pelations and Functions Relation sion R from a set X to a set ¥ is defined asa subset of A relat an product X XY ie. RX *Y. the cartesian Domain and Range of a Relation et of first clements of all ordered pairs in R Te Sica p)e R}is called the domain of relation R and the 1S rsccond elements of all ordered pairs in R. JEG. 0) eR} is called the range of relation R. then n(A x8) = pq and numberof relations The st NOTE Hfn(A)=p and (6) from set A to set Types of Relation 1 Empty (or Void) Relation A relation 2 in a set Xis Ealed on empty relation, itno element of X is related to any element of X ie R=OCKXX 2, Universal Relation A relation R in a set X's called tniversal relation, ifeach clement of is related to every element of X ie RaXXK Both the empty relation and the universal relation are some times called trivial relations. Reflexive Relation A relation R defined on a set A is said to be reflexive, if GxeR, Vxed or aRx, Vxe A ‘Symmetric Relation A relation R defined on a set 4 is said to be symmetric, if (ER > OER VA YEA or -xRy=> yRx, Wxyed ‘Transitive Relation A relation R defined on a set 4 is said to be transitive, if (x, »)€ Rand (35 =)¢ R = (% JER, V EK ZEA or xRyand yRz =>xRz,Vx.y. 264 Equivalence Relation A relation R defined ona set A is said to be an equivalence relation, if R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. Equivalence Classes Let & be an equivalence relation ina set 4 and let a ¢ 4. Then, the set of all those elements of 4 which are related to a under the relation R, is called the equivalence class determined by a and it is denoted by [a]. So,[a]= {be A: aRb} NOTE () Two equivalence classes are either disjoint or identical {i The union oF all equivalence classes gives the whole set. (ii) Identity relation is always reflexive, symmetric and transitive,Function Let A’ and" be two non-empty sets. A function ot mapping f from ¥ into Y written asf: —> } jsamule by which each clement x € X is associated to a unique clement ver. Domain, Codomain and Range of Function The elements of are called the domain of f and the clements of Y are called the codomain of f. The images of the elements of 4” is called the range of f which is a subset ofr. [NOTE Cvery function's relation but every relation isnot action Types of Function 1, One-One (or Injective) and Many-One Function A function £:.° —> Y is said to be a one-one function, ifthe images of distinet clements of ’ under f are distinct. 1 Mark Questions Multiple Choice Questions 1. Select the correct option out of the four given options Let & be a relation in the set W given by R= {(a,b):a =b-2,6>6) (CBSE 2023 Thea, - @B&NER (0) (6,8)ER COGBER 4k 2, Let A= {3,5}. Then, number of reflexive relations on A is case 2023 @2 (o)4 ()0 @s8 @ Waiconcerr fina set A n(A)=x, then the number of reflexive relations on Als 2". 3. Arrelation R in set A = {I,2,3} is defined as R= (11), (1.2), (2,2), 3,3)}. Which of the following ordered pair in R shall be removed to make it an equivalence relation in A? (CBSE 2022 (Term |) @LD OL2) (22 3,3) @P——_________________ choptonviso CBSE Solved Paper EMATHEMATI Cg P(x) = SC) eX Thus, fis one-one i or f is one-one iffy 4.x; = fy) #F05) for all xy.13 6X. A function which is not one- rmany-one function, 2. Onto (or Surjcctive) and Into Functlon A function Y e an onto function. if ever I Fis said to be an onto function, if every F ic. for every ye Vs there exists an element x in 4° such that /(3)= 9: a \ ion is called an onto function, In other words, a function is called an ont a its range is equal to codomain. A function 2.1 yi, said to be