Work and Energy

Concepts covered: Work , Energy,

Revision Notes
Work ¾¾Work done can be zero if :
¾¾Work is said to be done only when force applied on a (i) force applied is zero i.e., no force acts on the
body makes the body move. S.I. unit of work is Joule (J). body.
¾¾Work is equal to force multiplied by displacement in (ii) displacement of body is zero.
the direction of force. (iii) angle between force and displacement is 90°.
W=F×s ¾¾C.G.S. unit of energy or work is erg.
¾¾When a non-zero force (F) is applied on an object, 1 joule = 107 erg
it displaces by (d) by making an angle (q) with the ¾¾One joule of work is said to be done Scan
direction of force. Then work done mathematically, is when a force of 1 Newton displaces a this topic
defined as: body through a distance of 1 metre in
W = Fd cos q its own direction.
¾¾Work can be positive, negative or zero. ¾¾1 erg of work is said to be done when
¾¾If the angle between force and the displacement is a force of 1 dyne displaces a body Work and energy
acute, then work is said to be positive. through a distance 1 cm in its own
¾¾If the angle between force and the displacement is 90° direction.
Energy
i.e., displacement is perpendicular to the force applied,
work is said to be zero. ¾¾Energy is the capacity of a body to do work. Its S.I.
unit is joule.
¾¾If the angle between force and the displacement is
¾¾One kilowatt hour (1 kWh) is the energy spent (or
obtuse, the work is said to be negative.
work done) by a source of power 1 kW in 1 hour.
¾¾When a coolie walks horizontally while carrying a Different types of energy
load on his head, no work is done against the force of ¾¾Energy exists in different forms like mechanical energy,
gravity. chemical energy, nuclear energy, sound energy, light
¾¾When a body rotates in a circular path, no work is done energy.
against the centripetal force, as force and displacement ¾¾Mechanical energy is of two types i.e.,
are normal to each other.
 1 ¾¾Potential energy is of two types :
(i) Kinetic energy = mv2
2 (i) Elastic potential energy
(ii) Potential energy = mgh (ii) Gravitational potential energy
¾¾Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a body by ¾¾Derivation of expression of potential energy, U = mgh
virtue of its motion. Examples include a moving train, Let a body of mass ‘m’ be lifted upwards to a height ‘h’
a running boy, etc. Scan
above the ground.
¾¾Types of kinetic energy : this topic Then, work done on the body against the force of
(i) Translation kinetic energy (e.g., a gravity = force × displacement
car moving in straight path, a freely Force, F = mg
falling body posses translational kinetic Work done, W = mg × h
energy) Law of This work done will be stored in the body in form of
(ii) Rotational kinetic energy (e.g., a conservation of potential energy, U = mgh
energy
spinning top, a rotating fan posses ¾¾Law of conservation of energy :
rotational kinetic energy)
According to the law of conservation of energy, energy
(iii)Vibrational kinetic energy (e.g., a wire clamped at can neither be created nor be destroyed but it can be
both the ends when struck in the middle vibrates, changed from one form to another. In a closed system,
possessing vibrational kinetic energy) i.e., a system that is isolated from its surroundings, the
1 total energy of the system is conserved.
¾¾Derivation of expression of Kinetic energy, K = mv2
2 ¾¾Work-energy theorem
A body of mass ‘m’ moving with initial velocity ‘v’ is According to the work-energy theorem, the work
acted upon by a constant opposing force ‘F’ which done by a force on a moving body is equal to increase
produces retardation and the body is brought to rest. in its kinetic energy.
Force, F = mass × retardation …(i) 1 1
W= mv2 – mu2
Using 2nd kinematic equation of motion, v2 = u2 + 2as 2 2
…(ii)
Where, initial velocity, u = v Examples
Final velocity, v =0 1. A body of mass 0.2 kg falls from a height of 10 m
Acceleration, a =–a to a height of 6 m above the ground. Find the
So, the equation (ii) becomes loss in potential energy taking place in the body.
02 = v2 + 2 × (–a) × s ( g = 10 ms-2)
Ans. Mass, m = 0.2 kg
v2
s = … (iii) Initial height, h1 = 10 m
2a
final height, h2 = 6 m
Kinetic energy will be equal to the amount of work the P.E.1 = 0.2 × 10 × 10 = 20 J
body does before coming to rest. P.E.2 = 0.2 × 10 × 6 = 12 J
Kinetic energy = F × s ∴ Loss in potential energy = (20 - 12) J = 8 J
v2 2. A moving body weighing 400 N possesses 500 J of
= ma ×
2a kinetic energy. Calculate the velocity with which
the body is moving. ( g = 10 m/s2)
[Using equation (i) and (iii)]
Ans. Weight of body = 400 N
1 2
K = mv Let mass of body = m kg
2
⇒      mg = 400
¾¾Relation of Kinetic energy with momentum ⇒       m × 10 = 400
Momentum = P = mv ⇒             m = 40 kg
1 2 Given, kinetic energy = 500 J
Kinetic energy K = mv
2 Let its velocity be v m/s
m2 v 2 1
Or, K = ∴ mv2 = 500 J
2m 2
P2 ⇒
1
× 40 × v2 = 500
Or, K =
2m 2
 P2 = 2mK 500
v2 =
⇒      
¾¾Potential energy is the energy possessed by a body by 20
virtue of its position or configursation. v2 = 25
⇒      
v = 5 ms-1
⇒      
 Power and Transformation of energy
Topic-2 Concepts covered: Power, Sources of energy, Conversion of energy
from one form to another

