subscribe toChannel> IMPERFECT MEDICO Amazing work has been done to cover more work in less time, Contents available *NEUROANATOMY* complete *DEVELOPMENT OF CNS* complete * SENSORY PHYSIOLOGY*complete *HEAD AND NECK* Goss Anatomy SPECIAL SENSES PHYSIOLOGY.. complete [MOTOR PHYSIOLOGY.. GIT PHYSIOLOGY Medical hand written notes for mbbs BDS Hindi Urdu language credit...Bilal Zahid ayub medical collegeDR NATeER ewal, PHYSIOLOGY Mebake wade picts Cora te Gounod oe? =. todd fhe Functions + Gronteny —Atonw. fob maar mid weak Emad Oa eed FO z Peglatny ong Eee Heaene racer wong) Kawi be et fo Hove tet i, SRE Se Gerad pack spond) opie eRoenoY We oe ‘ores ony, MOE) Gideeria — Rechone— 9 ter ott er vantngen map at ot het On fen my Yond Sone id, se aeaee iad WC manly eft pat er Mebtols —fanetout psy me TR Poy Migs bic has te move suk of tna body drvough — Hidonays much be witler soluble Devgs am gyrerwiiy lipid aoluble base tm orker to duwclve tm dMMevent mambrines 8 adh ike argt Mine bt ome We enler thay arrat be excl out of me tidy emg te ‘elaide He the 2 ttn eadts ane hepabottiany Gece nd Penal Syctemn ao om they catch lemon ef intecking in bile oF Lababan of repvene -theg wilt be pabcorbed ble He pid Whoity im aber to get wid ef chase drugs, hey mud ke camera fe mater Soluble fasten Theme ae fis vays fe achieve tae BlTRMFORMITINY RencroNs DA Wahty changed, motecale ( fice Glucaromie dud in Wwer) CONTYGATAS tath the drag and hence cheng) welecate mike “Hater Galubte © Te Hidden peter seat pen hee at Fat en are Le aap yee med ond the peruse selable ibstemee ko mors er folubde BIOTRANSEORMATION €GACTIONS % “romformation tm Ye moleule within the boleqiewt yim. 2 Tires: BT-T Bons ler wir qeup 6 spied Jom BT Rm O emmfugtted with tome galr group: Mir 009% Fetus Amughe TT wine Chon sherges expted) rtm patter Hawg the BTA wane os cempigadion we erder to teteme highly charged al ake tare won] eg te maete ool He dy Atter Winsformitin + Tre bigniy peer drugs loeng Need rutluble emote diuslued fm membrane of hepabocgtt we Ye abe tapped tede tte petlethet- Bene ane cpeent aetve Hrineperten ty the membre OfOf epatocyder fo drome Ue wake These are fro seston To hich —eptvaes in teeke Haete chances init © Beod > Kidve]—> nephron —y not eaberrbed bk Hater Wuble > ecorcke @ Hepstobilany fyten—>Iectne lamers not sbnerbed —3 eromle OR bh O md ® Here the selector 15 the tepttoogle ae eee witch ichem the faticheneas wll be headed centevtled lay epeboeytoe ta. HARWONES: sho undergo blobrintfirmation mins fo wn wat of body bk one TK Rechon Ws dome en rfc naedeh te moe ttn out ® Oink of wort cecholghes th the body the matt Important 'S — PorAsivm CSS well Bre) beste a MHle alone hy fhe ringette very very tering rondo: Tk hy He ae trod edna handle the EY ee et ferent bly frm aural. ® Erdacrwe Fometons Kdneys:- —Hktmoner + @ Engtrrnpeitine profiad bry endo relied eat 8 peritvndar cipallartes ecentin = Ta edoteal eae ob tre pounder Gptares @® Lenin by Jerlegiamuralir spporatve 55:40 min rave get omijen Sosing prone that Inhibits he Genet pobned fon be ahi g Me. Maps peichen fe Wer GM somal Cie eth ie erg © Rested ROT BL oP Me tr oon vr Tie eke ie Ve ees ee al A bate mcg a Steuckuse Kidney Se Bed Td 40 Kidney SH Medullary tatentthal hyper otwalaty Se thee tthe medusa toe ied Moo te te medutta oy Yaa Recta ik onder oe yey ie prevent te bed Hem pac hng Ke Wah erettcy ete he dy med Vasa recta are the tiny capillaries that surround Henle loops and provide nutrients and oxygen to tenal medulla while peritubular capillaries are the capillaries that surround the proximal and distal tubules and provide nutrients and oxygen to the renal cortex ‘Wieinty the Yoo Tecta ate Carmed fren dhe eflcrent arterile Mf Jattawedullery qumuray wile peribublosr jovies, one Foewed — fiw the efferent awtervle 9 Gtvonl) Mas. In addsHemeap Yara Recta help in canbrling the bebence of waker dnd tolabe eddech te the wed ry wiersittim by the ep hiton ; te GerHicad Nepnani = 86 -Go% ei ppenee fen fababy explant Farha edallany Nepheon (07'S # ile cages fms Wis RachaSubscribe IMPERFECT MEDICO Amazing work has been done to cover more work in less time, Contents available *NEUROANATOMY* complete EE) *DEVELOPMENT OF CNS* complete * SENSORY PHYSIOLOGY*complete *HEAD AND NECK* Goss Anatomy SPECIAL SENSES PHYSIOLOGY. complete MOTOR PHYSIOLOGY. GIT PHYSIOLOGY Medical hand written notes for mbbs BDS indi Urdu languageandie Otput Kent). Stem AAR HOD wid Gal -SNe an 5 Urin 4AU}m (30%) 607 = 600 ml) > placma Descending Fins of Frost Corshated Gfamarad Fitretion —_ ante <= = 2 t00 al fin BO) a ioe e Ee) (Ee - eat) ad Ascamding Lino of Distal Corwoluted Collecting stem go An ba of tase PO ate PE oe (iNe abeorpton) (15% 215 md) ADH re Normal —Uemne Buby per day LQ [min xX EO min x AA hours 1440 mlday S 4S Litel doy W & Netmal — Range => BOO wl] > 3500 wrk/deg WM cae noekared and WA ue recheaa apf 1 leis Ain 500 md/doy => Oligouse @ More nin Z500 mil (day