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 Periodic Table of the Elements

Hydrogen
1
H MAIN GROUP METALS
Uranium
1.0079
1
1A 2A
TRANSITION METALS 92 Atomic number
(1)
Lithium
(2)
Beryllium
METALLOIDS U Symbol

3 4 NONMETALS 238.0289 Atomic weight

2
Li Be
6.941 9.0122
Sodium Magnesium
11 12
3 8B
Na Mg 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 1B
22.9898 24.3050 (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
4
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu
39.0983 40.078 44.9559 47.867 50.9415 51.9961 54.9380 55.845 58.9332 58.6934 63.546
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
5
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag
85.4678 87.62 88.9059 91.224 92.9064 95.96 (97.907) 101.07 102.9055 106.42 107.8682
Cesium Barium Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
6
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au
132.9055 137.327 138.9055 178.49 180.9479 183.84 186.207 190.23 192.22 195.084 196.9666
Francium Radium Actinium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111
7 Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg
(223.02) (226.0254) (227.0278) (267) (268) (271) (272) (270) (276) (281) (280)

Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium

58 59 60 61 62 63 64
Lanthanides
Note: Atomic masses are Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd
2007 IUPAC values 140.116 140.9076 144.242 (144.91) 150.36 151.964 157.25
(up to four decimal places).
Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium
Numbers in parentheses are
90 91 92 93 94 95 96
atomic masses or mass numbers Actinides
of the most stable isotope of Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm
an element. 232.0381 231.0359 238.0289 (237.0482) (244.664) (243.061) (247.07)

kotz_48288_00a_ EP2-3_SE.indd 2 11/22/10 1:37 PM

 8A
(18)
Helium
2
3A 4A 5A 6A 7A He
(13) (14) (15) (16) (17) 4.0026
Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
5 6 7 8 9 10
B C N O F Ne
10.811 12.011 14.0067 15.9994 18.9984 20.1797
Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
13 14 15 16 17 18
2B Al Si P S Cl Ar
(12) 26.9815 28.0855 30.9738 32.066 35.4527 39.948
Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
30 31 32 33 34 35 36
Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
65.38 69.723 72.61 74.9216 78.96 79.904 83.80
Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
112.411 114.818 118.710 121.760 127.60 126.9045 131.29
Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
200.59 204.3833 207.2 208.9804 (208.98) (209.99) (222.02)
Ununtrium Ununquadium Ununpentium Ununhexium Ununseptium Ununoctium Standard Colors
Copernicium
113 114 115 116 117 118 for Atoms in
112 Molecular Models
Cn Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo
Discovered Discovered Discovered Discovered Discovered Discovered
(285) 2004 1999 2004 1999 2010 2002 carbon atoms

Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium hydrogen atoms

65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu oxygen atoms
158.9254 162.50 164.9303 167.26 168.9342 173.054 174.9668
Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium nitrogen atoms
97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr chlorine atoms
(247.07) (251.08) (252.08) (257.10) (258.10) (259.10) (262.11)

kotz_48288_00a_ EP2-3_SE.indd 3 11/22/10 1:37 PM

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 eighth edition

chemistry
& Chemical Reactivity
John C. Kotz
State University of New York
College at Oneonta

Paul M. Treichel
University of Wisconsin–Madison

John R. Townsend
West Chester University of Pennsylvania

Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States

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 brief contents

Part ONE The Basic Tools of Chemistry 18 Principles of Chemical Reactivity: Other Aspects of
Aqueous Equilibria 806
1 Basic Concepts of Chemistry 1
19 Principles of Chemical Reactivity: Entropy and Free
Let’s Review: The Tools of Quantitative Chemistry 24 Energy 858
2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions 50 20 Principles of Chemical Reactivity: Electron Transfer
Reactions 894
3 Chemical Reactions 110
Interchapter: The Chemistry of the Environment 946
4 Stoichiometry: Quantitative Information about
Chemical Reactions 156
Part FIVE The Chemistry of the Elements
5 Principles of Chemical Reactivity: and Their Compounds
Energy and Chemical Reactions 208
21 The Chemistry of the Main Group Elements 960
Interchapter: The Chemistry of Fuels and Energy
Resources 252 22 The Chemistry of the Transition Elements 1016

