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Reuse Of Construction and Demolished Waste as Aggregates in Concrete: A

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 International Journal of Computer Engineering in Research Trends
Multidisciplinary, Open Access, Peer-Reviewed and fully refereed
Review Paper Volume-7, Issue-8 , August 2020 Regular Edition E-ISSN: 2349-7084

Reuse Of Construction and Demolished Waste as

Aggregates in Concrete: A Review
A.H. Buller1*, B.A. Memon2, I.N. Sodhar3, M. Oad4 & A.S. Buller4

1*
Engineer, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science & Technology Nawabshah, 67480, Pakistan.
2
Professor, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science & Technology Nawabshah, 67480, Pakistan.
3
Lecturer, Department of Information Technology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Shaheed Benazir Abad, 67480, Pakistan.
4
Assistant Professor, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science & Technology Nawabshah, 67480, Pakistan.

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],

[email protected] & [email protected]

*Corresponding Author: [email protected],

Available online at: http://www.ijcert.org

Received: 03/08/2020 Revised:18/08/2020 Accepted: 28/08/2020 Published: 08/09/2020

Abstract:-
This paper presents reviews of the authors for the use of construction and demolished waste of building in
concrete as recycled coarse aggregates. It is observed that from many years ago that the peoples of rural areas
shifted from villages/small towns to developed city centers. Due to this huge number of migration of peoples
creates problems accommodations and their basic needs. For the solution of accommodation and other problems
demolish old structures and construction will shift from horizontal to vertical space such as: high rise building.
However, demolition of old structures creates many issues and for the solution those issues on and only the
better option of reused of Construction & Demolition waste as in green concrete. The views of the several authors
and construction industry are the utilization by consuming it in new concrete in various ways. Replacement of fine
aggregates, coarse aggregates and even cement has been attempted. Green concrete is produced by replacing
natural coarse aggregates in 50% dosage with coarse aggregates obtained from demolished old concrete which
was suggested by the several authors. Use of recycled in concrete has not much effect on the basic properties
(specific gravity, water absorption, unit weight and density) of Recycled coarse aggregates comparison with
natural coarse aggregates. Therefore, the use of this waste in new concrete not only helps in reducing the waste
management issues but also help protecting the environment greatly.

Keywords: Old structures, Green Concrete, Demolishing and Construction Waste, Recycled Coarse
Aggregates, Waste management.,

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------
1. Introduction developed cities. Providing accommodation to these migrants
in limited available space led to the many problems. On the
other hand, unavailability of space for new construction
It is observed since last few decades that people particularly in developed cities of globe forced the
migrated from villages, towns and small cities to developed construction industry to shift from horizontal development to
cities. This migration of people in large quantum caused vertical development by demolishing the old structures. This
problem of accommodation and associated facilities in those technique has solved the problem to great extent but posed

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A.H. Buller et.al,“ Reuse Of Construction and Demolished Waste as Aggregates in Concrete: A Review.”, International
Journal of Computer Engineering In Research Trends, 7(8):pp:41-48 ,August-2020.