polyused & SR Aehally Ws dhe bat part of te vephro tha watt on te Suk eine rath Wh be tie ine uke in @D We rebarolc wale that are emowd «bd they wow od of he behy Ih undivohed dike te teh shawl in dawobad dade Kebreyscarnet be ee orate, from the bay, To maxim — caidity forthe altny edveq 40 comervivthe 000 mle slot — (200 metal salakes Under wd & rorme) condition , body preduee upto 600 mown te ab letst Soo mf of wtler is weqaived, fo make athe wetibole wick, woe ok of ie body, Viren the body te ty Iyer catabolic diate Cegap High protein ithe or ani other cond tomsYo which ane metabolic acter ane tara, even te SOO MR OF Heo ts wt — enmigh ern wth 5.00 woh Hd Clete Min S00 wll dey erder rere) ceaditiont) moetthole vatthn wah dart — serum aking fn tne acy, ® Piyusert C+ 2500 vine oodgnk/dak) wt case vochures and ener tte sheep pattorn °F the penton sill be dichurbed PATHOS \F the — Kidneys gre Smnpatred dre sine oodpuk te lene than 500 -wQhldoy, mehboriic Mattes wil stort Whadlyy acoumalating th the Weod andthe bead, Biochemistry tl) be altered © Tomy the eed cemstry 15 altered pith no sans a eynglore °F Real Jaifure tals gathdtagicnl confition & aie, AxOTEMIA « ©] MF beotema sy tad SHmphone Rena Failare => UREMIN Mich Te A patho yea) condition chavacterized by werere —dktatbence in vera Function aeociated th Rrobema, NeB de Hon tephten = Wotk¢ = or? How =m the: Kidney = the = urine is armed P Eomerular — Steue tue Glomerulus fs group ef snastonosing cappalaies trvested oy druble ayer layer of opted calls wating Bovomen oipeule and, fre adppalories axe embedded with tn Meceanghum Functionally 1 Te the brain uns} of the mepamn Ce eice, On tm aide oF Ae uement monbant 1s Slgnerdles wnerall eptthehium 98 Bowmen clpule chile at the then side 15 erdorhetiol) cells glomerular capiery aptMagniftcalten 9 the above Dagean Ne nad case all ake poke ace cleaved Rreortically below: subscribe IMPERFECT MEDICO ‘Amazing work has been done to cover more work in less time, Contents available *NEUROANATOMY* complete *DEVELOPMENT OF CNS* complete * SENSORY PHYSIOLOGY*complete *HEAD AND NECK* Goss Anatomy SPECIAL SENSES PHYSIOLOGY. complete IOTOR PHYSIOLOGY... GIT PHYSIOLOGY Medical hand written notes for mbbs BDS. Hindi Urdu language oe Grdo Hela Calls + Spectal) type 9 — onde Aelia) cells cemisting oF Anoustrds 9B holes Within the tly Aherefore —Clomentlar ctypallories ae called, Ferectraded| —Coppllaries Te wae OF ese holes ronges 7D [0D nm R Basement Membtine !~ The ceri) area othe basement ——aypemrs —lorker under the decir —wicreccope Mak 5 why tis eset ated Tale © Lomina DengQ (electron dense Sred’) - Dn eer de of Lowtna Dente §% — Lamina Pard Clem electrons ret) bechune Tk bacon = Pram the central dente area Te ome lich is foward the —ippilory ono tread cal i called Loomind ara Interna —Wiike the other which «Mewar te YMeral epttnelion called Lomina Rare — Gehernd. General kanoledge ; Bons —> Tyre T colagen Urbwolage—> We ow 1s present in mong Botewent mem bore» Ty HestThe mem chuchuse Sf batement membrane — ts made bay Collagen Tyre-IV aaich crc const 9B tiple helix of ot-Dephde bain wrth globular ron collagenous component « win seme patients , auto antibodies are Pormed, aapinst ths glover ren collagenous Components —wculting — Hemaharig ( pretence 9 ved ta nine). Test antibedes gre called Ankh. GB Fotdadn To dette Ani €BM Glomevaly epht- — . se tn wwe patter the antibediea ako atacks the lungs ABM that teyalls in hemoptents ( Spting Fad tet ergnated the Magn ov benehial ibe) A penton with hemahuria astociated itty nnoplosts boving Good Pevtare Siren 4 Hevidtheng revit > Genes difele—> mt omper tne a The colagen Tyre Wave Sarfoumded by poly ovtente malecule —makng the bavewent memlorc Hive charg ane Ma vegan, charged Blo there nega tely changed — wroleautar on the endotredia)) tngaue at ell ws en he warfnce of epithelium ef —tomen’s—cantule fo THE WHOLE FUTRATION Memgeane 6 €LecTRONEeATIVE Soitradtal Celle Te wiceveld epittreltoll cells have oo rocersen Cpedoasies) thal ine apple tthe basement gg aS tse Pook pracentes inter digitates With fhe ond procetes — %F —retqihbour eptteio —eally_— mating 8 Sh /pote cae —Eiltredion SIC have gixe °2 20-20 nen Recent seettchers hove told tek tre Giltqotion ltt exe (Stats Steet Konan Alteation —Daphragen aed Wnt ateent OF patholagrenly deceoyed sit leads fo B\twodion of — proteins Later discv ered t% Pathe) The Filtration diaphragm ts made up of spectell prateint called Nepaing “Factors aflating Flhtten © 2 © Sze 2 FUtndtion Auge 0-gu- Brood le Arnot con tne benter be thoy ae jee bgp: D Charqe: Partvely charged crolecnller wih be ited qwet eawhy bree & [k wean tak how much the wembovane i permnea ble to the letomcan to be Gtihrakedd Ge ona is P ee @ Teed sapace dred of Bttvobing memerane s- Gen Pathe memlsrane pormenbiy iS Some» the wore the burfate red the more coll be OF Filtradion CoefSicient Ckg) = Hyde Conductialty x Total frmgace cksed- Corelution s- GER cx Wet Filtmtlen Presure CNEP) GFR KE fo efR = NEP x KE @ FACTORS AFFECTING GFR Uaeh. Filton Grehon @ Factor affecting Ke oe Normal Kp = GFR/ yep Kee L20mt//omm Hq Kg = La md fimm Hg min / toed Renal tubetonce fotod Sloman tn 2% both Kidmegs (BOO UNE) Beout 15D gram se forall penal tistone % B00 qphns te ke = AR & mb /mm HQ /imin / \00 qrame OF veal widstamee. 