23 Nuclear Chemistry 1058

Part TWO The Structure of Atoms
and Molecules Appendices

6 The Structure of Atoms 266 A Using Logarithms and Solving Quadratic Equations A-2
7 The Structure of Atoms and Periodic Trends 300 B Some Important Physical Concepts A-6
Interchapter: Milestones in the Development of C Abbreviations and Useful Conversion Factors A-9
Chemistry and the Modern View of Atoms and
Molecules 334 D Physical Constants A-13

8 Bonding and Molecular Structure 344 E A Brief Guide to Naming Organic Compounds A-15

9 Bonding and Molecular Structure: Orbital F Values for the Ionization Energies and Electron
Hybridization and Molecular Orbitals 400 Attachment Enthalpies of the Elements A-18

10 Carbon: Not Just Another Element 438 G Vapor Pressure of Water at Various Temperatures A-19

Interchapter: The Chemistry of Life: Biochemistry 490 H Ionization Constants for Aqueous Weak Acids
at 25 °C A-20
Part THREE States of Matter I Ionization Constants for Aqueous Weak Bases
at 25 °C A-22
11 Gases and Their Properties 508
J Solubility Product Constants for Some Inorganic
12 Intermolecular Forces and Liquids 548 Compounds at 25 °C A-23
13 The Chemistry of Solids 582 K Formation Constants for Some Complex Ions in
14 Solutions and Their Behavior 616
Aqueous Solution at 25 °C A-25

Interchapter: The Chemistry of Modern L Selected Thermodynamic Values A-26

Materials 656 M Standard Reduction Potentials in Aqueous Solution at

25°C A-32
Part FOUR The Control of Chemical
N Answers to Chapter Opening Questions and Case
Reactions
Study Questions A-36
15 Chemical Kinetics: The Rates of Chemical O Answers to Check Your Understanding Questions A-47
Reactions 668
P Answers to Review & Check Questions A-63
16 Principles of Chemical Reactivity: Equilibria 720
Q Answers to Selected Interchapter Study
17 Principles of Chemical Reactivity: The Chemistry of Questions A-72
Acids and Bases 756
R Answers to Selected Study Questions A-75 iii

kotz_48288_00c_FM_i-xxxiii.indd 3 11/19/10 12:11 PM

 iv

contents

Preface xvii

Part ONE The Basic Tools of Chemistry  3 Mathematics of Chemistry 33

Exponential or Scientific Notation 33
1 Basic Concepts of Chemistry 1 Significant Figures 35

