6092 1

Chemistry Home-based Assignment 4

ANSWER SCHEME Section A

Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided.

The total mark for this section is 50.

A1 Crude oil is separated by fractional distillation in a refinery.

(a) Which of the statements about this process are true and which are false?

Put a tick (✓) in one box in each row. [2]

true false

In a fractionating column, the kerosene (paraffin) fraction is

✓
obtained below the petrol fraction.

The compounds that leave from the top of the fractionating

✓
column are the least flammable.

The higher up the column, the greater the temperature. ✓

Kerosene (paraffin) can be used as an energy source for

✓
domestic cooking.

(b) The table shows some properties of two fractions, petrol and diesel.

temperature range over viscosity

fractions
which the fuel boils / oC (how easily the liquid flows)

runny
petrol 40 to 205
(flows easily)

viscous
diesel 250 to 350
(does not flow so easily)

Explain briefly these properties of the two fractions.

Any 2:
molecules in diesel are larger than those in petrol and hence, stronger
intermolecular forces in diesel [1]

more energy needed to separate molecules [1] (hence high boiling point)

more energy needed to drag molecules past each other (hence high viscosity) /
molecules will get entangled [1]

And 3rd point:

each fraction is a mixture of hydrocarbons and hence boils over a range of
temperatures [1]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..[3]

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(c) After fractional distillation, some molecules further undergo cracking in the refinery to
form alkenes.

(i) Explain why the gas collected after cracking is a mixture and not pure alkene.

cracking produces 2 or more products / other products are formed /

identified possible product / not all large alkane decomposed [1]

Accept molecules / hydrocarbons /alkanes / alkenes / hydrogen in place of

products

Ignore references to air / oxygen / nitrogen / carbon dioxide

…………………………………………………………………………………………...[1]

(ii) Give a reason why cracking is important to the oil industry.

meet / match demand for light fractions

AND which are more useful [1]

both points need to score 1m

…………………………………………………………………………………………...[1]

[Total: 7]

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A2 A student investigated the gases formed during the electrolysis of dilute sulfuric acid using
platinum electrodes.

Hydrogen and oxygen were produced.

(a) Write an equation for the overall reaction that happens during this electrolysis.

2H2O → 2H2 + O2
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..[1]

(b) Choose the letter of the graph which shows the relationship between the theoretical
volume of hydrogen and the volume of oxygen formed during the process.

Give the reason for your choice.

volume of
oxygen / cm3

volume of hydrogen / cm3

graph ……C……..

reason

ratio of H:O in water is 2:1 / twice as much hydrogen as oxygen in water [1]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..[2]

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(c) The solution of dilute sulfuric acid was electrolysed for 1 hour.

Explain why the pH of the solution decreased during the electrolysis.

solution became more acidic / more concentrated [1]

water was broken down / decomposed [1]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..[2]

(d) Instead of sulfuric acid, a solution of salt was electrolysed using platinum electrodes.
The same gases were formed.

Suggest the name of the salt.

Gp I sulfate or Gp I/II nitrate or zinc sulfate or nitrate or magnesium sulfate/dilute

(aqueous) sodium chloride [1]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..[1]

[Total: 6]

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A3 Electrolysis of a concentrated salt solution is an important source of chemicals.

sodium + water electrolysis sodium + chlorine + hydrogen

chloride hydroxide

(a) Describe another way, other than electrolysis, of making hydrogen in industry.

cracking of (heavy fractions of) crude oil / steam reforming [1]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..[1]

(b) One tonne (1 000 kg) of salt gives the following quantities of products:

sodium hydroxide 684 kg

chlorine 607 kg
hydrogen 17 kg

Why is the total mass of products greater than the mass of salt used?

presence of water in the salt solution [1]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..[1]

(c) How does sodium chloride solution change into sodium hydroxide solution during the
process?

Hydrogen ions are preferentially discharged (as it is lower than sodium ions in the
electrochemical series)
AND
chloride ions are preferentially discharged (due to higher concentration) [1]

leaving behind sodium and hydroxide ions [1]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..[2]

(d) Sodium hydroxide reacts with chlorine under different conditions to form two different
products.

With cold, dilute sodium hydroxide,

2NaOH + Cl2 → NaCl + NaClO + H2O

NaClO is used to make domestic bleach.

With hot, concentrated sodium hydroxide,

6NaOH + 3Cl2 → 5NaCl + NaClO3 + 3H2O

NaClO3 is used as a weed killer.

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(i) Complete the table. [1]

oxidation state
formula of product name of product
of chlorine
NaClO +1 sodium chlorate(I)

NaClO3 +5 sodium chlorate(V)

(ii) The decomposition of sodium chlorate(I) into sodium chloride and oxygen is a
photochemical reaction.

