INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING SCIENCE AND APPLICATION

H. Z. Aligholi and A. K. Yıldırım, Vol.7, No.3, September 2023

Properties of Recycled Aggregates and Their Effects

on Concrete
Hossein Zoriyeh Aligholi* , Ahmet Kaan Yıldırım**‡

*Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa, 34315, İstanbul
** Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, İstanbul Nişantaşı University, 34398, İstanbul
([email protected], [email protected])

‡
Hosein Zoriyeh Aligholi, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa, 34315
Avcılar İstanbul, Tel: +90 553 922 28 41

Received: 18.07.2023 Accepted:.10.08.2023

Abstract- The increase in the cost of extracting natural aggregates, the destruction of nature through the consumption of
natural resources, and the increase in construction waste have led to an increase in studies being conducted today on the use of
"recycled concrete aggregates" for concrete production. Concrete with recycled aggregates is an alternative to the use of
natural aggregates in concrete. In this study, a database of 27 items was created to study the parameters that affect concrete
produced using recycled concrete aggregates in different proportions. Firstly, physical properties of recycled concrete
aggregates such as abrasion value, density, water absorption capacity were investigated in the database. In the second stage, the
factors affecting the slump, unit volume weight and strength of concretes produced with RCA were evaluated. As a result, it
was found that the increase in the density of the recycled aggregate resulted in a decrease in abrasion values, while the unit
volume weight and strength of the concrete increased. It was also found that the recycled aggregates had no effect on the slump
of the concrete, and that the unit volume weight and strength of the concrete decreased as the amount of aggregate used
increased.
Keywords Concrete Waste, Recycled Concrete Aggregates, Compressive Strength
1. Introduction with large quantities of homogeneous waste to be reused on
site (e.g., reconstruction of roads and highways, large
Concrete is the most widely used construction material industrial facilities). Processing in mobile recycling plants is
worldwide, consisting of 60–80% by volume of natural limited to single stage crushing, magnetic separation and
aggregates. The increasing demand for concrete structures sieving [2].
and the development of infrastructure are putting a strain on
Concrete with recycled aggregate is an alternative to
the limited available non-renewable resources, so it is crucial
using natural aggregate in concrete. Recycled aggregate is an
to reduce environmental impact and conserve non-renewable
aggregate obtained by recycling clean concrete waste and
resources by developing sustainable sources such as recycled
must contain a very low percentage of other construction
aggregates in the construction industry. Replacing natural
waste. For example, the British Standard defines recycled
aggregates with recycled aggregates in concrete products not
concrete aggregate as recycled aggregate with a maximum
only offers a sustainable solution to these problems but can
brick/fine material content of 5%, a maximum lightweight
also reduce construction costs [1].
material/asphalt content of 0.5%, and a maximum other
Recycled aggregates are produced in recycling plants in contaminant content of 1%. Replacement of natural
the same way as natural aggregates. The process usually aggregates with recycled concrete aggregates can be
involves two stages: Crushing (primarily with jaw crushers complete (100%) or partial [3]. However, due to the high-
and secondarily with impact crushers), removal of impurities, water demand of fine materials smaller than 150 μm, the use
and sieving. After the first crushing stage, large pieces of of fine recycled concrete aggregates below 2 mm is rare. The
steel are separated by electromagnets. Impurities such as dirt, high water absorption and high cohesion of the fine recycled
gypsum, plaster and other construction waste must be concrete aggregates also make the quality control of the
carefully removed by water cleaning or air screening. concrete very difficult. Therefore, some standards and
Recycled aggregates can also be processed in mobile specifications prohibit the use of fine recycled concrete
recycling plants. These are typically used on demolition sites aggregates for structural purposes [4].
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING SCIENCE AND APPLICATION
H. Z. Aligholi and A. K. Yıldırım, Vol.7, No.3, September 2023