Gold! 1 4 Problem Solving by Dimensional Analysis 39

Case Study: Out of Gas! 40
1.1 Chemistry and Its Methods 2
Hypotheses, Laws, and Theories 3 5 Graphs and Graphing 41
A Closer Look: Careers in Chemistry 4 6 Problem Solving and Chemical Arithmetic 42
Goals of Science 5
Study Questions 44
Dilemmas and Integrity in Science 5
1.2 Sustainability and Green Chemistry 5
A Closer Look: Principles of Green Chemistry 6
2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions 50
1.3 Classifying Matter 6
States of Matter and Kinetic-Molecular Theory 7 The Periodic Table, the Central Icon of Chemistry 50
Matter at the Macroscopic and Particulate Levels 8 2.1 Atomic Structure—Protons, Electrons,
Pure Substances 8 and Neutrons 51
Mixtures: Homogeneous and Heterogeneous 9 2.2 Atomic Number and Atomic Mass 52
1.4 Elements 10 Atomic Number 52
A Closer Look: Element Names and Symbols 11 Relative Atomic Mass and the Atomic Mass Unit 52
Mass Number 52
1.5 Compounds 12
2.3 Isotopes 54
1.6 Physical Properties 13
Isotope Abundance 54
Extensive and Intensive Properties 14
Determining Atomic Mass and Isotope Abundance 54
1.7 Physical and Chemical Changes 15
2.4 Atomic Weight 55
1.8 Energy: Some Basic Principles 16 Case Study: Using Isotopes: Ötzi, the Iceman of the
Case Study: CO2 in the Oceans 17 Alps 58
Conservation of Energy 18
2.5 The Periodic Table 58
Chapter Goals Revisited 19 Developing the Periodic Table 58
Key Equation 19
A Closer Look: The Story of the Periodic Table 59
Features of the Periodic Table 61
Study Questions 20
A Brief Overview of the Periodic Table and the
Chemical Elements 62
2.6 Molecules, Compounds, and Formulas 66
Let’s Review: The Tools of Quantitative
Formulas 66
Chemistry 24 Molecular Models 68
Copper 24 2.7 Ionic Compounds: Formulas, Names, and Properties 69
1 Units of Measurement 25 Ions 69
Temperature Scales 25 Formulas of Ionic Compounds 73
Length, Volume, and Mass 27 Names of Ions 74
A Closer Look: Energy and Food 29 Properties of Ionic Compounds 76
Energy Units 29 2.8 Molecular Compounds: Formulas and Names 78
2 Making Measurements: Precision, Accuracy, 2.9 Atoms, Molecules, and the Mole 80
Experimental Error, and Standard Deviation 30 Atoms and Molar Mass 80
Experimental Error 31 A Closer Look: Amedeo Avogadro and His Number 81
Standard Deviation 32 Molecules, Compounds, and Molar Mass 82

iv

kotz_48288_00c_FM_i-xxxiii.indd 4 11/19/10 12:11 PM

 2.10 Describing Compound Formulas 85 3.9 Classifying Reactions in Aqueous Solution 144
Percent Composition 85 Case Study: Killing Bacteria with Silver 144
Empirical and Molecular Formulas from Percent
Composition 87 Chapter Goals Revisited 147
Determining a Formula from Mass Data 89 Study Questions 148
Case Study: Mummies, Bangladesh, and the Formula of Applying Chemical Principles: Superconductors 155
Compound 606 92
Determining a Formula by Mass Spectrometry 92
A Closer Look: Mass Spectrometry, Molar Mass, 4 Stoichiometry: Quantitative Information
and Isotopes 93
about Chemical Reactions 156
2.11 Hydrated Compounds 94
The Chemistry of Pyrotechnics 156
Chapter Goals Revisited 96
4.1 Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions:
Key Equations 97 Stoichiometry 157
Study Questions 98 4.2 Reactions in Which One Reactant Is Present in Limited
Applying Chemical Principles: Argon—An Amazing Supply 161
Discovery 109 A Stoichiometry Calculation with a Limiting
Reactant 161
4.3 Percent Yield 165
3 Chemical Reactions 110
4.4 Chemical Equations and Chemical Analysis 166
Black Smokers and Volcanoes 110 Quantitative Analysis of a Mixture 167
3.1 Introduction to Chemical Equations 111 Case Study: Green Chemistry and Atom Economy 168
A Closer Look: Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, 1743–1794 112 Determining the Formula of a Compound by
Combustion 169
3.2 Balancing Chemical Equations 114
4.5 Measuring Concentrations of Compounds
3.3 Introduction to Chemical Equilibrium 116 in Solution 173
3.4 Aqueous Solutions 119 Solution Concentration: Molarity 173
Ions and Molecules in Aqueous Solutions 119 Preparing Solutions of Known Concentration 175
Solubility of Ionic Compounds in Water 122 A Closer Look: Serial Dilutions 178
3.5 Precipitation Reactions 123 4.6 pH, a Concentration Scale for Acids and Bases 178
Predicting the Outcome of a Precipitation 4.7 Stoichiometry of Reactions in Aqueous Solution 181
Reaction 124 Solution Stoichiometry 181
Net Ionic Equations 126 Titration: A Method of Chemical Analysis 182
3.6 Acids and Bases 128 Standardizing an Acid or Base 184
Acids and Bases: The Arrhenius Definition 128 Determining Molar Mass by Titration 185
Acids and Bases: The Brønsted–Lowry Definition 130 Titrations Using Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 186
A Closer Look: The Hydronium Ion—The H1 Ion Case Study: How Much Salt Is There in Seawater? 187
in Water 131
4.8 Spectrophotometry 188
Reactions of Acids and Bases 132
Case Study: Forensic Chemistry: Titrations and Food
A Closer Look: Sulfuric Acid 133 Tampering 189
Oxides of Nonmetals and Metals 134 Transmittance, Absorbance, and the Beer–Lambert
3.7 Gas-Forming Reactions 136 Law 189
Spectrophotometric Analysis 191
3.8 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 137
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions and Electron Chapter Goals Revisited 193
Transfer 138
Key Equations 194
Oxidation Numbers 139
Study Questions 195
A Closer Look: Are Oxidation Numbers “Real”? 140
Applying Chemical Principles: Antacids 207
Recognizing Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 141