2NaOCl → 2NaCl + O2

Outline an experiment that would prove that this reaction is photochemical.

Describe what you should do and what results you would obtain.

Decompose sodium chlorate(I) in the presence of light vs in the dark [1].

Test for the presence of oxygen using glowing splint [1].

Splint only relights / rekindles for the experiment conducted in the presence
of light [1]
…………………………………………………………………………………………...[3]

[Total: 8]

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A4 Iron appears as a transition metal in the Periodic Table.

Zinc appears at the end of the transition metals in the Periodic Table.

(a) (i) Give one property of zinc compounds which suggests that zinc should not be
described as a transition metal.

No variable oxidation states (in compounds) / forms white compounds or

colourless solutions [1]
…………………………………………………………………………………………...[1]

(ii) Iron sulfide is formed when a mixture of iron and sulfur is heated.

Describe one way a student can show that a mixture of iron and sulfur is different
from the compound iron sulfide.

idea that a magnet / water can separate the mixture [1]

or
that dilute acid produces different gases with the mixture and compound [1]
or
a lens shows separate pieces of sulfur and iron in the mixture [1]
…………………………………………………………………………………………...[1]

(b) A student added excess sulfuric acid to a mixture of iron powder and zinc powder.
When the reaction stopped, aqueous sodium hydroxide was added drop by drop to the
reaction mixture until it was in excess.

(i) No precipitate formed until several drops of sodium hydroxide solution had been
added.

Suggest why.

(at first) the acid was being neutralised /

the solution was acidic
…………………………………………………………………………………………...[1]

(ii) Describe and explain what the student would observe during the addition of
aqueous sodium hydroxide.

One mark each for any two observations from:

Solution gets warmer / heat given off [1]

White precipitate formed which dissolves in excess sodium hydroxide [1]
Green precipitate formed which remains in excess sodium hydroxide [1]

One mark each for any one explanation from:

Acid is neutralised [1]

Green precipitate is iron(II) hydroxide [1]
White precipitate of zinc hydroxide [1]
…………………………………………………………………………………………...[3]

(c) Like iron, zinc is extracted from its ore using a blast furnace.
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The temperature inside the blast furnace in which zinc is extracted is about 1000oC.

The table gives some information about substances in the blast furnace in which zinc is
extracted.

substance melting point / oC boiling point / oC

carbon sublimes at 4330 oC

silicon(IV) oxide 1610 2230

zinc 420 907

Use the data in the table to explain why the zinc obtained does not contain high levels of
impurities such as silicon(IV) oxide and carbon.

zinc boils [1]

(both) impurities do not boil / remain as solid in the furnace because their boiling
point is above 1000 °C [1]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..[2]

[Total: 8]

A5 Cyclopropane is a colourless gas.

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Cyclopropane reacts with bromine at room temperature. The chemical equation for the reaction
is shown.

Reaction 1

Propene also reacts with bromine.

Reaction 2

propene bromine dibromopropane

(a) Explain why the percentages of carbon and hydrogen are the same for cyclopropane and
propene.

same number of carbon and hydrogen atoms in both / same molecular formula /
same empirical formula /
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..[1]

(b) Suggest and explain why the dibromopropane formed in reaction 1 cannot be formed
through reaction 2.

The bromine atoms are not bonded to carbon atoms which are adjacent [1].

Addition of bromine in reaction 2 occurs across the carbon-carbon double bonds

/ functional group [1].
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..[2]

(c) The reaction of cyclopropane with bromine is exothermic.

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Complete the energy profile diagram for this reaction by

• adding the name of the product of the reaction,

• labelling the enthalpy change of reaction, ΔH, and the activation energy. [3]

energy

cyclopropane + bromine

progress of reaction

• Product level below and to the right of the reactant level and labelled product
or dibromopropane [1]

• Correct energy hump drawn and vertical arrow labelled activation energy (or
Ea) from reactant level to energy maximum with arrow pointing upwards [1]

• Correct labelled enthalpy change with near vertical arrow pointing downwards
[1]

[Total: 6]

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A6 This question is about making salts.

For each salt, suggest the name of the missing reagent and briefly describe how to
obtain the solid product from the reaction mixture.

