Programming

with Python

Dr. Amar Singh

Associate Professor, Department of Computer Applications
Lovely Professional University

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Part – 1 (Python Basics)

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 Agenda
 Introduction to Python
 Python variables

 Data Types

 Strings

 Strings methods and operations

 Print and Input Functions

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 Introduction to Python
 Created by Guido van Rossum in 1989.
 Implemented in C Language.
 Python is interpreter based High Level Language.
 It supports both procedure oriented and Object
Oriented.
 Easy to Learn.
Best of the organizations uses python
 Youtube
 Dropbox

 Google

 BitTorrent

 Raspberry-PI

 NASA

 NSA
 Features
 Simple and Easy to Learn
 Free and Open Source
 High Level Language
 Portable
 Supports both objects oriented and procedural oriented
programming.
 Extensible
 Loosly Typed Language (No need to declare the data
type of a variable)
 No Need to declare the variables before to use it.
Language Elements : Constants
 Fixed values such as numbers, letters, and strings are
called “constants” - because their value does not change
 Numeric constants are as you expect
 String constants use single-quotes (') or double-quotes (")

>>> print(123)
123
>>> print(98.6)
98.6
>>> print('Hello world‘)
Hello world
 Variables
 variable: A named piece of memory that can store a value.
 Usage:
 Compute an expression's result,
 store that result into a variable,
 and use that variable later in the program.

 assignment statement: Stores a value into a variable.

 Syntax:
name = value

 Examples: x = 5
gpa = 3.14

x 5 gpa 3.14

 A variable that has been given a value can be used in expressions.

x + 4 is 9

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 Python Variable Name Rules
• Must start with a letter or underscore _
• Must consist of letters and numbers and underscores
• Case Sensitive

• Good: spam eggs spam23 _speed

• Bad: 23spam #sign var.12
• Different: spam Spam SPAM
 Reserved Words

• You can not use reserved words as variable names /

identifiers
 Assignment Statements

 We assign a value to a variable using the assignment

statement (=)
 An assignment statement consists of an expression on
the right hand side and a variable to store the result

x = 3.9 * x * ( 1 - x )
 print
 print : Produces text output on the console.

 Syntax:
print("Message“)
print(Expression)
 Prints the given text message or expression value on the console, and
moves the cursor down to the next line.
print(Item1, Item2, ..., ItemN)
 Prints several messages and/or expressions on the same line.

 Examples:
print("Hello, world!“)
age = 45
print("Your age is", age)
Output:
Hello, world!
Your age is 45
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 First Program in python

X = 10
Print(x)
Print(“Welcome to Python-”)

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 Comments
 All code must contain comments that describe what it
does
 In Python, lines beginning with a # sign are comment
lines

# this is a single comment

’’’
this is multiline comment
’’’

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 Data Types
 Numbers
 Integer, float.
 Strings
 Boolean
 Tuples
 Lists
 Dictionaries
 Numeric Expressions
 Addition = 10 + 14
 Subraction = 10 – 2

 Division = 8 / 4

 Multiplication = 6 * 5

 power = 3 ** 3

 Floordiv = 16 // 3 #floordiv = 5

 Modulo = 4 % 3 # modulo = 1

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 Logic
 Many logical expressions use relational operators:
Operator Meaning Example Result
== equals 1 + 1 == 2 True
!= does not equal 3.2 != 2.5 True
< less than 10 < 5 False
> greater than 10 > 5 True
<= less than or equal to 126 <= 100 False
>= greater than or equal to 5.0 >= 5.0 True

 Logical expressions can be combined with logical operators:

Operator Example Result
and 9 != 6 and 2 < 3 True
or 2 == 3 or -1 < 5 True
not not 7 > 0 False

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 Numbers

 x = 90
 y = -10

z = 5

Z = x + z
 Boolean

x = True
y = False
 Exercise 1

 Create a variable and assign it a integer value.