3 Bach kidvey —wlelght4 Toa bylrclic condusttvhy canbe deerena bo thickoning of Eiltyation —-membtone Two tepectank pathogen Padiiiont which cin ‘hiekened his membrane are © Diabehes Melis @ Paper tensron Piso th pha} Surface Avel F the Crvieatlon mewbrane cm be shortened {F che ‘heating ppalavies are replaced lay Mewolte mabertn) and) ener Here wilh er ve Gilead rrougin there ftoottc changes Treo trgontomt — diveaset whieh kn hy Nomerdar cappatartes and mace then Sirotve ane 5 O chronic pyclonephnte @ _Chwewle Gomera Wegheitis © In adltonce CASE of all rece covdlitiont y the Ke 1k much weductd — toe? IS Tmpatement th Kidveg Ginetten and ence em Head 0 Renal Faure. © Factors Affecting NEP © Pasi Oletuction tn urinary deainaje Schon everywhere dur (homes che itl trerfere with the flow °F ustu and, hente urine clio be excreted very etfectently thok leads be frerente of back pueawrt and uducee the NEP. In twew cate i mag come port— Renel Fain Me the Lack yuestane Increases the Pas 69 high bof GFR Ts very mach low or aesenh 1D Plocme Pevting = © Kae Proten loving enterpattier — Diver eierhock —_@prodein Energy melmutrition @rprotein ecg weplrropatbies . ty all thete condition He level of pleimna~ protons become vey be and bente Meg wild ee alo let to the | NFP CFE) wil be Tncreated od oppesttion B® Multie Myeloma > Maglome yrokenc te bord to tn okdhon bo worinal aura prcleia Ake abenroranl —mageloma proferas leads fw tneveared Nec mh bene GFR fs reduad: i Failure.» CrevatonCPertuion) to Kidney 15 dic hushed Renal Fatlure —-> Renal Failures ple of damage fe kidney Fock Renal Faure > Kidnays Are okay but Are drainage system of urine fm tmnpatved un to obsltuction cheD Fitkration Faclons- Be the bled evlers the Gc fom afferent arteriole «1b tone of Wgh — dmow! ah Hid pe Uk Ie pating Ahmugh GE the flad Ie Rlhraked md ompach Lecomes le bak re pleswa grckens ace rot fiiaied Go the conumbrakion of thie plaone protein come high when ord moving towards efferent aevle and tente Maida stmch preene become Wah ak the ettetenk Sle of 60. a Ke qeerlly 28mm By ak afferent Side of 2 and Snmly ok the se He eh Hy — efferent side. Fem We we can dio chide ok the piakion te very Wh ab ter shark Yuk es matng toward he efferent cde ee ezeaies ae he iration becomes es and fs New Fitvahion fraciem 1s tee Amount of plasma flow uabicn te filtered ohh ts Wien FE trees dee $e tome Waromt the fled will be flere olen wil be omarimted wove ond as 4 tent the tn Bilhvadtn Reeth. lind Vice Veen. te(Ree FE] Mat ptt ow “ Foc depmnde oy Higa + © Sattente Mod Btbae © CFherent Arkeviolar Redstomee (AK) D Syrtemie Bad Prenure Per OC SBP wormelly 20 % were ond Since Be platmnd Tees be treed Needing bo te deren An ® BRRerent Bea Ratbone, D AAR Wren wegerent ovtevile {$ omtkacted—> Glomendlar Blot Sow 4 —> Glemenhar Plata How ¥ —> | Pec—> + NEP —> J GER. Te wajoy Contirckors bere fret ®B Cynepheine ard Moreyimersing comtnes hee be € Smphatehe simulotren Mferent onterioles Ome vvidh by ol AR tak why they Yerpond muh 40 Gmphothehe dimutakion - B Edotelin dio controls MMferent arterioles. Te lewk of odethelin ts trend ocute Tera Failure , Chtonle Renal) Failure ord) Pragnemeds teduead— Hyper tension Conversely When Afferent Iehevsle 6 dilated —9 DEER Te dilator wilestemees ore NO, Brady kinin ard vod tinportently prostaglandinsespecially PGE, and PGTa Lint iwportont lncally produced — Vuodiakors)) CLINGAL + When the ely Tt under cave eimphatieltc clemchion dia to ome Walon, he Opl4Ne weaced fm ENS will comclrihs the Atfcent —axtevicks bd the Sbactly padutsd Prostaglandin sill peevend thete arlerslet hen camshtclion ond the GER all be ver fe wormal, Nab 1F tith patienk ore given TENDS tual deeeatr the Conaaxtration of Pestaglandins and ence the Glaod dove ey demmerouly drops. ond Om fends bo Rere Ioenthieienes DEAR t When efferent Interioles dre Dilated , the Lied poner the 42 quekly oma bord fo detent NEP abch walls deeene th GER \f_GPferent Arlevisles tre _conctaicted i= D Waeroiey Concreicted + Pao —+ TD NEP—>» TERR @ Sewe~e Cominetion:- In qevete eometrlchion, there (gales treregte tn Pee bak ble oF the fmeredse tne Filhwohion Froctim is alto imereaied which i) Fre plowne poles in igh Goncentrolad Yoon thot leds ty Quoitic Toaeke tn Free which iwhutn decteates the GPR Ele the Mae very Hah a Compare, to Rae % Elfesent feherbles are okoundomb tm Amyotendin tt weteploys whith on thmulakion cowteels the efferent —anterioke: Fitton Praclions FR /Qeal prow Mew = 22/ém =a Pavameler Rael Prem Foo | FR |Sbetion Wrst 4 ¥ No change Pete | Ft |e ae Same rakets| be t Phe