into function, ifthere exists atleast one ‘element in ¥, which do not have any pre-image in 1, 3. Bijective Funetion A function f:X > Y is said to by ‘a bijective function, if tis both one-one and onto, cone, is known as 4, Let the relation & in the set A= (xe Z:0S.x S12), {(a,):|a ~ b|is a multiple of 4}. Then given by R= multiple {1}, the equivalence class containing 1, is (CBSE Sample Poper 2022 (Term) (a) (1,5, 9} (b) (0,1,2,5) © @a 5. The function f:R — R defined as f(x) =x? is CBSE Sample Poper 2022 (Term (a) one-one but not onto (b) not one-one but onto (c) neither one-one nor onto (4) both one-one and onto 6. Let A = {l,2,3}, B= (4,5,6,7} and let SL ={(h,4), 2,5), B,6)) be a function from A to B. Based on the given information f is best defined as CBSE Sample Paper 2022 (Term) (a) surjective function (b) injective function (©) bijective function (@) None of the abovetations ond Functions olotion: ertion-Reason sertton (A) The relation 7080.2, 3:4) > (38 5 P) defined by (G.3)@ 99.2) biective Rinetion, Reason FD The function /:4,2.3) that = (0,2 2,39. @,2)) is one-one (a) Both A and R ae true and Ris the eee © explanation of A. "© correct Both A and R are true, but R is not thee ? explanation of A }ot the correct (@) Ais tue and Ris false, (@ Ais false, but Ris true, Very Short Answer Questions 8. How many reflexive relations are possible in se yi Someta 9. Check whether the function /:R > R defined as o Fee)=2) is one-one Ont. Case sample rose 30m 40. A relation R is $ = (1,2,3) is defined as R= {(D- (2), (2.2), G,3)}. Which clement(s) of relation R be removed to make R an equivalone relation? CASE Semple Poper 2021 11. An equivalence relation R in A divides it into equivalence classes ,, 42, 4,. What is the value of A UA, Ay and A, Ay Ay? ‘CBSE Somple Poper 2021 12. A relation R in the set of real numbers R defined as R={(a, 5): Va =} is a function or not, Justify. (CBSE Somple Poper 2021 ++ telation, if each All india 2020 % PI such CBSE Sample Poper 2023 13. A relation in a set 4 is called element of 4 is related to itself. 14, Let A = (1,2,3,4} and R be the equivalence relation on AXA defined by (a,b) R (6) iffa+d=b+e. Find the equivalence class [(1, 3)]. CBSE Sample Paper 2018 15. If R = ((a, a): a is.a prime number less than 5} be a relation, then find the range of R. Foreign 2014 16. Let R is the equivalence relation in the set A= (0,1,2,3, 4,5} given by R = {(a, b) :2 divides (a~b)}. Write the equivalence class[0} Delhi 2014c IFR = ((x, y):x +2y=8} is a relation on N, then write the range of R. All Indi. 2014 (4.5.6, 7) and whether. D1 I8 fumers Tis one-one or not "Mn from a tp, State ‘an 2 Marks Questions indi2013 19. function 7:4» AeFined as one-one nd ome. fees to then find the set 9 (CBSE 2029, LN N such that mst Sal 2° ifnis oda 3 Marks Question 22. Check whether the relation R elation Rin the st 2 of integers defined as R= (a,):a + bie “divsbicee ee reflexive, symmettic or tanstive Wen oe equivalence class containing Oe. RE Some oper 2021 & |CONCEPT Find the set ofall hose elements ofz which ae related to Ole.l0=ber=(0,6)eR) 4 Marks Questions 23. Check if the relation R in the set R of real numbers defined as R = {(a,b):a6} Gy a Nex? tpn 422) = since, 6>6 1 b=7, then a=7-2=5 When bo8. then a =8—-2=6 FHA ands? +x4x, +33 20 So, (5, 7)ER and (6,8)ER ++ S(3) is one-one function. a Range of f(x) = (co, 0) ‘odomain = Range +S (2)is also onto function, Hence, f(x) is both one-one and onto. 6. (b) We have, A = {1,2,3}, B= {4,5,6,7} 2. (b) Here, n(A)=2 The number of reflexive relations =2"°", where mis the number of elements in the set. ent apt? a2? a4 (6) We have, A= {1,2,3} Function f = {(1, 4), (2,5), 3,6)} R= (00, 02).22.8,3)} Clearly, f is injective function. R is an equivalence relation in A, if (1,2) is removed Now, range of f = {4,5,6} from R. Codomain = (4,5,6, 7} a) A= (0,1,2,3,...12} Here, Range # Codomain {(a,6):|a —b| is multiple of 4} +S is not surjective function. he equivalence class containing 1 is {1, 5,9}. 