 Create a variable and assign it a float value.
 Create a variable and assign it a boolean value.
 Use print() to display the values of all created integer,
float and boolean variables.

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 Print and input Functions
 Print function is used to print the data.

 Input function is used to take the input from keyboard.

 Variable = input(any string)

 code:
 y = input(“Enter the name of the book”)

 z = input(“Enter the author of the book”)

 Print(“The book name is %s and author name is %s” %(y,z))

 Exercise 2
 WAP to prompt the user to enter his name through
keyboard and assign the entered name to a variable.
 Use %s to print the name concatenated with the string
“your name is”

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 Example
 Exercise: Write a program to make the addition of two float
numbers.

num1 = 1.5
num2 = 6.3

# Add two numbers

sum = num1 + num2

# Display the sum

print(sum)

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 Strings
 string: A sequence of text characters in a program.
 Strings start and end with quotation mark " or apostrophe ' characters.
 Examples:
"hello"
"This is a string"
"This, too, is a string. It can be very long!"

 A string may not span across multiple lines or contain a " character.
"This is not
a legal String."
"This is not a "legal" String either."

 A string can represent characters by preceding them with a backslash.

 \t tab character
 \n new line character
 \" quotation mark character
 \\ backslash character

 Example: "Hello\tthere\nHow are you?"

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 Strings
 Strings are sequence of characters.

str1 = “this is a string”

str2 = “783”
str3 = “ ”
Str4 = “34%^%#323”
 Indexes
 Characters in a string are numbered with indexes starting at 0:
 Example:
name = “Lovely Professional University"

index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
character L O v e L y P

 Accessing an individual character of a string:

variableName [ index ]

 Example:
print(name[0])

Output:
L

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 Escape Sequences
 Str1= “The “Python Complete reference” Writen
by Martin C. Brown” # Results an error

 Str1 = “The \“Python Complete reference\”

Writen by Martin C. Brown” # No error

 Access Characters by Index
 X = “books”
 Print(x[1]) # prints o
 Print(x[4]) # prints s
 Print(x[:3]) #prints boo
 Print(x[4:]) #prints s
 Print(x[2:4] #prints ok
 String Methods
 Length of a string
 X = “books”

 Y = len(x) # prints 5

 Convert a string to lower case or upper case

 x = “BOOKS”

 Y = “books”

 Print(x.lower()) # prints books

 Print(y.upper()) # prints BOOKS

 String Operations
 String concatenation
 x = “my ” + “book”

 print(x) # prints my book

 Repetion
 x = “book ”*2

 Print(x) # prints book book

 String Slicing
 Indexing
 Example 3
 Print a string ‘LPU’ surrounded by single quotes.
 Print a string “LPU” surrounded by double quotes
 Let us create a variable X and assign it the string
“Lovely Professional University”.
 print “v” from the above created string.
 Print “University” from above created variable contents.
 Print “Professional” from above created string.
 Print “Lovely” from above created string.
 Print the length of the string “University”

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 Program Control Flow : if Statement
 if statement: Executes a group of statements only if a certain
condition is true. Otherwise, the statements are skipped.
 Syntax:
if condition:
statements

 Example:
gpa = 3.4
if gpa > 2.0:
print "Your application is accepted."

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 if/else
 if/else statement: Executes one block of statements if a certain
condition is True, and a second block of statements if it is False.
 Syntax:
if condition:
statements
else:
statements

 Example:

 percentage = int(input(“Enter Your percentage”)) if percentage > 2.0:

if(percentage > 60):
print “You are eligible for admission!"
else:
print “Sorry Your application is denied."

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 Multiple conditions can be chained with elif ("else if"):
if condition:
statements
elif condition:
statements
else:
statements

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 if /else Example
Syntax Code

If (condition) Marks = 80
….. If (marks > 70):
Elif(condition) print(“First Division)
…. elif(marks > 50) and (marks <= 70):
Else print(“second Division”)
….. elif(marks > 40) and marks <= 50):
print(“Third Division”)
Else:
print(“fail”)
 Example 2
# program to check if the input number is odd or even.
# A number is even if division by 2 give a remainder of 0.
# If remainder is 1, it is odd number.