Bee Jean iene) + t No. change Ae Aen + L ft ba a f No change fe + Tpbifleme | oe age f ft Uretet constriction No change all ySUBSTANCES FILTERED® Bland ule , plana prodeint pla proteins Vike biliwubin, deat 607 carrot tered Annaigh Atkin mente Remairng gilaclances tin Stor awk 9 Ove OVINE cvctiyln hey te neo Mele we predate © Netabotbes np Glste, Amimwcide, Orme ads o4 Fone bad © Lav vibecalar welght prot ap trmin 5 hanglsin. ctf ond rlectance, howd wath the #8 Caheiarn , Gatrytele Ts ond Va, ond many drags 5 © Non Notual POE a eee eee @D Some druge Geveal Knaoledge: Tnellin = wim Clherd oak, St fe veabcorbed, by pextmal convoluded| twister ond trathe the cel of RCT, Th tatedokxer ord inblin i — dlstroyed, The obotized retin way be vied Sor Glaconeagenesis- Hemeglobin then Vk 5 present % plas ts fitted out ky Bomerulug amd oe wealesorbed by PET. Hemmglolin s crbabolixed iy tate cel. ond Yom ts veleased hich distmocts the oT anh ence ead fo Rena diceoge se MEASUREMENT OF GERI @ By cing trulin beeduce — trubin haw Come. speeta) chavectevchicn which wen sit ts non tonic > Pusent Sreely Coot bounded — ty 2 No charge 7 femed moleulay weight => No Reabermption = No Seeve Kon. flame protet) Ae the amaunt of ‘ntilin that PlHered —chinot be vedbiorbed Lak or extra amok © trin camo oe secreted — From low yam He Noord Of tntelin Yok Te Bitered — weil be exoctly equal fo the bad of Grin Hook is present in urinete Fitter load a trulin = Ustnary Gteretory load 4 inulin. LP] ie X GR = [Vind X V Te]inarne Concenhntin of fable tn =) GFR = Wintin XV placa, Grg/ml) TFT bain LUT ints hy utine Conf) V = Volume o using Cont/min) Bur thee 1S A problem vith inulm ble th ts erogenous —wabctande amd hence fo matntatn Ms cleady (evel Th wok lee qin steadily bo D we cin ve another qubstance which 1s normally presett tn bead and Facky Filewbte and not reabsorbed and very ttle fk wareled Tak subslonee CREATININE (5 ppaarmate laut vot ded Vee alin le cxentinine can be tected tle fo [DJensen an te be pucent ect otheroue) AUTOREGULATION OF GFE and eral lee Flow assateti: ENen the denervated Kiweyt ( Artmsplaniech eMveys) i if wiicn donot Wave squnphatietis stiimitetion even * vo fw Fat ES, ubregulladto yrenomenO> in Kivage Systorie. Bind Frmuve roimtain erckwk or nearly carsfont ED raken oss | TA ° eS el comes Sh ee ty © AF Wecanign: Yesteni: bleed prema a> t presi tn cena arteries => "> Yerture th Clemeratar eappalaries BT GFR Cfo very dort Honea tubular Plow Sick pleut seabsonqtion bl of ae me by oT and Ascending Dinlo F boy of tenle DAE load especialy ated CC ed ching Ae That path 94 dubal comotaked tele He Fre wry begoning of DOT we very apectol cobs eclecton calcd Macuda Donsd with ase very sinithive to Nut and Gi crmenteatin at hs part of hale Wirerevet MP tat Wed > chece ctl secrete pmducls thet produce Afferent Arlewolo andtiretion, =a}Bied flow 9 Kidney YEER Cho normal’. 2-T-0At Ae same one ate produc — of macy dent wi dike he effeveah ares leecouse hese ceils decenes the production "$ Renin| which lends te dpstease Th Angiohersin 1 fo efferent atiievide dition will bbe reve Ahwugh York medallony aypavelus TUBULO GLOMEROLO AUTEREGULATIN RA Mecinantsn + Mypgentc Mechanism + A Gidente Blood premuare = hirkch om the atferenh Artevaien => Swovth muscles ate the atretehed <> Stretch sreitive Ca? channels > CAT np > Somnath WUECIe embnichon 3. Atferent Autertale concirtetton Atk Mechonian <— €xctig pote oF te ome dutued Reve ty addiMen , the wicufs dened cet produced -wodilehen wintanas Ske No ote had ad Ye Wrereaced — ahterent Arierile Dilakton: \w Ge of Elkevent — Mtett0ls Consiriction = SAG OF teak end farers Me Gy agpantin te veleaie tenn ay Angctensin I op Cfiferent Arter Tole conshichion fo SER will be norma} Tospite “ftw blood presure Tis mechonfwn fi called TUBVLO GLOMEPOLD BarancE oR MOTO REELATIONY- Lome other ample: D Won a penton ett too mach meat ay prcleim ty bled P o> Amtroacide Gtierd 4 5 Tie fivtered Awnogeds me absorbed, back by FCT oth Nat. Ainateichh Co Arangorters YTB Th Awole = GER will be treated => te & god te temove Are metabolic waste product, (ea ugea Fam tne lend) @ home is te cee When tee wich glucose hk poten! iy loach DW seme toxic gybctonees Uke Wy» febeBeag Hines etc) awe damaging tre elle Of POT then here WIN be no wealetorption f NeT wend “wereased, cada wy avbuler soi fond fo deevente SFR Which 1 qood te FP the Aonie tabctomces awtny Grom eT cleTUBULAR PRocemnG OF GLOMERULAR, GLTEATe<,“SSithor te Same eulestantar Be wibcerbed — tmeugh calls called rtmoellalar — aesotption wate tome wiletontes axe Stetotbed trreugh the apt beteiern the cath ond ig cali poe eclwular — abserption. ve fot cen 2D mi Rite thot ie Mate, per wrhuke vanly Al te excreted toto urine Fath eutladeod Forte da, 180 mh % Ritered vie the qserelon Tats umine fs Shoat ASL /doy WG-5 U lday %rabnorbed- Protima) Convotded Turules Calls CP-CAT): Aeume WD el Minin e BMherel: se Moout 657A thom reel as nat