7. @ Given relation, f :(1,2,3,4) (, », 2 p} ® Concept The equivalence class containing j and S=(40,2 8,2} Enhancer 1is given by [1]={b ¢ A: (1.6) Bis defined asf = (04), (2,5), 6,6) 14, Here, A= {1,2,3, 4}, then be FU" 4F0 )= Sand FO) . It-can be scen that the images of distinct elements of 4 under fare distinct. So, fis one-one, 0 (G3)]= (@, y© Ax A(x, ») R(1,3)} NEAR A += yt) 19, Given, f:A > B HE Ms 4xdryaxs3) Such that f(x)=2x is both one-one and onto = (Ge AxAry—x=2} = ea = (03),.24)) 5 15. Given, R = {(a, a*):ais a prime number less than 5} We know that 2 and 3 are the prime numbers less than 5. So, a can take values 2 and 3. Thus, R= {2,2°),(,3°)}= (2,8), G,27)} oa Since, f(x) is onto Hence, the range of R is {8,27}. w ++ Codomain of f = Range of f ; P_eorcept The set of all second elements of j Enhancer the ordered pairs in Ris called Range of the relation.SS - os Te STR SS Sewease: oan RIE RARE SS 6S SSS, a POR RE SOROS aa REDE ET PAG NETO aE. SRS SD RANA TENSE ORAM ~ SSB ~ Seoede a ® A SOP FR = > Screen eS, > ROSARIO ERROR. SINR A RE SS RRR SERRE RONG, a ARE RHE ECAR, SACHS SW RSSR THAD RARER AW SS AW DRA Sy SN RAN RA S NERS DSRS DEE RAEN MHMDBAK, eS NEPOMOKBKG HNC THES Ve}, YEN A ERAN. we™~ SEN Wen erteete pas Stee oso n Ree ay eC Bat AY)» & ~PEHMHGS =~ 254, SOP Rn aay By Sy Hea way, —— eon ” 2 See NG me PRE R OCR oan aheeyeeoen ae SHY TENTH “IAD Pe mete. = aan o Aas - Ra ™ Tes f= Fay) x = yea tae eS Dee Pace Sa fs 2 anos fat. SSS Shere nine segue (Ome tonction I= ve $= R- Bn, * Bergersd ay 4a — 2S sandmie fra re}, Seen aceem se? ] aS RTL 22.8 ess) @ | ee PLP TEE oe | Geieoe Ses Sia Sumer Western oS efee ‘Thus Gor each pe dev eis eS ys Soe? fee rt Teme Feet Ce Feet Mi SePa Se Se Femme @ Tee J eee ieee eee =e & 72 see ee =pel 31. sjians 14 FUNCTIONS hiyen, wielation IDA A, where 4 = 1.2.3, Nsctined 28 (aD) HAC Da dm by ¢ pefterive Lt (u,b) be any atbitrary element of Ay A je (a, DEA X A Where a, he A, Now.as ath=b+a (a, b)R (A,B) ‘So, Ris reflexive symmeteie Let (a, 0). (6 d)€ 47 4, such that (a, bc, 4) Then, a+dehse = browasd = cth=dea 9h [ addition i cemnmrmatative} an (+ addition ix commatative} = (c,d)R(a,b) So, R is symmetric. am Transitive Let (a,b). (od (ef )E A» A stich that (a,b) Rled)and (cd Ref). Then, a+d=b+candc+f=d+e (On adding the above equations, we get ardterfabtrerdre = atfabre = (a,b)R(ef) So, R is transitive. Thus, R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive, Hence, R is an equivalence relation. oO Now, for {(2, 5)]. we will find (c,d )e Ax A such that 2+d=Stcord-c=3 an Clearly, (2,5)R (4) as 4-123 (2,5) R (2,5) as 5-2=3 (2,5) R G,6) as 6-3 =3 (2,5)R (4,7) as 7-453 (2,5) R (5,8) as 8-5=3 any and (2,5) R(6,9) as 9-6=3, Hence, equivalence class {@,5)] = 10, 4), 2,5),B,6),(4, 7). (5,8)-(6,9)}. 0) Do same as Q. No. 28. Given, f(x)= 4x43 2 4253 sauce ant} One-One function Let x,,x,€ A=R— I such that Sy)= SOx) Then, Mn, #3 ay wnje% ~ a;~4 (44, 9) hee 4 a hay, - Vor, 043, Pe thes By thy 4; Whe, Vanes, te, ~ Dr, Me, ~12 $0. 