Invasive, Endemic and Indicator Species An invasive species is a species which is not

native to the ecosystem and causes harm to that ecosystem. An endemic species is a
species whose habitat is restricted to a particular area or space on the globe. An indicator
species is sensitive to slight environmental changes and therefore serves as an early
warning indicator for things such as global warming or chemical changes. Effects of Acid
Rain Soil Burn skin of earthworm and increases soils acidity (lowers the pH) Vegetation
Damages the waxy coating that protects leaves from infection and affects plants roots
ability to absorb nutrients Water Makes bodies of water more acidic (lowers pH) Aquatic
Animals Dissolve the shells of shellfish Soil Types Sandy Soil Large sand particles, permit
root growth and air pockets, permit water to drain away quickly, carrying essential
nutrients, away from roots, less fertile than loam soil Loam Soil Has rock particles, has
pockets that hold air o water, lots of humus, drains well without drying out, most fertile soil
Clay Soil Small particles packed tightly together, plant roots do not grow well, block root
growth, and trap water, making soil wet, least fertile soil (Houston) Exponential Growth
Formula Formula: P(t) = P(initial)e P(t) = Population at time P(i)= Initial Population t=time
r=rate of increase (or r max) e = exponential growth Species Diversity Levels Alpha Within
Habitat Beta Between communities Gamma In a region Logistic Growth Formula
dN/dt=RmaxN(K-N)/(K) dN/dt = The population at certain times r max = Maximum growth
rate N = Logistic Growth K = carrying capacity Terminology Densitydependent Limiting
Factors Limiting factors that operate more strongly on large populations than on small ones
Tertiary Consumer An organism that eats secondary consumers Commensalism Beneficial
to one species but neutral to another 10% amount of energy transferred from one trophic
level to another uniform species distribution. individuals are equally spaced apart a seen
with allelopathy covert life table recording the death of a group of individuals born at
relatively same time Type 1 Graphs organisms have lower mortality rates at low ages which
gradually increase with age (humans) Type 2 Graphs organisms that have mortality rates
that stay the same throughout life (birds lizards) Type 3 Graphs organisms that have the
largest mortality rates at birth (fish, oysters frogs) Exponential Growth Rate occurs when
the growth rate remains the same while the population grows. it creates a j shaped curve
Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration is a process in which the plant uses the stored
energy (sugar) and O2 produced in photosynthesis and it converts and releases it as CO2,
H2O and energy. The plant is able to use this released energy for cellular functions such as;
movement, growth and reproduction. The formula for this equation is C6H12O6+O2 in to
CO2, H2O and energy. Both plans and animals undergo cellular respiration

Ex-situ and In-situ Conservation Exsitu This conservation method is when we remove the
species from their natural habitat. This method is used when a species habitat is
threatened or no longer exists or if the existing population is extremely small. Insitu This
conservation method is focused on conserving the species in their natural habitat Pyramid
of Energy Energy loss and transfer between trophic levels. Species in the highest trophic
levels have less energy available to them than the species near the bottom.Energy
pyramids begin with producers on the bottom (such as plants) and proceed through the
various trophic levels (such as herbivores that eat plants, then carnivores that eat
herbivores, then carnivores that eat those carnivores, and so on). The highest level is the
top of the food chain Keystone Species A keystone species is a species that when added or
removed from an ecosystem leads to major changes in abundance or occurrence of at
least one other species. Protecting Endangered Species The plans to protect endangered
species involves: >Governments, industries and communities working together
>Identifying the specific causes of the problem >Developing specific plans to fix the
problems >Monitoring conditions to check that the actions taken are working Terminology
Natality birth rate Parasitism Type of symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits
and the other is harmed (tick) Steady State Final stage in logistic growth in which birth rate
= death rate homother mal maintain constant body temperature Poikilother m body
temperature fluctuates based on outside conditions cohert life table recording the death of
a group of individuals born at relatively same time Terminology (cont) static life table
recording the age of death of a group of individuals. assuming they have experienced the
same events interference competition organism fight physically for resources exploitation
competition organisms consume scarce resources recourse partitioning organisms split
the recourse to avoid competition amensalism one organism is damaged or killed and the
other is infected usually caused yb chemical secretion