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

if (num % 2) == 0:
print("%d is Even" %(num))
else:
print("%d is Odd" %(num))

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 Exercise 4
 Use input function to get the user name from keyboard.
 Assign the length of username to a variable.
 Create a set of statements that prints “your name is less than 4
characters”, if the name is less than 4 characters, “your name is
greater than 4 characters and less than 10 characters”, if the name
between 4 and 10 characters and prints “your name is very long” if
the user’s name does not trigger the other

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 Exercise
 1. Write a python program to get your name and age from
keyboard and then print it.
 2. Write a python program to prompt user to input two numbers,
add the numbers and then print the result on screen.
 3. Write a Python Program to Swap the value of two Variables
 4. Python Program to Check if a Number is Positive, Negative or 0
 5. Write a python program to enter your marks from keyboard and
then compute your division.
 6. Write a Python Program to calculate the square root of a number

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Part -2

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 Lists
 A list is a collection of different element types.
 Lists are created by using square brackets:

 A list assigns the collection of values to a single

variable.
 Variable = [value 1, value 2, value 3 …]
 X = [4, 1.8, 2, “amar”]
 Print(X[2]) # print 2

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 Lists
 Reassign a value to an index of List
 x[2] = 10
 .append() method is used to add an element to the end
of list.
 x.append(89)
 .insert() is used to insert the elements anywhere in the
list.
 x.insert(1, “LPU”)
 .remove() method is used to remove the elements from
the lists.
 x.remove(89)

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 List
 .pop() method is used to remove an element from
list using index.
 x.pop(2)

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 Tuples are like lists
Tuples are another kind of sequence that function
much like a list - they have elements which are
indexed starting at 0

>>> >>> for iter in y:

x = ('Glenn', 'Sally', 'Joseph')
>>> print x[2] Joseph ... print iter
>>> y = ( 1, 9, 2 ) ...
>>> print(y) 1
(1, 9, 2) 9
>>> print max(y) 2
9 >>>
 Tuples
 Unchanging Sequences of Data
 Enclosed in parentheses:

tuple1 = (“This”, “is”, “a”, “tuple”)

print(tuple1)

 This prints the tuple exactly as shown

Print(tuple1[1])

 Prints “is” (without the quotes)

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 Tuples : Example
 Let us create a tuple variable X and assign 4 integers to it.
 Access 2nd variable of the tuple and assign it to another variable.
 Print a slice comprised of first two variables of the tuple.
 Use the for loop which iterates through the created tuple and print
all the values of tuples in different lines.

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 The for loop
 for loop: Repeats a set of statements over a group of values.
 Syntax:
for variableName in groupOfValues:
statements
 We indent the statements to be repeated with tabs or spaces.
 variableName gives a name to each value, so you can refer to it in the statements.
 groupOfValues can be a range of integers, specified with the range function.

 Example:
for x in range(1, 6):
print x, "squared is", x * x

Output:
1 squared is 1
2 squared is 4
3 squared is 9
4 squared is 16
5 squared is 25

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 range
 The range function specifies a range of integers:
 range(start, stop) - the integers between start (inclusive)
and stop (exclusive)

 It can also accept a third value specifying the change between values.
 range(start, stop, step) - the integers between start (inclusive)
and stop (exclusive) by step

 Example:
for x in range(5, 0, -1):
print x
print "Blastoff!"
Output:
5
4
3
2
1
Blastoff!