8 one-one thnctiem Onto function Lex a Ye ses metre ™ brary cement of 4 Then, <4) = -ays3 by-4 Cheasty, x = 4223 iy. = 7 is areal number for att yx 422 7 veS.2 0% Ee Aes 2 6y-473 4y+3_ 2 Also, *5 |= lay+9m12y-8 92-4 which is aber Thus, foreach ye A (codomsin), there exists y+: x= 7253 € A (Comain) such that 4yx3 je Moy r12+18y “Jays 1B—24yo16 ae Sse Hence, f is onto function. wo“a 32. Given, function iSS°N N such that Sey=f*+ ifvisodd 2) es if xiseven ‘One-One function Caser When '*) and x, are even, then . See mn (=i = x “” Therefore, the funct ao of = 4 Thus, in both the cases, SOV)=F63) = ne ‘Case I When x, is odd and x, is even, then ax Also, £(x,)is even and /(x,) is odd, a car Y” >, x we So, SO)#S (ey) Thus, A tx ead SO)#S 0) Case IV When x; is even and x, is odd, then ay tx Also, (x; ) is odd and. Lf (x2) is even, So, LS) # Sy) Thus, Atay = SO) # S02) Hence, from cases I, Il, III and IV, we can observe that f(x) is a one-one function, Onto function Let ye N (codomain) @ be any arbitrary number. If yis odd, then there exists an even (domain) such that SO+= (yt 1)-1ey If is even, then there exists an od (domain) such that SOI) =(y-I tly Thus, every element in V (codomain) has a pre-image in N (domain). o number y+1eN id number y~1e N ~~ Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MATH, " ‘Therefore, f(x) is an onto function, Hence, the function f(x) is bijective, Common 0 consider the folowing Mistakes whens, isodd and, i. {iwhen x, is even and x, is odd en ‘The given function is f :R > R such that LQ)=4P +7 To show J is bijetve, we have fo show thay, \ one-one and onto. ch One-One function Let x,,x2 € R such that Sead=Stea) dee 72a} 47 = fx 2dr} = x} =0 2 G-n)GFtamtdy=0 2 (ea? -B =(a~ bya? tabs) ; ee Jl: +3) pile = Either x, -x, =0 "3 BY) 3.20, (+8) sdeeo s But Eq. (i) gives complex roots as x,,x, € R, ‘ 4,77) 20 3 3, =x, of) Thus, f(%,)= fx) = * =a, Vary eR Therefore, f(x) is a one-one function, 0 Onto function Let ye & (codomain) be any arbitay number. Then, S@)=y = 42 47=y > > = [-yeal which is a real number. @jad Functions fons O" petation® => (eR Vrex Therefore, R is reflexive. Symmetric Let (x, y)eR ay ‘Then, = Sx) / > (uxeR Thus, (% YER =(%XER, Wx, ve X ‘Therefore, R is symmetric, i ” _posyisan nto function aay ‘Transitive Let x, »; 2X such that mf oth one-one and onto, so it isa since, f(2) is both one: iy ( se Rand () bijective: Then, x)= - a Concept Afunction f definedtromseta es FO) 50) i Enhancer to Set Bwill be a bijection if all SO=S() cements of Ahave distinc images in Set Band From Eqs. (i) and (i), we get / clemertement of Bis the image of some elements ( SO)= Sle) = (user at. Thus, (ER and (%2)ER ‘34. Given, relation is 5 = GER Wx, rex ; 5 ={(a,b):4, DER and a S67} Therefore, 2 is transitive, aw eal ty Since, R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive, so it is Reflexive As, $[3 ) + where 7¢ Ry is not true. an equivalence relation, aay F 37. Given, function f:R— Ris such that f(x)=ax+b; (Ga)es a, beR,ar0, 7 acaive o ‘One-One funetion Let x,, x, €R such that Thus SOU ras symmetric As,-2S@ )°, . Then, ax tbe ax, +b but3<(-2 )? isnot true, = ayaa : jue. (-2,3 eS but 3-2 JES. = won aad ‘Therefore, 5 is not symmen. 3 i) Thus, f(%1)=fG2) = % any 3 3.(4 Therefore, f(x) is a one-« save An3<(2) an3($) ote itrapeith 6) 2°G Onto function Let ye R (codomain) be any arbitrary 3 4p areuuebut3 <(4) isnot wue clement. Then, f(x) = y= ax+ 23 Senwemenuas($) so “ oan | 3 34 4 a ie. ( 3) Sand G $e ors ( 3)e5 Clearly, x is real number. [eyer] Sra aati Want Cemiave? ay Thus, foreach ye R (codomain), there exists Hence, S is neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive. any 35. Do same as Q. No. 29. 