
UNIT THREE
● protein is natural foods differ widely in the number and the Proportion off the
22 or more amino acids.
Types of enzymes
Pepsinogen is secreted by the gastric juice and activated by the
Hydrochloric acid.
Trypsinogen is secreted by pancreatic juice and activated by
entropeptidase
Chymotrypsinogen is secreted by pancreatic juice and activated by the
active tripsin
Peptidase intestinal juice
Protein energy malnutrition ( PEM)
PEM is today the serious nutritional problem in Africa and other developing countries. It is
two clinical forms are kwashiorkor and marasmus.
Signs and symptoms of kwashiorkor
Growth failure
Wasting of muscle is also typical but not be evident because of oedema
They may be mental change
Hair and skin color change
Diarrhea and vomiting
Sing of other micronutrient deficiencies
Criteria for referral to the nearest health facility
Substantial weight def.<60%WAF or <70%HFA
Severe generalized edema any of the following
o Anorexia
o Diarrhea and vomiting
o Dehydration
o Loss of consciousness and convulsion
Severe anemia <15%of Hematocrit
Respiratory distress
Hypothermia <35.5°c
Jaundice
Child status after discharge from hospital
Mental state has improved as shown by smiling, response to stimuli,
awareness, and interest in the surroundings
Appetite has returned and he/she is eating well
Shows physical activity
Temperature is normal
No vomiting or Diarrhea
No oedema
Starting to gain weight.