(a) Salt to be made: lithium chloride.

reagent 1: dilute hydrochloric acid

reagent 2: lithium hydroxide / lithium carbonate [1]

I could obtain solid lithium chloride by:
Crystallisation [1]
……………………………………………………………………………………………..[2]

(b) Salt to be made: barium sulfate.

reagent 1: aqueous potassium sulfate

reagent 2: barium nitrate / barium chloride [1]

I could obtain solid barium sulfate by: filtration [1]

The ionic equation for this reaction is Ba2+ + SO42- → BaSO4…[3]

(c) Salt to be made: blue copper(II) sulfate crystals.

reagent 1: dilute sulfuric acid

reagent 2: copper(II) carbonate / copper(II) oxide / copper(II) hydroxide [1]

I could obtain blue copper(II) sulfate crystals by:

Filtration AND crystallisation [1]

……………………………………………………………………………………………..[2]

[Total: 7]

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A7 The table shows data about the physical properties of some elements.

appearance at melting point / boiling point / Does the element

element o o
room temperature C C conduct electricity?

chlorine green gas –101 –34 no

bromine red-brown liquid –7 59 no

iodine dark grey solid 114 184 no

lithium shiny solid 180 1342 yes

sodium shiny solid 97.8 883 yes

potassium shiny solid 63.5 759 yes

(a) Mendeleev devised the modern Periodic Table.

He put these elements into two groups in the Periodic Table.

He used their similarities and differences to put lithium, sodium and potassium in one
group. He put chlorine, bromine and iodine into another group.

Discuss which data in the table support, and which data do not support, Mendeleev’s
idea of organising these elements into the two groups.

1m (points that support Mendeleev)

Group 1 / Li, Na, K…..
• are all shiny / solids / similar appearance
• all conduct electricity
• mp/bp decrease down Gp 1 / mp/bp for Gp 1 are generally high(er) / bp have a
large(r) range

1m (points that support Mendeleev)

Group 7 / Cl, Br, I…..
• do not conduct electricity
• all coloured
• states/colours/appearance of Gp 7 are different
• mp/bp increase down Gp 7 / mp/bp for Gp 7 are generally low(er)/ bp have a
small(er) range

1m (points that do not support Mendeleev)

• iodine’s mp is high for Gp 7/higher than Na/K/ high compared to Gp 1/similar to
Gp 1 / links iodine is a solid to Gp1
• Li has an unusually high bp for Gp 1
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..[3]

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(b) Iodine reacts with chlorine to form iodine(I) chloride, ICl.

I2 + Cl2 → 2ICl

Sodium reacts with iodine(I) chloride.

Iodine(I) chloride reacts in a similar way to both iodine and chlorine.

Construct the equation for the reaction between sodium and iodine(I) chloride.

2Na + ICl → NaI + NaCl

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..[1]

(c) Chlorine, bromine and iodine react with iron wool.

A teacher uses this apparatus to demonstrate the difference in reactivity between the
three halogens and iron.

iron wool

unreacted vapour

halogen vapour

heat

(i) Iron(III) chloride is formed when iron is heated in chlorine gas.

Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction.

2Fe + 3Cl2 → 2FeCl3

…………………………………………………………………………………………...[1]

(ii) A student comments that the order of reactivity cannot be found from this
experiment because bromine is a liquid, chlorine is a gas and iodine is a solid at
room temperature.

Explain why the student is wrong.

because vapours/gases were used (so the physical states at room

temperature are irrelevant) [1]
…………………………………………………………………………………………...[1]

(d) Fluorine is the most reactive element in group VII.

• Fluorine reacts with all the other elements in the Periodic Table except some of
the noble gases.

• It does not react with helium, neon and argon, but it does react with xenon.

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(i) A chemist did an experiment to find out if fluorine reacts with xenon.

The two gases were mixed in a glass container. The only product detected was
silicon fluoride.

Suggest what happened.

Fluorine reacts with silicon from glass [1]

…………………………………………………………………………………………...[1]

(ii) The experiment was repeated many years later but the gases were mixed in a
different type of container.

A white solid was obtained which was xenon fluoride.

Predict and explain whether you think radon will react with fluorine.

Reactivity increases down Group 0 [1]

radon likely to react because lower in group than xenon / more reactive than
xenon [1]
…………………………………………………………………………………………...[1]

[Total: 8]

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CANDIDATE
NAME

INDEX
CLASS NUMBER

Section B

Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided.

B8 Making petrol

Petrol is a mixture of many different alkanes blended to give the right properties.

A good petrol has the following characteristics:

• volatile
• easy to ignite
• produces the minimum amount of pollution

Volatility

In a car engine, a mixture of petrol vapour and air is ignited. When the weather is very cold,
the petrol is difficult to vaporise and the car becomes difficult to start.

To overcome this problem, ‘winter blend’ petrol is used in cold countries. There are more
volatile alkanes in such blends. But winter blend petrol is not sold in very hot weather
conditions. As petrol tanks are not air tight, winter blend petrol will lead to an increased loss of
petrol from the petrol tank.