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 For loop
X = [4, “amar”, 8, 1, 10]
For elements in x
Print(elements)

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List Example

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 Matrix Manipulation with NumPy
 Addition of two matrices :

Code :
import numpy as np
x = np.array([3,2])
y = np.array([4,4])

Z=x+y
Print(z)

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 Exercise
 Create a variable and assign it a tuple of 4 integers.
 Access the second variable from the above created tuple and print
it.
 Print a slice comprised of first two integers from the created tuple.
 Print a slice comprised of middle two integers from the created
tuple.
 Print a slice comprised of last two integers from the created tuple.
 Use a for loop to iterate though the tuple and print each element of
the tuple

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 while
 while loop: Executes a group of statements as long as a condition is True.
 good for indefinite loops (repeat an unknown number of times)

 Syntax:
while(condition):
statements

 Example:
number = 1
while number < 200:
print number,
number = number * 2

 Output:
1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128

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 Lab Exercise
 Write a python program for matrix subtraction using for loop.
 Python program to find the multiplication table (from 1 to 10)
 Program to display the Fibonacci sequence up to n-th term where n
is provided by the user.
Fibonacci series: 0 , 1 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 8 , 13 , 21 , 34
 Write a python program to insert and delete elements in a list.
 Write a program using lists to implement linear search.
 Using a while loop print list of odd numbers.

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 Dictionaries
 Dictionaries stores the data in key values.
 Example:
 d = {1:’amar’, 2:’ygi’, 3:10}
 print(d.keys())

 d.update({8:"ygi"})

 Print(d[8])

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 Python Functions
• There are two kinds of functions in Python.
• Built-in functions that are provided as part of Python -
input(), float(), int() ...
• Functions that we define ourselves and then use
 Stored (and reused) Steps

def hello(): Program:

print 'Hello'
def thing(): Output:
print 'Fun' print 'Hello’
print 'Fun’
Hello
hello()
thing()
Fun
print 'Zip’ Zip
print “Zip” thing() Hello
Fun
hello()

We call these reusable pieces of code “functions”.

 Function Definition
• In Python a function is some reusable code that takes
arguments(s) as input does some computation and
then returns a result or results
• We define a function using the def reserved word

• We call/invoke the function by using the function

name, parenthesis and arguments in an expression
 Functions

Function definition:
def funct():
print("My first function program")

Call a Function:
funct()

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 Defining and Calling a function with Multiple
parameter

Function definition:
def funct(a, b, c):
d=a*b
print(c + d)

Call a Function:
funct(8, 4, 5 )
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 Built in Functions
 Abs() # returns a non-negative value
 x = abs(-3) # x is assigned the value 3
 Type() # returns the type of a parameter in the function
 Type(3) # returns int
 max()
 X = max(4, 1, 1.6, 8) # returns 8 to x
 min()
 X = min(4, 1, 1.6, 8) # returns 1 to x

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 Function : Example
#Write a Python program to sum all the items in a list

def sum_list(items):
sum_numbers = 0
for x in items:
sum_numbers += x
return sum_numbers
print(sum_list([1,2,-8]))

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 Functions : Example
def add(x, y):
return x + y

def subtract(x, y):

return x – y
print("Select operation.")
print("1.Add")
print("2.Subtract")

choice = input("Enter choice(1/2):")

num1 = int(input("Enter first number: "))
num2 = int(input("Enter second number: "))

if choice == '1':
print(num1,"+",num2,"=", add(num1,num2))
elif choice == '2':
print(num1,"-",num2,"=", subtract(num1,num2))

else:
print("Invalid input")
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 Exercise : Functions
 Create a function that prints “this is function 1”.
 Create second function that take a ineger parameter returns the
integer multiplied by 2.

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Sqrt(18) # produced an error
 Generic Import
 Import math
 Math.sqrt(18) # it works

 Function import
 From math import sqrt
 Sqrt(18)

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 Importing Modules
 import os
 print(os.getcwd()) #prints current path

 print(os.mkdir("test_amar"))

 print(os.rename("test_amar","testing"))

 print(os.rmdir("testing"))

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 Excercise
 Write a Program to make a simple calculator that can add, subtract,
multiply and divide using functions.

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