the problem of effective management of huge quantum of the

construction and demolition waste (C&D) generated as a
2. Literature Review
result of demolishing of old structures [1, 2, 3]. Lack of Since past few decades, the massive generation of
space for dumping this waste forced the industry to take it construction and demolition waste (C&D) has increased and
too far distances resulting in increase in overall cost of the threatening the public environment and humanity worldwide.
project. Dumping the same near city centers not only raise A large amount of research has been devoted to the (C&D)
the aesthetic issue but also adds up to environmental waste from difference perspectives [10]. Demolition of old
problems due to chemical reaction of organic impurities structures is increasing on daily basis for the construction of
attached to the waste and its decay. Proper management and new and high-rise building to meet the basic needs and to
particularly onsite use of this material thus became the major improve the life style at modern pace. From the demolition
area of interest of the scholars. of old structures construction wastes are generated in the
The use of this waste material in landfills remained shape of ceramics, crushed bricks, crushed concrete block,
intact for considerable time. The scholars and industry added fine recycled aggregates, fiber composites, steel fibers,
its utilization by consuming it in new concrete in various plastic plates, fly ash, blast furnace slag, silica fume and
ways. Replacement of fine aggregates, coarse aggregates and biomass/volcanic ashes, polymers, bentonite, FRPs, glass,
even cement has been attempted. rubber, foundry sand etc.
Large portion of concrete body is occupied by the The use of old demolished concrete as coarse
coarse aggregates, thus, utilization of this waste as coarse aggregates in new concrete has been studied by several
aggregates consumes large volumes of it. However, it is scholars around the world [1, 2, 12-13]. But there is wide
believed that the resulting concrete will be different in scatter in the published results about the subject matter. This
properties and behavior than normal concrete with all-natural shows that there is still need of more work in the field, not
aggregates. Like normal concrete structures, infrastructure only to study its behavior but also to improve confidence and
made with this concrete also has to face several natural and set landmark for the future researchers of the field. This
accidental effects during service life and should be strong chapter presents the review of relevant available state-of-art
enough to resist the same. on the topic.
It is noted that good quantum of work related to the
evaluation of properties of recyclable aggregates has been 2.1 Construction and Demolished (C&D)
addressed internationally. Also, the properties of concrete
made with this type of aggregates but the scatter in results Waste and Its Management
requires more work for the same and about other parameters The waste generated as a result of demolishing of old
is still required. In Pakistan at present this type of aggregates structures or as a result of construction of the structures is
are seldom used. The waste normally goes to the landfills generally known as construction and demolishing waste.
resulting in waste management issues and threat to Since past few decades the quantum of this waste is one of
environment. Whereas, if the same is utilized in new the largest streams produced globally [12]. Waste generates
concrete will not only reduce the above-mentioned problem from the demolishing of old structures are categorized in
but also results in economy of the projects. following way.
This research study provides ideas regarding the 1. Aluminum siding
reuse materials of the demolished structures in new concrete. 2. Architectural antiques
By the using of this technique may reduce the cost of the 3. Asphalt
project, reduce environmental impact by dumping of the 4. Brick/Masonry blocks
demolished materials nearby city. 5. Concrete blocks
Organization of the paper is based on the sections of 6. Gas pipe/Metal pipe
Introduction, Literature Review, Potential use of the C&D 7. Porcelain plumbing fixtures
waste, Potential Reuse of the concrete aggregates, Properties 8. PVC pipe
of the concrete, Conclusion and References. 9. Steel: structural or rebar
10. Wallboard/Drywall(gypsum)
11. Doors and windows wood
12. Glass

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A.H. Buller et.al,“ Reuse Of Construction and Demolished Waste as Aggregates in Concrete: A Review.”, International
Journal of Computer Engineering In Research Trends, 7(8):pp:41-48 ,August-2020.

13. Marble/tile pieces in controlled manner to make best possible use of

the land.
Minimization of construction and demolished waste of
structures requires special attention to C&D waste Construction and demolished waste are managed in steps /
management. Following are the key points for the adoption ways which reduce, reuse, recycle, burn and dump in landfill
of managing C&D waste [10 & 18]. as shown in Figure 1, again these steps also divided into sub-
1. C&D waste should be dumped/reduced at source as sections. Construction waste management moved
far as possible. increasingly towards the first of these steps, as per the
2. Reuse or refurbishment before reuse should be framework proposed by European Union [11] and is
adopted to reduce C&D waste reproduced as under.
3. Recycling of waste may be opted. 1. The proximity principle
4. If recycling to secondary material is not required or 2. Regional self-sufficiency
feasible then the energy of the waste may be utilized 3. The precautionary principle
as renewable energy. 4. The polluter pays
5. If all above options are not feasible then last resort 5. Best practicable environmental option.
is to dump the waste in landfill but it should be done

Figure 1: Construction and demolition waste management steps [12].

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A.H. Buller et.al,“ Reuse Of Construction and Demolished Waste as Aggregates in Concrete: A Review.”, International
Journal of Computer Engineering In Research Trends, 7(8):pp:41-48 ,August-2020.

3. Potential Reuse of C&D This type of concrete is produced by utilizing waste of

demolished structures in the shape of aggregates and even

Waste cement with suitable replacement. In demolished structural

waste different type of wastes are generated such as concrete
History of construction industries shows that blocks, Rubber, Glass, etc as shown in Figure 2. Use of
construction wastes generated from demolishing of old demolished waste in new concrete is known as Recycled
buildings, mostly goes to landfill but with passage of time it concrete and from this type of concrete reduced the
became problem due to lack of available space in developed environmental impact of utilizing of natural ingredients and
cities around the world. One of the better options for dealing also save them.
this waste is by utilizing it in the new construction. Among
the various components of the waste few can be utilized in
the flooring and making of low traffic roads, foot-paths,
walk-way, back-filling etc. As stated earlier large volumes of
this construction & demolition concrete waste can be utilized
if attempted to use as coarse aggregate in new concrete.
Several attempts have been done by different researchers to
evaluate the properties and performance of old concrete as
partial replacement of the natural coarse aggregates [1, 10,
18, 22-24], but still huge vacuum and scatter in the results
can be observed and need more research. Therefore, the use
of recycled concrete aggregates in buildings is still limited to
only few attempts, where as it has been successfully applied
in roads, walkways, backfilling in structural foundation.