Table 1 gives some information about the alkanes that are found in petrol.

Table 1

alkane chemical formula melting point / oC boiling point / oC

butane C4H10 –138 –1

pentane C5H12 –130 36
hexane C6H14 –95 69

Ignition

To produce maximum power in a petrol engine, the mixture of petrol and air must ignite at the
right time. If it ignites too early or auto-ignites, there will be a loss in power. This lowers the
engine performance of the car.

The tendency of petrol to auto-ignite in a petrol engine is measured by its octane number. The
higher the octane number, the more efficient the petrol.

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The alkane 2,2,4–trimethylpentane has a low tendency to auto-ignite and is given an octane
number of 100. Heptane has a high tendency to auto-ignite and is given an octane number of
zero.

Table 2 gives the octane numbers for some alkanes.

Table 2

number of carbon octane

condensed formula
atoms in molecule number

CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3

7
0
straight alkane
heptane

CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3

6
25
straight alkane
hexane

CH3
7 |
branched alkane CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3 44

2-methylhexane

CH3
|
6
CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH2 – CH3 71
branched alkane
2-methylpentane

CH3 CH3
| |
7
CH3 – CH – CH – CH2 – CH3 82
branched alkane
2, 3-dimethylpentane

8
2,2,4-trimethylpentane 100
branched alkane

Straight alkanes can be converted into branched alkanes in the presence of a catalyst. This
process is known as isomerisation.

One example is the conversion of heptane into 2-methylhexane.

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17
19 ReadEmissions
the information about burning organic fuels such as petrol.

Analysing the gases coming from car exhausts gives some information about how efficiently
When fuels such as petrol are burned in a plentiful supply of air, the carbon in them is
petrol is burnt in a car engine.
oxidised to carbon dioxide. However, in a limited supply of air, incomplete combustion
occurs and carbon
Car engines monoxide
are adjusted is formed.
to work at a particular air:petrol ratio.

The amount of air that is mixed with the petrol affects the temperature of the engine and the
Analysing thepollutant
amount of waste gases
gases that
coming
form. from car exhausts gives some information about how
efficiently fuel is burned in a car engine.
Graph 3 shows the relative amounts of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and unburnt petrol
Theingraph
the exhaust
showsgases as the air:petrol
the relative amounts ratio
ofchanges.
carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and unburned
fuel in the exhaust gases as the air/fuel ratio changes.
Graph 3

nitrogen
oxides
CO2
Unburned
unburnt
fuel
petrol

Relative
relative
amounts
amounts

carbon
monoxide
CO

0
0
10
10 12
12 14
14 16
16 18
18 20
20
richer air:petrol ratio leaner
Richer
(more petrol)
Air/Fuel ratio Leaner
(less petrol)
(more fuel) (less fuel)

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(a) To make a winter blend petrol, the amount of butane should be increased and the amount
of hexane should be decreased.

Use evidence from the information to explain why.

Butane has a lower boiling point / is more volatile / easier to vaporise [1] (in cold
weather)

Hexane has a higher boiling point / is less volatile / harder to varorise [1]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..[2]

(b) (i) Use evidence from Table 2 to suggest what determines the octane number of an
alkane.

Branched alkanes have higher octane numbers than straight alkanes [1].

The more branches an alkanes has, the higher its octane number [1].
…………………………………………………………………………………………...[2]

(ii) Suggest and draw the condensed formula for 2,2,4–trimethylpentane. [2]

CH3 CH3
| |
CH3 – C CH – CH2 – CH3
|
CH3

correct main skeleton [1]

correct placement of 3 branches [1]

(c) State and explain if the conversion of pentane into 2-methylbutane is considered as
isomerisation.

Yes.
No change in number of carbon atoms after isomerisation [1].

Straight pentane is converted into branched alkane [1].

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..[2]

(d) (i) Describe how the amounts of nitrogen oxides vary with the air:petrol ratios.

Amounts of nitrogen oxides increases for ratios of 10 to 15 [1].

Amounts of nitrogen oxides decreases for ratios of 15 to 20 [1].

…………………………………………………………………………………………...[2]

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(ii) Suggest how the temperature of the engine varies with the air:petrol ratios.

Temperatures increases for ratios of 10 to 15

AND
temperature decreases for ratios 15 to 20 [1].
…………………………………………………………………………………………...[1]

(iii) Use the graph to give the best air:petrol ratio which will allow the most efficient
combustion of the petrol.

15.4
…………………………………………………………………………………………...[1]

[Total: 12]

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B9 Copper(II) sulfate is a blue solution.