With the rapid economic development and urbanization 2. Material and Metod
of society, the construction industry worldwide has entered a
golden age, and as a result, the generation of construction In this study, the physical properties of Recycled
and demolition waste has increased tremendously [5]. This Concrete Aggregates (RCA) were first evaluated. For this
increase has forced practitioners to look for alternatives that purpose, the density, abrasion, and water absorption values
can minimize waste transportation and disposal costs. On the of RCAs were analyzed using data obtained from 27 articles.
other hand, the scarcity of natural resources for fill material Later in the study, the fresh slump values of concretes
needed for geotechnical structures such as railroad and produced with RCA and the effects of RCA percentage and
highway embankments, conventional soil retaining walls, binder dosage on the strength values were analyzed. The
and reinforced soil retaining walls has become a serious strength values are for 28-day specimens. A summary of the
environmental problem in many places. Therefore, especially data set used is given in Table 1.
in densely populated areas, the reuse of concrete demolition
3. Findings and Discussion
as a construction material is considered important both
economically and environmentally [6]. The reuse rates of 3.1. Physical Properties of RCAs
concrete demolition reach 5% in China, 17% in the United
Kingdom, 4.5% in Brazil, 90% in Japan, 75% in the 3.1.1. Density
Netherlands, and 80% in many European countries [7, 8]. The density values of coarse and fine aggregates obtained
Since 2012, at least 10 million tons of construction waste from the articles in the database are presented in Fig.s 2 and
have been generated annually as a result of the urban 3, respectively. For coarse aggregates, these values are
transformation program. In Turkey, the average annual between 2.2 and 2.5 g/cm3, with an average value of 2.41
amount of construction and demolition waste collected only g/cm3. For fine aggregates, these values are between 2.13 and
by IBB has been 57.4 million tons since 2010 (see Fig. 1). 2.69 g/cm3, with an average value of 2.48 g/cm3. In general,
These wastes have been dumped in landfills, causing many the density for both aggregates is above 2.4 g/cm3.
landfills to be 100% full, damaging the environment and Depending on the density, natural aggregates are divided into
opening new landfills, so recycling them is the most logical three as seen in Table 2. Accordingly, recycled materials can
and practical way to eliminate this problem [9]. be called "aggregates".

Fig. 1. Annual Amount of Excavation Waste Collected by

IBB
According to the data presented in Fig. 1, it is seen that Fig. 2. Coarse RCA Density Values for All Database
our country has a great potential for the supply of recycled
aggregates from construction and demolition waste. It is
known that aggregates obtained from recycling are
environmentally friendly and have many different uses such
as ready-mixed concrete production, hot asphalt production,
filter material, filling material, foundations and sub-
foundations of highways and railways. The most important
problem in the use of recycling materials is that construction
and demolition wastes have different mechanical and
chemical properties due to their age and the materials they
are made of. Therefore, these wastes should be characterized
physically, mechanically, hydraulically and chemically.
In this study, a database of recycled aggregates with
various properties was created to investigate recycled
Fig. 3. Fine RCA Density Values for All Database
aggregates and the parameters affecting them. Various
factors in the database were correlated with the strength and
concrete properties obtained.

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H. Z. Aligholi and A. K. Yıldırım, Vol.7, No.3, September 2023

Table 1. Studies that constitute the database

Abrasion Water Cement Slump
RCA
No References Waste Resource Value for Absorption Dosage Value
(%)
RCA (%) for RCA(%) (kg/m3) (cm)
Recycled Aggregates
Coming from Construction
1 Domingo et al. (2009) [10] 0-100 40.22 5.19 380 5-19
Waste and Concrete Work
Demolitions.
IMO Konya Branch Test
2 Köken et al. (2008) [11] 0-100 31.72 4.62 320 7.5-9
Specimens
Class C30 7-Day Waste
3 Demirel et al. (2017) [12] 0-100 28.4 6.7 320 8-10
Concrete
Bingöl Province 7 (Turkey)
4 Polat et al. (2014) [13] 0-50 - 0.85-2.1 400 6.2-8.2
Waste Curb Stones
C30 Class 28 Day Waste
5 Demirel et al. (2014) [14] 0-100 38.4 6.2-13.7 320-400 -
Concrete
6 Sefidehkhan et al. (2018) [15] C20 Class Waste Concrete 0-100 40.56 4.6-4.8 314 5.2-8.1
ITU Structural and
Earthquake Engineering
7 Goksu et al. (2018) [16] 0-27 36 3.5-2.7 300 -
Laboratory Structural Test
Specimens
Urban Transformation in
8 Kılıç et al. (2007) [17] 32.23 - 6.26 258-300 4.5-6.5
Isparta Province
Waste Concrete Produced
9 Durmuş et al. (2009) [18] 100 35.63 5.48 101-138 -
in Different Grades
Istanbul Province Sütlüce
10 Dilbas et al. (2015) [19] Neighborhood Urban 0-100 - 3.5 350 17-19
Transformation
Class C35 28-Day Waste
11 Demirel et al. (2015) [20] 0-100 35.7 13.9-7.9 368-460 8-10
Concrete
12 Tosun (2014) [21] ISTAC Demolition Waste 0-60 38.04 10.4-6.02-7.8 297.5 17-23
13 Gaurav et al. (2020) [22] Laboratory Test Samples 0-100 21.2 5.7 360-450 8-9.5
Concrete Sidewalk,
14 Sargam et al. (2019) [23] 60 - 6.17-8.13 349 3.81-5.08
Minnesota
Demolition waste from a
15 Chowdhury et al. (2020) [24] 45-year-old building in 0-56 14.28 4.7 283-379 17-20
Taiyuan city
RCA Obtained from High
16 Assaad et al. (2019) [25] 54 34.6-42.4 5.63-6.13 320-440 16-18.5
Strength (62 MPa) Concrete
Local debris source
17 Poongodi et al. (2019) [26] 0-50 - 3.12 400 3-16
unknown, Warangal/India
Lab. waste (25-30 MPa)
18 Mohammed et al. (2020) [27] 0-72.38 - 6.53 450 -
Anbar University, Iraq
Commercially graded
19 Sagoe et al. (2001) [28] 100 23.1 5.6 238-254 7.5-9
unwashed Coarse RCA
20 Kamaruddin et al. (2019) [29] Source unknown , Malaysia 0-100 - 4.38 400 62-65.5
21 Limbachiya et al. (2000) [30] Source unknown , UK 0-100 - 4.9 370 -
15 Years of Unspecified
22 Rao et al. (2010) [31] 0-100 37.1 3.1 401 4.9-5.75
Culvert Ruin, India
23 González et al. (2008) [32] Unknown origin, Spain 0-50 39.65 5 325-345 7.3-7.6
24 Li et al. (2009) [33] Source unknown,China 66 20 4.6 400-500 4-11.5
Lab waste cylinder sample
25 Tangchirapat et al. (2008) [34] 0-100 33.08 11.91-2.31 190-380 5-10
25-40 MPa
26 Gonzalez et al. (2007) [35] Landfill, Spain 0-50 34 4.59 325-345 -
27 Eguchi et al. (2007) [36] Lab. waste, Japan 0-100 22.2-28.4 5.69-7.92 300 -