36. The given function is f : —> Y and relation on X is ‘Therefore, f(x) is an onto function. an Bele) Haye 5G) ‘As, (3) is both one-one and onto, so it is a bijective Reflexive Since, for every x X, we have peed an S)=L(H)CChopterwise CBSE Solved Papers : MAKE, 4 SS. Given relation 8 detiond oa a set of reat number R SSE BREA = {(4, pox yds an rational number} Reexive \3 is a real number. is not an irrational number Older Fis pov referive wa Spmmetric consider V3 and \F are nvo real numbers slaty, \F.\F = 15 isan irational number = 5G is 23 irasonal number, = Risommenic. a ‘Transitive Consider three real numbers 2. and 3. Chearty,2. V5 225 ‘6 is Dot an irrational number = Risoot masitive. 39. Given, f:8 +R defined as f(x) = S For one-one Letx.,¢R ‘Such that #(x,) = f(x) @ @ Let ye. (codomsin) be any arbitrary element, Thea, y= f(x) = Srs4ys3r Thus, for each ye R, there exists sr83 6 =) such that f(x) = /| Ae So. f is onto. ° ae caf 40, Given. SO) Vg MER { soe For one-one Let /()) = (32) for some nares f fy ts i Ry td Sn +4 (Gr +) =63)8% +4) Aye ty =3y8; te = 4x, =4ky oy =x = f(x) is one-one function. For onto Let = itd = x(4-3y 4 os Range of f(x) =R — {i ~ Range of f (x) # Codomain of f(x) So, f(x) is not an onto function. fi 41. Given, function f:[—4,4]— [0,4] Defined by f(x) =V16-x? For one-one Let x}, €[~4,4] Such that f(x) = f(xy) or 48,20 > x, xy of, =x = f(x) is not one-one function, @ For onto Let y¢[0,4] (codomain) be any arbitrary clement. Then, y= f(x) = >pavaionsandifunctions spins, for each 3° [0.4], there exists xeylo [4,4] such that =» ge. fis 0010, Abo given f(a)2V7 = Viera? oj Wo-a?=7 >a v omeaed ° az, We have, relation R on Nx N defined by (a, B)R(G.), fad( +c) = bea +d) Reflexive Let (a, 6)€ N x N be any arbitrary element, We have to show (a, b) R (a, b) i.e. to show ah(b+a)=ba(a +b) which is trivially true as natural numbers are commutative under usual multiplicaties and addition. Since, (a, b)€ N x N was arbitrary, therefore R is reflexive. Symmetric Let (a, 6), (6 d)€ N x N such that (a, B)R (6,4). ie. ad(b + €) = bela +d) To show, ( d) R (a,b) i.e. to show cb(d +a) = da(e+ b) From Eq.(i), we have ad(b+ 0) = be(a +d) any =) = dalc+b)=cb(d +a) [+ natural numbers are commutative under usual addition and multiplication} = ch(d+a)=dale+b)= (c,d) R (a,b) Sattar ‘Transitive Let (a, 5), (cd) and (e, fe Nx N such that (a, 5) R (6 d) and (6, d) R (¢, f) Now, (a, 6) R (c,d) =2 ad(b+ 0) = bela +d) Ewe et at ata ai and (6, d)R (ef) =f (d+ 0) = deer f) ema Gaye m5 On sing Ee 1) ond (53)(oe4)-(eea)643) any = Leth fra = Tbe * af = af (e+ b= bef +a) af (b+) =bea+f) 43, (4,0) 8 (ef) = Ris transitive Thus, 2 is reflexive, an equivalence r Given, Ron-empty set as (4, 4 Let se Pox) ‘Then, DERI AKR Aca (A ADeER Hence, R is reflexive, Now, let9, 4e P(x) Such that9c4 @ADER But dco a (AgeR Ris not symmeuric, Let a,8,Ce P(X) Such that (4,B),(B,C)e R = AcBandBoc Hence, ch = ACC = (4C)eR Hence, & is transitive, @ is an equivalence relation if symmetric and transitive. ‘We know that a relation & itis reflexive, For reflexive For any (a, b)e Nx ab= ba C+ multiplication is commutative on N') > (a,b) Rad) [from definition of relation & on Nx N)] ‘Thus, R is reflesive, For symmetric Let (2, 0), (6d) be arbitrary elements of (RGA ad = benat ob ta lus a. Ke de N and mukiptication {is commutative on N] gas * (DY 2B ivnymmontio, o woSteller ta umn teint lla ” Se wise CBSE Solved Press MATH — " Por transitive Led. (6.2, NN SSN SY he arbitrary elements of NX) MEO Da OM oe wis defined at V ye (-L 1D. Mahan gee 3 SE) sont. = OW) Case When x = [Res WHENX Gey} St@3osrey} = HARAOKAy = ‘x a ss F()is one-one. eso, Checking onto : We