(a) A student electrolysed copper(II) sulfate solution using the two sets of apparatus shown.

In apparatus A the student used carbon electrodes.

In apparatus B the student used copper electrodes.

The student made the following observations.

apparatus A apparatus B

The mass of the cathode increased. The mass of the cathode increased.

The mass of the anode stayed the same. The mass of the anode decreased.

Bubbles were seen at the anode. No bubbles were seen at the anode.

(i) Explain why the mass of the cathode increased in both sets of apparatus.

copper formed/copper deposited [1]

…………………………………………………………………………………………...[1]

(ii) Write the ionic half equation for the reaction occurring at the anode in apparatus
A.

4OH- - 4e → 2H2O + O2
…………………………………………………………………………………………...[1]

(iii) Explain why the mass of the anode decreased in apparatus B.

copper removed/copper lost/copper forms ions [1]

…………………………………………………………………………………………...[1]

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(iv) Describe and explain another change that you would see happen in apparatus A
but not in apparatus B.

(apparatus A): solution becomes paler/fades in A [1]

(apparatus B): solution stays the same colour in B [1]

(explanation):
copper ions removed (but not added) / copper ions not replaced in A
OR
copper ions both removed and added at the same rate / copper ions are being
replaced (continually) [1]
…………………………………………………………………………………………...[3]

(b) A student mixes equal volumes of copper(II) sulfate solution and sodium carbonate
solution to make the blue-green precipitate copper(II) carbonate.

(i) Write an ionic equation, with state symbols, to show this reaction. [2]

Cu2+ (aq) + CO32- (aq) → CuCO3 (s)

ionic equation [1]
state symbols [1]

The student investigates the yield of his reaction.

He mixes the same volume of the reactants five times, using a different concentration of
copper(II) sulfate solution each time.

He measures the mass of copper(II) carbonate each time.

The table shows his results.

1 dm3 of sodium 1 dm3 of copper(II) mass of copper(II)

carbonate solution sulfate solution carbonate formed /
3
(concentration in g/dm ) (concentration in g/dm3) g

100 50 36

100 100 72
100 150 108
100 200 115

100 250 115

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(ii) The student decides to make 920 g of copper(II) carbonate.

He uses the 250 g/dm3 copper(II) sulfate solution.
Calculate the volume of copper(II) sulfate solution he will need. [1]

volume of copper(II) sulfate needed

= 920 / 115
= 8 dm3 [1]

(iii) He decides to use the 250 g/dm3 copper(II) sulfate solution from now on.
Is this the best concentration for him to use?
Use his results to justify your answer.

200 g/dm3 is best / as good;

because it still gives 115 g / same yield / less unreacted copper sulfate
wasted [1]
OR
150 g/dm3 is best;
because it gives a high yield without leaving any unreacted copper sulfate
[1]
…………………………………………………………………………………………...[1]

[Total: 10]

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B10 This question is about three different acids.

(a) Nitric acid is a strong acid and propanoic acid is a weak acid.
A student investigated the reaction of both of these acids with calcium carbonate.

He carried out two experiments

• the first with nitric acid

• the second with propanoic acid.

Each time he used 10 cm3 of 0.25 mol/dm3 acid and excess calcium carbonate.
He measured the total volume of carbon dioxide made every 10 seconds.

The graph shows his results.

Describe and explain the similarities and differences between the shapes of the two
graphs.

Graph for nitric acid is steeper / faster / graph for propanoic acid is less steep /
slower [1]

AND

Any 1:
Reference to extent of ionisation e.g. nitric acid ionises completely [1]

reference to hydrogen ions e.g. nitric acid has more hydrogen ions / greater
concentration of hydrogen ions [1]

reference to collision frequency e.g. nitric acid has more collisions per second /
collisions more often / greater collision frequency [1]

ORA for propanoic acid

Both graphs show the same volume of gas formed [1]

Reference to same number of moles of acid / same moles of limiting reactant [1]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..[4]

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(b) The student carried out a further third experiment using 10 cm3 of 0.25 mol/dm3 sulfuric
acid, H2SO4.

Describe how the shape of the graph for sulfuric acid will differ from the graph for nitric
acid.

Explain your reasoning.

Graph for sulfuric acid is steeper (than nitric acid) / faster [1]

Sulfuric acid is dibasic / double the concentration of hydrogen ions [1]

Volume of gas formed with sulfuric acid is low [1].

Reference to calcium sulfate being insoluble and forms layer around insoluble
calcium carbonate [1] (reaction stops abruptly)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..[4]

[Total: 8]

End of Paper

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