Table 2. Classification of Aggregates According to Density [37]

Class Limit Value

Light Aggregate ≤ 2.4 g/cm3

Aggregate 2.4~2.8 g/cm3
Heavy Aggregate ≥2.8 g/cm3

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H. Z. Aligholi and A. K. Yıldırım, Vol.7, No.3, September 2023

aggregates obtained from various sources range between

3.1.2. Water Absorption
20% and 42.4% and average 32.3%.
Water absorption capacity is a parameter that shows how
much water the aggregates used in concrete remove from the
environment at the time of mixing. If this value is large,
water correction is required in concrete mix designs;
otherwise, serious problems occur in the slump and strength
values of concrete. For natural aggregates, this value is in the
range of 0.5%–2% [38]. In the analyzed database, water
absorption values for coarse and fine aggregates are
presented separately in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5. When the data are
analyzed, it is seen that the values for coarse aggregates are
0.85%–9.11% with an average value of 5.73%, and the
values for fine aggregates are 2.10%–13.90% with an
average value of 8.70%. As a result, the water absorption
capacity of RCAs is on average 2.86 times higher for coarse Fig. 7. Los angeles abrasion values of RCAs
aggregates and 4.35 times higher for fine aggregates
compared to the upper limit of the water absorption capacity The aggregate properties that affect abrasion resistance
of natural aggregates. are density and water absorption capacity. The higher the
density value, the higher the abrasion resistance, i.e. the
lower the LA value. Fig. 7 shows an increasing trend in LA
value with decreasing specific gravity. Fig. 8 shows the
relationship between the water absorption capacity of coarse
aggregates and LA values; the decrease in water absorption
capacity caused an increase in LA values.

Fig. 4. Coarse Aggregate Water Absorption Capacity for All

Database

Fig. 7. Relationship between LA Values and Coarse

Aggregate Density values

Fig. 5. Fine Aggregate Water Absorption Capacity for All

Database

3.1.3. Abrasion

The resistance to abrasion caused by impact and friction

in concrete is provided by aggregates, which are the skeleton
of the concrete structure. When we look at the literature, it is
seen that "Los Angeles Abrasion Test" is performed to Fig. 8. Relationship between LA Values and Coarse
measure the abrasion resistance of aggregates. Fig. 6 shows Aggregate Water Absorption Capacity
the results of LA tests available in the database. According to
these data, the abrasion values of recycled concrete

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H. Z. Aligholi and A. K. Yıldırım, Vol.7, No.3, September 2023

3.2. Effects of RCAs on the concrete

3.2.1. Slump values
In the design phase, the slump value is determined
taking into account the properties of the aggregate depending
on the type of application and the place of placement of the
concrete, and the increase of this value leads to an increase in
the workability of the concrete. The slump value is divided
into five classes according to the regulation TS EN 206 [37].
The details of this classification system are presented in
Table 3. Fig. 9 shows the slump values obtained from the
analyzed articles.