have, f(x) ft 42" Let y= f(x) such that ye (- 1.) z Toe F<0 x a = Wx in S yaply seers iS 1 When 20 wetave .V ye (CLD ,ais defined. f@= > 2S (8) is onto, s ad Hence, f(x) is one-one and onto function. | Checking oosone : x 45. Given, f:R—> R, defined by F2)=— Veen S@ j= Metx, 2] =. th Letxy,xy €R such that f(x,) = f(xy) MetseR] x On putting f(x, )= (x5) = = ALL +x, Tex, = 3) tae, tay =: > mx = =0 “F-(2) is one-one. > Fy=a, oF yy =] Ss eae et Checking onto : Let £(x)= J; such that ye(—L.D. xy *F isnot one-one, as if we take x, =3and xy[-smests] Tee Reif 4k? <0 or (12k) (142k) 1/2 ork <-1/2 So, f is not onto. Hence, f is neither one-one nor onto. 46. Given, R= {(x, y):(x— )) is divisible by 5} and Z=Set of integers Reflexive Let xe Z be any arbitrary clement. Now, if (x) e R, then x — x is divisible by 5, which is true. So, R is reflexive. @ @ Symmetric Let x, ye Z, such that (x, eR 5 divides (x - y) = Sdivides(-(x- y)] = 5 divides(y-x) => (ver So, R is symmetric. fel ‘Transitive Let x,y, =€ Z, such that (x, y)e Rand On zER =2x-y and y= zboth are divisible by 5 =ox- y+ y= is divisible by 5. = (x~2)is divisible by 5 = (x 2)eR So, R is transitive. Thus, R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. Hence, R is an equivalence relation. @ j Concept A relation ona set Ais said to { Enhancer be an equivalence relation on A iff it is reflexive, symmetric and transitive 47. Given, relation is S = {(a, 6) :|a — | is divisible by 4 and a, be A} and Az {eixe Zand 0Sx $12) ‘Now, A can be written as A= 0.1,2,3,-..512} w Reflexive As, for any x ¢ A, we get|x—x|=0, which is divisible by 4. 48, Unie Relations ond Functions SO Now, let ke R be any arbitrary element and let SX) =* = (NES Vreg Therefore, S is reflexive Symmetric As, for an w YO NES, divisible by 4, DES. we gett = pig (by using definin ¥ Using definition of given relat = IX Y= 4A fo iameie ee lation} = [yn x1= 4) forsomea ez = (axes Thus, (x, MESS ONES WY ved Therefore, 5 is symmetric. s q Transitive For any (x, eS andy, 2)¢.5, we a {x slis divisible by 4 and y~ lis divisible by 4 {by using definition of given relation) = x= y= Mand) y— ze for some Ape Z. Now, x= 4, (=) 40-2) Ht4A tau s4Qrspy => [x= z/is divisible by 4, = (ses Thus, (x, ES and (y, se S = WES Va red ‘Therefore, S is transitive w Since, 5 is reflexive, symmetric and transitive, so itis an equivalence relation, Now, set of all elements related to 1 is {1,5,9) ‘The set of all clements related to [2] {a € A2|2~alis divisible by 4) = 26,10) «y The given relation is R= ((x, y):4, ye Zand x= yis divisible by 3) To prove R is an equivalence relation, we have to prove R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive, «ly Reflexive As, for any x€ Z, we have x —x=0, which is divisible by 3. = (£=2)is divisible by 3 = (eR WxeZ Therefore, R is reflexive, w Symmetric Let (x, y)€ R, where x, ye Z. => (x-y)isdivisible by 3. [by definition of R] 3.4 for some Ae Z, 3(-A) x) is also divisible by 3. > (yx)¢ R Therefore, R is symmetric. w‘ ved Papors : 1, jorwiso CBSE Sol ATH S15 ho Ma eZ, Transitive Let (x, ye R where S (= y)is divisible by 3, = ¥~ Y=34 forsome Ae Z Again, let (1. 