alnotbed here. oo Bee “Wibwrtoed subscribe IMPERFECT MEDICO dae Amazing work has been done to cover more work i ekg report Contents available *NEUROANATOMY* complete *DEVELOPMENT OF CNS* complete * SENSORY PHYSIOLOGY*complete *HEAD AND NECK* Goss Anatomy SPECIAL SENSES PHYSIOLOGY. complete EJMoTor PHYSIOLOGY. GIT PHYSIOLOGY Medical hand written notes for mbbs BDS Hindi Urdu language me The \uimesel and baletemal stds ofthe ells wtovka ont newt Form ont antec Ge Arey Fave diffe Types of ravtpeven ee we Tayt Tunektneer ane pte: tot at He eek te one otter et ey ate nach Aart ty There dene ong, We water te Greely monate artes hese Aged anc ems. Thee Aight funetiong tre ery Important Toles they donot lows te bgslakoral) Ftonmyorter —protetim —tecame tthe umened de vee ered ble he wonlrowe preter Foy moable Te tee (RA bilayer aad Tevet the pmeneeOf thew Hynde prevent thee movement go hmainiain Ane Sfrellihy oe antetine stds be toler ted we rlow come the Rabsorpien —wvecharamns = Nat KT ATPiwe - Bisolaterd cde of POT celle are eh tm there pumps — Hmoniing more raat ok making he cals et atch ond that deficient . Riso there are enki channels for postu onthe bate bend) vwnemnotane « se Ane overa\ effeck (a te ® Glee PCT are very deflctent oar fone. ® We cet are highty alectromegative CF OY) woo Transport sf ats The Filtra ones 9 hgh «amount RNY te Betas the umerol? wemlstane Ane concentration radionte from lumen te trade the alk fe very Wh . Pho the cells See electronegative go there Te ko the electro clhental gradient Fey Nat to Aninegert fe inate the le Bud Wat fork Bre hens] minlecales 4 obnmot Le diwoled iy gid wmombone wo foo Ws ramsport —gpectol) type afte pratense pret on tne wmnenc membrane fow fasciliteted —piggusten 92 Nat fens: “Veonsport °F Glucose t- For the Nintpet® of lacore- NAT font glad yer (nipertant wsle. The Gluoie we [eeceersted ] nen Na with re ature ele Aramgented Hough secordlany active Aramgoct —eecaute the enemy «= proided «bq the Faacloded fom of NIT Tone. dnd he nergy fe HAS them gaovtded othe piney achive Aramsgerter gunp fe Mati ATPate at Geel the Gluante concentration ty lumen ie eng HIgh et Wo hae be Brectb alll the lwose Lack iw rota) condittom + fo ayers alive Queue dchive —ousport fe rmmeetony etch 18 pected ype Of dette romper oad wecondary deve Asunnpee AE We twhorizale the the Nat KCh ATPAHE by ote sutestameese ited OBEING | then allae nuove Rareitons Wl) foe Ment ble al Aree firetims are dobendent capon nate pump: he bavlaterad Sie of the wninone comtsh of tune chao so When the ecT le de comcevtroked With Ane Glacane , the channels move Yorough Fasctlteteds Diffusion. “Trowport 7% _fanmoaads # Nat Aminoadds —Cotransgort + Faom cells te ntentin Fads Prinoseld channeli.p Ficcihtated Diusien. TTramport of Cm Some te Glucose ond mtvoseds by Comtrampor t _marhanferns w Aetualty the = lokey cells Of tre Gluane from he atk fo tntential flac oN cme to Syeoce ete spont: OT haw hee NTS CT cotramyorter: ewaur the olny ete ae rminty ich Th Teorsport of toa fe Whe of ethos are acu ated tn the Soterealabr Nat Cluace and Nat- Amino get — Co-‘troms porters: pect there the onmolar- Tey gh ae the ght fuvetions ave Yemey —ponnelfe be wetter eo fre waker fe sowbed —treough his, pomaceltular apiche: foster walent = Gorman Golates » so nthen iter Semel Areneper tel Argough Ms paraellolar whe, some solwte Uke KM ear pcT ete am ahio ve twnupevted Bm wt ter . His phevowewon fs called, S0LeNT DRAG - Be oder Mhambed Shem te amen Anan Ammsaslidar onde hestinh io Toomsport of GT = Rs discussed —Rbow Ant the eT cotemsporiens are present ot ate beber pant of FCT bo When water 1S alconbed rem te amen, Ae. 2” becomes comeentreed 9 they OM thio by dfRattom le the Cancer ten Qwedtent Te attablithed oud. eo thew rem Hags by tah OT Sos ote Bent bed ak the later pact Of RCT ® wer—el Cotsanport BD went drag @ digguion . HY tons= 40 nano ey = at FA eH.Transpott_ of wcog : he biefrbenahes olin need tbe monned —omndtiton ble they play vey begat role ae avinye ty ree fo oe destroyed Nery mach. Theyre retbwrbed complete under fn PA eaance amd a reg by #84 go bedy reed these fons arcorbel From tre lament & Yer cpeeta) way Wide he calls 8 taveonic Mrhydhose 1 Forty Moog. He lumenal ude F the calle the Nat thio the ell trough — foccttated Call Rrrwonghe — Geendemy —getive _framports Heog toms Ste detwoyed oh woreled UF toms predicting, FAC witch pretence 9% —catbonfc Anhydrase frm = YuD and Coy tin rely qo tate cell and there 14 Ys and then tro HY and teog OR RET 0 md oe temiine So she pretence Maco Which dest Dy leaks foto AT and, eontoin NUTT counter trentporter rife more AEfusten omd —eerwtes the yt ens Shem the Fe Bvered tho th the The ee will onck Hlth thD produce with AY fon wil) eourter Aramsyorted ——_agotn and hence the Cycle whl continu ant a Wwe HeDE ore Bbcorbed, tre form =F co, and teste the calls woth “Tren Mere re NeOE chameleon the lbauo'phero? Ame QE tote nteranlular efor