Fig. 10. Factors Affecting the Slump Value

.
3.2.2. Unit Volume Weight

The unit volume weight of concrete gives information about

Fig. 9. Slump Values for the Entire Database
the properties of the materials that make up the concrete and
Table 3. Slump with Consistency Class [39] the amount of void space in the concrete. If the unit volume
Consistency Class Slump (cm) weights of the aggregates forming the concrete are high, the
S1 1-4 unit volume weight of the concrete is also high. On the other
S2 5-9 hand, the high amount of air in the concrete causes the unit
S3 10-15 weight to be low. The classification of concrete based on unit
S4 16-21 volume weight is presented in Table 3. Fig. 11 shows the
S5 ≥22 data unit weight values of concretes produced with RCA.
According to Fig. 11, the average unit volume weight of
concrete produced with RCA is 2283 kg/m3. According to
The effects of the abrasion value, the water absorption
Table 4, it is within the limit values valid for normal concrete
capacity of coarse RCA, the percentage of RCA used, the
cement dosage used and the water absorption capacity of fine classes.
RCA on the slump value are analyzed in the diagrams A, B,
C, D and E in Fig. 10. Table 4. Class of concrete for unit volume weight limit value
[39]
When the abrasion values of the RCAs were analyzed,
although there was no general trend, the increase in the Class Limit Value (kg/m3)
abrasion value led to an increase in the maximum values
reached by the slump values. The increase in the water Heavy > 2600
absorption capacity of coarse RCAs led to an increase in Normal 800 <-<2600
slump values. RCA in different proportions has no effect on Lightweight <800
slump value, and with different proportions of RCA, the
desired slump value can be achieved depending on the design
properties of the concrete. The maximum amount of the The factors that positively and negatively affect the unit
slump value of each dosage decreased with increasing dosage volume weight of concrete are analyzed in eight different
of cement used in the concrete produced with RCA.
graphs from A to H in Fig. 12. The increase in the abrasion
value of RCAs caused a decrease in the unit weight of
concrete up to 40%, but in general, the increase in the
abrasion value led to an increase in the upper limits of this
value. As expected, the increase in the unit volume weight of
fine and coarse RCAs caused an increase in the unit volume

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weight of concrete. The increase in the water absorption 3.2.3. Compressive Strength
capacity of fine and coarse RCAs led to a decrease in the unit The factors affecting the 28-day compressive
volume weight. The proportional increase in the use of RCA strength values of the RCA-produced concretes in the
in the concrete mix resulted in a decrease in the unit volume database are illustrated in Fig. 13 and Fig. 14.
weight of the concrete. The unit volume weight of concrete
When the strength values are between 20 and 40
increased with the increase in cement dosage in concretes MPa, the increase in the abrasion value does not affect the
produced with RCA. The increase in slump values of fresh strength value, but the increase in the abrasion value in the
concrete led to a decrease in the unit volume weight. lower and upper parts of these values caused an increase in
the strength values. The increase in the unit volume weights
of fine and coarse RCAs caused an increase in compressive
strength values. The increase in the water absorption capacity
of fine and coarse RCAs led to a decrease in compressive
strength values. As the percentage of RCA increased,
strength values decreased. Although there is an increase in
compressive strength values in general as the amount of
cement used in concretes produced with RCA increases, this
increase is not significant in the range of compressive
strength values between 20 and 40 MPa. As the unit volume
weight of the concrete produced with RCA increased, the
compressive strength values increased due to the decrease in
the voids in the concrete. The decrease in slump values
caused a decrease in strength values.

Fig. 11. Unit Volume Weight Values for All Database

Fig. 13. Effect of RCA Properties on Concrete Strength

Fig. 12. Factors Affecting the Unit Volume Weight of

Concrete
Fig. 14. Factors affecting the properties of concrete produced
with RCA

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H. Z. Aligholi and A. K. Yıldırım, Vol.7, No.3, September 2023

4. Conclusion [3] B. 8500, 2019 Concrete - Complementary British

Standard to BS EN 206 Part 2: Specification for
The following conclusions were reached within the scope of Constituent Materials and Concrete. BSI, London.
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production and conformity, European Standard, 2001
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[5] L.P.F.Abreu, J.R.M.Oliveira, H.M.R.D.Silva,, P.V.
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density for both aggregates is above 2.4 g/cm3. percentage of different waste materials," Constr. Build.
Mater, vol. 84, pp. 230-238, 2015.
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