2)e &, where 5, => ( ble by 3, = 5 34 for some B € Z, Now. (=) (y= 2) 34449 = ==3(A4+B) ible by 3 for some (A+ B)EZ = (x, 2)ER Therefore, R is transitive. Case Based Questions =ase Based Questions 1 An organisation conducted bike race under two different categories-Boys and Gitls, There were 28 Participants in all. Among all of them, finally three from category 1 and two from category 2 were Selected for the final race. Ravi forms two sets B and G with these participants for his college project. Let B = {b,53.0s) and G= (g,,¢3}, where B [ePresents the set of Boys selected and G the set of. Girls selected for the final race. an Based on the above information answer the following questions, @ How many relations are possible from B to G? Gi) Among all the possible relations from B to G how many functions can be formed from B to G? Gil) Let R :B > B be defined by R = {(x, y):x and y are students of same sex}. Check if & is an equivalence relation. Or A function R :B ~ G be defined by R= {6,81 )s (2,82) (3,8; )} Check if & is bijective. Justify your answer, is reflexive, s netric and tra Thus, iseftextve, symmetric and tang itis an equivalence relation, itis ¥ Iratlenst one of the conditions ic eflexiyg 0 ymmetric and transitive, is not satisfied, that the given relation is not an eq Ng n lence lig 49. (i) Do same as Q. No. 46. ii) Clearly, [1 ]= {1.3.5} oc (B]= 13,5) [2]=Q4) [4]= 2,4) 3,5) i Jk Sabha is a gigant 2. A general clection of Lo! isa ex ‘About 911 million people were eligible to vote ct voter turnout was about 67%, the highest ever, ‘ONE - NATION (ONE - ELECTION FESTIVAL OF DEMOCRACY GENERAL ELecrion-2019 BATT Let / be the set of all citizens of India who were eligible to exercise their voting right in general election held in 2019. A relation R is defined on Tas follows RAG M2) M Vy eT) and both use their voting right in general election-2019}. Answer the following questions using the above information. (CBSE Question Bn (i) Two neighbours X and ¥ € 1. X exercised his Voting right while ¥ did not cast her vote in general election-2019. Which of the following i true? @)(X¥)eR OU,eR OK DER MYERpettons ond Fnctions |S Gy Me. X and his wife I both & ight in general election 2019. Which ufthe following is tnic? (a) both OC Wand WAXY WAM Rud eR (© both (Wand GAY eR WON Kbwt WW) ee (ii) Three friends Fy, Fy and Fy exercised right in general election: following is trac? FH e ROS Re R and KE eR OE. PERE, Bek and (A. Bye R (OG. FIER, FER bur. Rye 4. @ We have n(B) =3, n(G)=2 Total number of possible relation from B to Given, n(B)= Number of function from B to G =: Gil) We have, R = (x. same sex} Here, (x,x)€ R, Vee B = Risreflexive G MER@ONER a eB = Ris symmetric and (x, 3)€ Rand (y, =) R Vx re B (x 2)ER =8 yx and yare students of the = = Ris transitive Hence, R is an equivalence relation. Or Given, R:B 9G defined by R = ((b,,8) ).(b3-82)s(by.81)) Here, b, and byhave same images g,. So, R is many-one function, and since, range of. Nervised their voting, their voting 2019, then which of the mn 1 Unit a 1 and, Pye yen (iv) The above deti ied Th above tine cao (0 Univermt relation (© Enavatonee (tenon (0) Me Shyam eterise io Hiection-2019, then Mr. §} ofthe following? nM Shy (a alsa (0 Family met (Allenizens ty (0) Bg relation ot aymmet ‘ymmetrie and, i right in Generat 'm is related to which, ible voter who eaat 9 of Me Shyam, nin ible voters of India $0. is ont function Since, Ris notone-one Thus, R is not bijective function, _ 2. (W) (d) Given, R OND K Wy ety and = use their voting right in general election-2019, -¥ €1-N exercised his voting right while Y didnot canhervoteingeneateaeeceie Clearly, (X,Y )e R. i) (@) Relation is symmetric, 2 (XM ER = WH xDeR, - ii) (@) Since, (FF) ER, F eT and F use their voting right. > Ris reflexive, (FER = (Fy, FER Ris symmetric, and (F\, Fa)e Rand (Fy, Fy)€R = (Fi, FyeR (By transitive property) iv) (c) Given, relation & is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. ++ Ris equivalence relation. 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