3.1 Green Concrete

Production of concrete involves different steps
having several impacts on environment. Like production of Figure 2: Demolished wastes of structural elements
cement results in carbon dioxide emission from cement
industry which affects the environment severally. Therefore, 4. Potential Reuse of Concrete
the concrete which reduces adverse impacts on the
environment or is eco-friendly is termed as green concrete. It Aggregates
is major area of research for scholars, researchers and It is a precautionary technique aimed at minimizing
industry personals since past few decades [3, 20, 21]. the waste generated from the source before it becomes a
Few of the overall benefits of green concrete are less carbon physical problem. Recycling procedure of demolition of old
dioxide emission, increased use of waste products, less concrete. From demolition of structures
environmental pollution, increased sustainable environment, construction/structural wastes are generated in the shape of
less maintenance and repair, better performance, workability blocks of concrete and other materials. Recycling process
and place ability [3, 17, 20, 21]. starts with manual separation of type of waste i.e. old
concrete, bricks, steel fibers, ceramics, glass polymers and
3.1.1 Ordinary concrete others. Recycling of the waste is then used to produce the
Ordinary concrete is widely being used all over the required size and shape aggregates. Large blocks of old
world. It is a mixture of Cement, Sand (fine aggregates) and concrete are reduced to required size of aggregates. For small
coarse aggregates with required water cement ratio. This type scale projects the recycling process is carried out manually.
of concrete is used for footing, RC beam, columns and slab However, proper utilization and economy require automatic
in building construction. careful processing to achieve economical and durable
aggregates. Recycling of the waste has become a separate
3.1.2 Recycled concrete field of interest and research, where, valuable outcome is
being produced by researcher by best possible utilization of

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A.H. Buller et.al,“ Reuse Of Construction and Demolished Waste as Aggregates in Concrete: A Review.”, International
Journal of Computer Engineering In Research Trends, 7(8):pp:41-48 ,August-2020.

the demolishing waste. Screening for cracked and water are few. Few of the properties of the concrete are listed
deteriorated particles followed by gradation is done. below for the purpose of flow of the reading.
Properties of the aggregates are evaluated before 1. Concrete grade
proportioning the same in new concrete in required dosage. 2. Concrete density
Properties and behavior of resulting concrete is also required 3. Workability
to be studied to ensure performance and serviceability of the 4. Strength (compressive, tensile and flexural)
structures during service life. 5. Deflection
Shifting of peoples from their home town to big cities 6. Cracking
for their better future and advanced facilities require 7. Durability and serviceability
accommodation and associated facilities in these big cities. 8. Creep
To meet the demand, old structures are being demolished and 9. Shrinkage
new ones are being constructed. Demolition of those 10. Response to unconventional loading
structures creates problem of waste and dumping of same. 11. Long term loading behavior
For the solution of all these issues reuse of it in new Serval scholars around the globe have made
construction is better option, the same is also proposed by attempts to study the properties of concrete made with
Oad and Memon [1] among several other scholars [6 -10, & recycled aggregates. Among them Qasrawi and Marie [2]
18]. The authors used waste recycled concrete blocks to used demolished concrete as RCA in casting of cylinders for
produce recycled coarse aggregates to be in concrete their research and studied the properties of recyclable
replacing NCA in 5% to 50% with increment of 10%. 54 concrete aggregates. Using the experimental results, the
specimens of NCA and 324 specimens of RCA were authors also coined out numerical expression for modulus of
prepared using w/c ratio in the range of 0.45 - 0.60. Equal elasticity of concrete using recyclable concrete aggregates.
number of specimens was cured for 7, 14 and 28 days. Basic Through the results the authors concluded that there is not
properties and compressive strength of the specimen were much difference between the basic properties of natural and
evaluated and found in good agreement with control recyclable aggregates except workability and water
specimen with tolerable reduction in the strength. absorption.
Kumutha and Vijai [4] used structural wastes in their The authors also observed that reduction in
research work to study the properties of recycled aggregates compressive strength of concrete cylinders made with
used in concrete with partial /full replacement of coarse and recyclable aggregates is from 5% to 25% and reduction in
fine aggregates. Replacement of coarse aggregates with tensile strength is up to 14% with reference to control
crushed concrete was used from 0% to 100% with increment specimen cast with all-natural coarse aggregates. The
of 20%. The same percentage replacement was used 0f fine research finding of Liu et al [14] were also similar except
aggregates with crushed bricks. They observed decreasing that they additionally studied peak strain and brittleness.
pattern in compressive strength, flexural strength and tensile They reported both the properties lower than the ordinary
strength except modulus of elasticity. concrete. Silva et al [15] also utilized the similar material to
Malešev et al [5] used crushed waste of laboratory in study the creep behavior of the concrete and found better
new concrete with replacement of 50% and 100% for both performance of the proposed concrete against creep.
fine and coarse aggregates. They used three types of Cervantes et al [16] used recycled concrete aggregates in
specimens in this study and prepared 99 samples for testing their research and determines the fracture and dry shrinkage
the basic properties. Based on the comparison of obtained properties of concrete [25].
results the authors concluded satisfactory performance of
recyclable concrete aggregates. 5.1 Gradation of Aggregates
Gradation of aggregates is another aspect which
5. Properties of Concrete ensures good strength of concrete and good serviceability of
the concrete. For better performance of the concrete,
There are many factors which affects the properties of aggregates should be well graded. This requires presence of
concrete at fresh and hardened state. Among the factors, mix
all standard sizes of the aggregates in required quantity,
ratio, type of cement, type of fine and coarse aggregates and
meeting the range specified by ASTM C-128 (American
Standards for Testing Methods). In well graded aggregates