Revision Notes
Power Ans. Crane A lifts a heavy load is 5 seconds and crane
¾¾Power is the rate of doing work. Its S.I. unit is Watt. B does the same work in 2 seconds.
¾¾1 Watt = 1 Js-1 Power = Work done / Time taken
¾¾If one Joule of work is done in 1 second, the power W
For crane A, PA =
5
spent is said to be 1 Watt.
¾¾1 horse power = 746 Watts = 0.746 kW For crane B, PB = W
2
¾¾1 kW = 1000 W, 1 MW = 106 W and 1 GW = 109 W \ Power of crane A : Power of crane B
¾¾The C.G.S unit of power is erg per second. W
¾¾1 Watt = 1 J s-1 = 107 erg s-1 = = 5 2:5
W
¾¾Transformation of Energy
2
Energy exists in different forms. The Scan
this topic
change of one from of energy into
another form of energy is called Key Equations
transformation of energy.
¾¾Solar energy is the energy radiated by Work done W
Transformation ¾¾Power = =
the Sun. of Energy Timetaken t
¾¾Solar panels, solar furnaces and solar Energy spent
used E
cells use solar energy to do useful work. ¾¾Power = =
Time taken t
¾¾The energy released on burning coal, oil, wood or gas
is the heat energy. ¾¾Power = Force × Velocity = F × v
¾¾Light is also a form of energy. We can see objects in ¾¾1 watt hour = 3600 J = 3.6 kJ
presence of light only. ¾¾1 kilowatt hour = 3.6 × 106 J
¾¾The energy contained in fossil fuels such as coal, ¾¾1 calorie = 4.186 joules
petroleum and natural gas is called chemical energy.
¾¾The energy possessed by the fast moving water is called
the hydro energy. It is used to generate electricity.
¾¾The energy released due to loss in mass during nuclear
reaction is called nuclear energy.
¾¾The heat energy stored in the core of Earth is called
geothermal energy.
¾¾The energy possessed by the fast-moving air is called
wind energy. Windmills use this energy to produce
electricity.
¾¾Sound energy is possessed by vibrating bodies.

Example 3
A crane ‘A’ lifts a heavy load in 5 seconds, whereas
another crane ‘B’ does the same work in 2 seconds.
Compare the power of crane ‘A’ to that of crane ‘B’
 [ICSE 2020]