agatn. membrane —vohich vill lerfng Sid Pru —Gaustteded — iRFuxton. Piroaytests ey PCT Cells Very lori molentor placna ptoteine way be filtered, Inte Bovomeds apace Vo tami ete . “They re abuorbe Shown the Damen wy Pinowtfogts wing dlattretn and alu using ATP, Cael trtmiport wiide the cell» the prrecaite efile will be Pydrolyced ey yrowmell ontymes , anh the amtroaetdls, wil) we weleaied atic us then be weve te fohersKited = paid. Free rl hn ate undero —Giuconeaqenetis Yay usm the clon stele ch kwimoadde ok the Hime 8f mead L Keidney kate 9B luco— weogenetis)- Free HamePabin being dimers Cees gbr sre ‘etmmer) te lent mokoilen eset molecules and cin Freefy GiTter inch Ave FET well pinocgteed ond fide hellshewogioin will be catabotixed lending, to the weenie OF TRON hod fs extremedy — oxte for trae aol ond may tute face Abello Near. Concept 9% “TreseoRT MARION Tha) & BIL Aheue Saleshaneat Which carter probing Uh# Gene, animate ote gollons a phevomeron °F Tacy hich 15 TE the Bitte fead fe treveoning,, the tedlainpiion (4 io tretenting ate whuoted , and then the tome airitey 40 wang xe tlorbed by, special wk) the Chive protene extra rod ctnnot tbe tettiotbrd back — beeawe *$ ahraton 9% idkeules Nich one Arinttortec) Scum thete deter frettelng show? &—wavtinum Siett *& — trumcport called eansgork taxirum. Some tilbttones Like N87 donot Fale Twa Yhevemenon beeamie there are many wage fer fre QUT tent te lor wetzerbed = ke Aromgth —Ge-trangerd wecamting, Lohent deg ek ao dornot chad the Phenomenon of tempt mirtmumy Lectue Hone win Tx Sodurced Wet be eaveareed by oer ty Factors Acting Wat Raabunption % Cmeanhion Gridenk ¢ diet lied © wreial Gyedwwh e- The eth of cote Mag dust owe chamnslt fav the NAT fons and he rement f nt accrois Ate chorale Wigwig depend — on the cchrochamianl Gyidienh The ALDOSTERDNG fe the Key ‘hemos Ao vetiile WaT tao Ane ante by simak ereeting the wumver and sem of Wh’ ATPam ov the bantaterell omemtionas of the collecting uuule cath lending fe the Wah elchochentienl — Satdtient: RNA and hence mere retbcorp lm %F Vat teonet ae chamnele coun, ® Contact Time $F Wat tome wh the nena) Mentone s then FUaid ts moving rupli by werestog GFR, then hee will wot be enmth ene Of all eck and ee west 60 fowlty Aheogn tbe Nat wn te be petlbsor bed, Nat satiation ale deeds open tre peed wih athe trate te moving Prteugy the hae {0 unlike ofner moleeds Fike Glucote ete which rill tee aeltbaoiord ph Tram tnfegendent upon tne aechrechemteo) qredrest and Wine gaclors, NAY veabsovplion —(c dependenk upon seve Packers:Giiucose Filtration curve — amd Tremsport — Maxtmnum (Teer) Relaktonship —betrteen plasma Giuzone-emeentawitfon and Fittraaton , Redsorption and Screhion © © ® | z / ] \|_& | Snare Ta ee [hee D Mm Clueme te Freely —lkerated So when plana concentration oP lacote reumua, the lkexokton ako frerelces tm 4 Tineky fashion DV Fir he Clucowe concentration fn pluma and that OF wea bopion jahe- Grae te Ninety becduse at Peek» there dre my de Aramsporters athieh Se empty — and nwbmnled te Gtuse. Formation > Splas- The bending of curve t¢ called Spa. “Theta reo explanations — Sov tif cacnve © Neprwons se ehowgeneous ce all vephtoms re wot Ume . dome nephions Inve Yor, amount of Co tmmpecters for Gluwore wile thes have High tes Lreterogenthy veuits ole such enediten heh seme eptons ae Gnereory Dood {re wubstomees tre yeabrorbed back all ot tome — oyamthy amd hence W's ererlory Concentration hops. Graphs; Gluenie, Rmiaoaeids Nat , many mote... @ ver Geowehions Guewhony Load 7 Fittration Load Goch taibstonces are activ cecretedh fate tvtoabes Cronies -OPawd Potro Yawmente oti CPA 2 Organte Adds and Sues Reitegrptien amd SarreHon Along Different Parks of Nephron = OD Proximal Convelated Tulowla : Disaused flove + Te lumenal meminane fc brah Dike for ineventtng dhe surface Aves dhout 20 Limes + The betolakerad oibopletm cork chfaitome ecauce there ane large humlecy of witechondid 1 ender Jo protdle meray to Wate ke ATPaues. Some of the things Winfch are wot ieee yet aves eeteHens z- The foowolrberel) side of the Pct cells have transporters for many substonces fo Yemove Tt rom bleed inte the celle of POT inte the lumen Ff tubule do be excreted . Tre mos} tmportant ave organfe tds ond aces. Some of the eamples ef subthances secreted tte tulles ave g. Bile Als @ Oralahes © Urentes DLaletolamfres © toxins © Drugs Vike peneciiiin ete: Te effect of peneciilin at fink uae very chor because they were secreted boy PCT to probenecid ate given t> patients to tnoreaes the duration 9p penecitlin in body ble fs drag bbek+ the penecillin transporterReaksorptions and ole of Harmonet + Parathyroid Harmone (PTH) and POF* Resborptim = PTH vetbsorb Callum ty dttted conolubed tubules OnLy but this harmone Decking the pos? fons 42 be wetbsorbed) In For atse When precent proximad convoluted tubules. PeT-M ap Phosphate ‘Trathing Harmone - ® Angiotensin IE s- W enhances the veaesorption of Nat fons fmough — Proximal Convoluked dubulle. AcHvation 2 Vitamin Ds "Sein taints» cholecaletjescl > Blend ——> Liver Cinside hepatvoyter, hydtoxylat ton a 26 portion occues by 0-25 Aidrowlare—> a5-OH chelecaletferol —> Blood — —> Cen oP Proximal convoluked tubules C Hydronylation a4 A poston by of, Hydroxylate —S hetie Som ot “e Firough blood {+ (+ carmed be Vatamin= D. frtestinal mucosd fe tmerease Cat? abeorp- Hn Tor the Rumen oP Sates Kne- + Parathysotd Hormone CPTHD fs Feleaed then the ca? concentration fe lon. le th aldifon te the Slowe funcHOons tak ane dccuscea] , it enhances he HihY of OGL ngdrompase te order oe befng the GAZ eve? normal by aelivaing vitamin De ¥ Demolarity to different Buds eagPlacna snd tte Sout = 292 movnelfi. St 300m Oemol (i we 6 dtm (e Dachy Mlhetbde > bo Stonte Dorolentty S00 maven BRET FE Nat and afver toms sor rednerbed uk the pot Te Gedy germetble te eter a he oats Hh ebates ond ender dhewate Sm openkin cmcmrbenkon AP Mattl emnint fe tame SF Zoom Pel. Amonghowd FCT Ormolanty 2 390 movmnil. Cect reabsorption fs (soosmotfe weabiorpATor‘) ‘He wow fiom the caten y the wean any ounolerthy AF Gwherahiind utd eater gor pest? yonpete tak will be deeuted Cote Pu °F wel € —Sapet comstar) = The very dep ast of mil Hive Bret te hace oem CGancion lio drvending and cssmatog Uimb) ane oumnolithy af tients etd fe Moowk — 1200 mowmot /L > When4 Hater Permenttithy of Mepiiten 2 Under ail normal phyticlogfer) efreamstan ces, © Deonding pant of Nephron te feeey —permestle ip water © Mexond soy pat of epson and) eatly pact of dived omvoluted tibide (6 comnfetely apes creole te wter. @ Wo wmaining Sack of vepnron ADH dependent ye tmpermenble Gm he bane °F ADH and permeable tm he rane of ADH @ Loop oF anes @ Vetcendtng Limbs a Chane heres sO No ath Gener Dt thatems —@ ese waa stray se Be dhcutted , tits part Pedy permeable to water to preqmively water tt renbiotbed {to Yrypercemsler FoterstieS Pac and Abe ntersttel Std, lect) nyperowmclat way Bonk golubet tole nen descending, Veop 9f enke Tre neh teendt will Krereeue fh opment hy, fa We nove ewnadath — dea fy medulla, (20% Water & yeubenbed bere), 0 When the hatepin bum sence, the cmolenthy 2 Lumen of flnde fh came te when gtaid Ge A200 mownol (1+ @ Ascending Limo s- The thin past of demnding Atwb have donot dey umijue spectality | (hfe clmest same to belrpin band « a The Mc pat 9f — arcendting Uinlo rove Very unique — charactevfelfes ¢ > Tey ove ark umetong and reser Simpcerneaiote te eker => The baslateral NR eTLacl Commmmarter she lumenad weniane have Wie Ggecial — Mramgperker Mak xartyort tee nat eS and 2 of fete Ane ells These toms dre move ok Of Here cel ae Nat vemoved Brom the call rough wateatpompe (25% of that [e veabtotbed) wel have chomnelk hak woe the ET aud of fh el + We vend chlo chime Wh fons esate Grom ooh cides of newer eslle ant geting eons owd te, ecome Very conconttated oF KN FS 14s they musi be mowed ouk of tae celle Ate DE Weky chert oe he Wowoternd des © crewmsli ase oko preant on mena mentamme nich tnxoio the KS fons ho the Linen of Ack Gok waking AH pact lekegasive shout + PwPole OF thew chawels tm divert Cons seenpitons he cleboyert ite ponte tm he MN path of vendtog pach loupe bende GMS the diulert tom NRE go vege Tone veyed wold can sh voigh ahah pronctler pace andl tone chin be wetorbed He Roe oF Thee FART OF Look OF NREL AL WrkIN “Ms HTERITMUL FUND OF MEDULLP HYPEROSMOLAR + pak ts comethy wey Ane suber oc of aren whos any stein of wet els ean awn of at ane theta thd af med, te vey Hpeecwes We fen A pate hak wt be deasted oder and tre lumen 15 comstonthy leecoméng hypootmolan , ie Wek pant Hout \oomomel /L at the end so the thick part ts Concentrating ceqment fs fox tntersttitum - DitwHing segment for he lumenad Gud Looe Diuretics a HpaeaPeiurte Drag Tete deags block the NETH BCT Cotrangorter a 8g mull ENE Kc ed CT donot abwrl and dena NI Be oppor fo urtne Chateturet She nen will wot Ge dectrpertitce to the AM and Mag! wal owt be ettatied heres We old aged Se on ee eee ee eee fe barocalemte - we Wee trowmoned, sctes fo lumen colt coy wieker M2 move fe lamer tide be here ill ke torent Cirereoned amount ef water fe (at). ® OTA ONNoLvteo Tose (per) + Eady part of Dele GT: these tome conmen chemcterie Wi the AME pact of cop of intes A Water fmerrmessce op lumeno gpo enwole Ge UE make the Viner hypocrmotic. AL te Mott ew one tome oat cae wanda dent wiih th dtanted — preualy, Mee alle camich af WAT apne at te aired en erane ete NL CT teamsporters at fhe lenened wembeme ninth mone the nih and of Guile the eh Wh tamgorter fe Wecked BY Re TAWEIDES Drage. OP Ahr vemalnney [0% NAT, ome i Baotoed DB 0y the lament ssde cats chawmels ane present wien —memport the cats FENG the eats by Saucitated digpuctonPhe leawlatera) wertaane ale Omkdns 8 pps ek teat C2 fem the ell kee ela sid Te bavlotewl) memiomre ali cmtains A Nat exchangers Havel nao the WAT te nh Oat ut of Ae celles eRe oF PTH s Them are eval veceptos prvielnt