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A.H. Buller et.al,“ Reuse Of Construction and Demolished Waste as Aggregates in Concrete: A Review.”, International
Journal of Computer Engineering In Research Trends, 7(8):pp:41-48 ,August-2020.

concrete space between large aggregates is filled up by Table 1: Unit weight and density of natural and recycled
smaller aggregates and thus requires less cement paste to fill aggregates [21]
the remaining gap. Whereas, use of one size of aggregates Test Unit NCA RCA
results in poorly graded aggregates concrete which requires
more cement paste to fill the gap between them. Water Absorption % 1.8 3.92
To ensure proper gradation of the aggregates, sieve
analysis is used. For both natural coarse aggregates and Specific Gravity 2.56 2.43
recyclable aggregates from demolished concrete, sieve Table 2: Unit weight and density of natural and recycled
analysis is done following the standard procedure given by aggregates [21]
ASTM C-128 [19]. It is observed from the Figure 3 that the
Test Unit NAC RAC
gradation of both of the recyclable and natural aggregates is
within allowable limits specified by ASTM. This figure Unit Weight Kg / m³ 2193.70 1957.03
shows clearly that with negligible variation the pattern of
gradation is same for both types of the aggregates. Density Kg / m³ 1781.24 1685.14

Gradation of Natrual & Recycled

Aggregates Water absorption of the recyclable aggregates is observed
120 (3.92%), used in this experimental work remained on higher
side than water absorption of natural aggregates (1.8%). The
100
Percentage Passing

percent difference of water absorption NCA and RCA is

80 recorded equal to 117%. The water absorption of recycled
60 aggregates in comparison to Hisham and Iqbal [2] is 30%
less and 11.55% less than the same reported by Mirjana et.
40
al. [5]. Indeed, it is primarily due to the old mortar attached
20 R…
with the recyclable aggregates and the age of old concrete.
N…
0 The higher water absorption of the recyclable aggregates thus
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 increases the water demand of the concrete mix and need to
Seive Size
be adjusted in concrete mix design.
Figure 3: Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregates [21] While analysing the specific gravity, results of both of
the aggregates, shows that the specific gravity of recyclable
5.2 Basic Properties of Coare Aggregates aggregates remained on lower side of the specific gravity
Among several properties of aggregates, unit results of natural coarse aggregates with percentage
weight, density, water absorption and specific gravity are difference equal to 6.25% [2, 5]. The basic reasoning behind
important and frequently used properties. Water demand is the short fall of specific gravity is again same as that of water
particularly important with reference to water demand of the absorption. Also, density of recyclable aggregates is recoded
concrete mix. Water-cement ratio is adjusted as per the water as 84.19% of that of natural coarse aggregates used in this
absorption of the aggregates. Old demolished concrete, work. The unit weight of recyclable aggregates is also
which is main constituent of this study, is theoretically observed reduction in comparison to natural coarse
believed as more water absorbent due to its age and old aggregates and is recorded equal to 82.77% of unit weight of
mortar adhered with it. Therefore, these properties are natural coarse aggregates [2, 5]. Deviation of basic properties
evaluated for both natural and recyclable aggregates. of the concrete than available standards is expected to have
Basic properties of aggregates i.e. water absorption and different strength and performance of the concrete.
specific gravity of both natural and recycled aggregates are
evaluated and compared the results of authors [2, 5, 21].
Table 1 shows the results of water absorption and Specific
6. Conclusion
gravity of the coarse aggregates. Table 2 shows the results of The above summary and discussion of the available
unit weight and density of the coarse aggregates. literature regarding the present work show diversified
attempts for improving concrete performance, finding
alternate of one or other ingredients of concrete, use of

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A.H. Buller et.al,“ Reuse Of Construction and Demolished Waste as Aggregates in Concrete: A Review.”, International
Journal of Computer Engineering In Research Trends, 7(8):pp:41-48 ,August-2020.

recycled aggregates in new concrete. However, the scatter of [3] Memon BA, Oad M, Buller AH, Shar SA, Buller AS.
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