on Ane toaaslsterdll wnemborn foe PT Hs Wier Toa] % tow, ETH cmearsinabfom acome Wh. PTH lateds wlth the vecephor «Tite receptoe —f riracellulaaly taupe ith Getmattony —yrtat abtdacttenter adel opdate Ye cometh ATP inte CAMP . Tits CAMP etme ratein Kinase A uiltdh undergo the Poshergldton fT? pumps and anh OM nat Grdnangers anh ertenca W's activthy Re A taut roe ca oe rnin ok of tre amd te cell rcome Cat degetent: , aw creeks Nh concentation gration! ivi ate tte AM to move secrets he chnrath toe rehtorbe we Tcoroes v Hypettoleeanie nd Kile Inygornehemte Drug Tre drug beck the tut—cf tramyoster 40 m0 entry of tat fo eat cecum and cal become detent we wt Te enh of the Salient chen Hace] thee ee eT Neues Let When Be alk Leone dicted af uP ate MAO exten ty erhenas wend 6 windth) lad wating te te wder te weantebbond the Wet oramleetion Hlth by dene calls © Hence te exchange Ca" Font awe CO detamt od owe conuebatton quod tem oy and eft wl alr he warm Of es fon from be fe eke ogh o crmnde So ftixotdt ate given toe patent — who at fala gper calesured « Tie injection sf thee Mimidee ctuer a fe wilted hace paeenting the formate TA Cee, Loler Pert of DET AND Cortical Collecting Due te te, he pumctis exuctly same co wall be tevand ot At ne fine “Kee ime te hype Fale aly parent ere ead paige he and) inlronbtd aah The pica ete fre Sowden and the twhrenlaed ctl one peste Hinkereabled among the guintpal ee Deak bth cat Aypee one by one@NTEREMATED CLLS Fine calls tesla HY toe tote the Damen and HERE Ine Ae Mh « Ine See cae Wo and EDL combine tm parenen Catone Aerydene to Form HCte with diy duadolet tho HY and He sabe Heo Ae come to he ‘aber by Heol cmc pret on betolaenad tide SMe HT tone tte pany] by HY ATP aes The ATRaue ate such sheng ATfany AAek ey can pomp fons ageck 80 sale Se HY tome Aah ore promped) ore very chngtrmac nthe Damen fn tach Sam to thy eshebiralim 8 fhe W tome essame ng tdectonet flow Ftherae 5 © @ 8004 tom ave iterled and Hr tent towbtee with Ht te fiom HPO D Nis ts pthowkel and can vertaline We Wrens — ay Reming NI tow. Duetg Actos here wll) Tetons conenination of tht0e ond Nid’ intend “FHI and, 4c Adee telea + tthen aetdonts ocsum the actly og Carbente Snide Trctaiee and tena he Formobien $ NCOF omd HT tmeremier . ut ter dre excreted — fron the bbedy. Te Heoe mew Ante the =aat the and mech with HY fo deceme the tity by fring 662 Sad wo sw The Dumera) membrane ahi contatn some KY Channel — to ruabeb K* tons. Thee KY font may react ith HeOT become remy Motrbnaies are tamcpated, nls thr bed fo the Soom sf NE RCON oF KMeon @PaweraL_ceLis w The baiolodera) cide contains No—k* ATC ce [Wat] th he oth Ke very oo ond te CK] fe highs The lumenal de Urbain Net chownalle which eatbeor the rematring 5-7 % of Na tons The fn) fuming ef Hat Cons ceaurs here because habe the moat Of Net tn wiine te depend vk onthe elbupion bert ander piysoleeel! canditim. ko amg with ThalF the, alll retbeer> waker- te The lammenad) side oho cantare k* chamale to frtow the Kt Into lumen. ALDOSTERONE Uhm promt tm Lied pau tale thewe eile becoue TH bp soli. Wh the calle, binds wrth receyior potetns and thls Ltnding chugs the acitvallon ef genes vesgonstble Fie the qeneatton oF nat ates , KY chamnalé andl Nar chanel go enhance the aekvthy of foe pctpa) elles Tro oe ee elaepton vd olto Walet teabnapion lng wh HE tection Af KY fone7 Potastun Masting Dio Ket # a sheue cluriier witch function on the cal rontne to later part of DET pare epeect on the EF toms exewtin ve TF tee drags epee 18 vemtt fate tos moe KE toot by vone fone of the cxomples of thar deg ate Dard Heine vateh Vict the Ae carbnte whaghace tm RT tment 6 te the eal @Leop dimettes — and @ Werte $0 as gmat aie amet of Ne, ty ef, HeOF anh Water Cinco when those font tog pak th hen) weacling Hoe (de? pent of DCT Pumen- Gas of Mee have cftect on high &* lows th urine t Hien wore water ts ere 4 flull Poo wil bee gh ond ene TH il my wane ET tone with wate tondtHten fovounctle for leakage =o iy anton AY attrac the EA fons ond wth Guth fh wotth thal > Mete Nat tons atl be entering Ane gatrtped elle onl oil! tauwile he oetathy Nek ATPawt te theow the ecta Nat onk orich ult ali lead to tacrensed —perrerpadl eehulat KP cocentraton and nentt moe KM will be oxeted : e Patients wo tte tm ath tuteNeh ey mag der lop ypokalemtd ble of mise gut on the vate & Potocstum Sparing Oturettes i These ate of dtwretfes ond thay wet om prinetyet calle. @® me drags Bke Spltonolectone blocks the Aldosterone veteplon so no qreaker gman of Nad along with vioder ast) foe reabaorbe ond also there will bt no greater low 8 Kt fons nto the basen: D Dry Vike Taiomterene ond priilortde blocke He Nat chamnols on the bamnenenll ah 8h ptindpa) olan hence fh wHll WOE Lee wabrovbed From neve Boas lee Omount 1S entering — the —pitmeipal call’ go Net KY AT Pace acting WY be tow tre Cenentrein of RY ty these cally wth alto got much So there will pot be areoey foe of KP font Tinhe the lumen.