Contents v

kotz_48288_00c_FM_i-xxxiii.indd 5 11/19/10 12:11 PM

 5 Principles of Chemical Reactivity: Energy in the Future: Choices and Alternatives 260
Energy and Chemical Reactions 208 Fuel Cells 260
A Hydrogen Economy 261
Energy and Your Diet 208 Biosources of Energy 262
5.1 Energy: Some Basic Principles 209 Solar Energy 263
Systems and Surroundings 210 What Does the Future Hold for Energy? 264
Directionality and Extent of Transfer of Heat: Thermal
Equilibrium 210 Suggested Readings 264
A Closer Look: What Is Heat? 211 Study Questions 264
5.2 Specific Heat Capacity: Heating and Cooling 212
Quantitative Aspects of Energy Transferred as Heat 214 Part TWO The Structure of Atoms
5.3 Energy and Changes of State 216
and Molecules
5.4 The First Law of Thermodynamics 219
6 The Structure of Atoms 266
A Closer Look: P–V Work 221
Enthalpy 222 Fireworks 266
State Functions 222 6.1 Electromagnetic Radiation 267
5.5 Enthalpy Changes for Chemical Reactions 224 6.2 Quantization: Planck, Einstein, Energy,
5.6 Calorimetry 226 and Photons 269
Constant Pressure Calorimetry, Measuring DH 226 Planck’s Equation 269
Constant Volume Calorimetry, Measuring DU 228 Einstein and the Photoelectric Effect 271
Energy and Chemistry: Using Planck’s Equation 271
5.7 Enthalpy Calculations 230
Hess’s Law 230 6.3 Atomic Line Spectra and Niels Bohr 272
Energy Level Diagrams 231 The Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom 273
Standard Enthalpies of Formation 233 The Bohr Theory and the Spectra of Excited
Enthalpy Change for a Reaction 234 Atoms 275
A Closer Look: Hess’s Law and Equation 5.6 236 6.4 Particle–Wave Duality: Prelude to Quantum
Mechanics 278
5.8 Product- or Reactant-Favored Reactions and
Thermodynamics 236 Case Study: What Makes the Colors in Fireworks? 279
Case Study: The Fuel Controversy—Alcohol 6.5 The Modern View of Electronic Structure: Wave or
and Gasoline 237 Quantum Mechanics 281
Quantum Numbers and Orbitals 282
Chapter Goals Revisited 238 Shells and Subshells 283
Key Equations 239
6.6 The Shapes of Atomic Orbitals 284
Study Questions 239 s Orbitals 284
Applying Chemical Principles: Gunpowder 251 p Orbitals 285
d Orbitals 286
A Closer Look: More about H Atom Orbital Shapes and
Interchapter Wavefunctions 287
The Chemistry of Fuels and Energy f Orbitals 288
Resources 252 6.7 One More Electron Property: Electron Spin 288
The Electron Spin Quantum Number, ms 288
Supply and Demand: The Balance Sheet on Energy 253
A Closer Look: Paramagnetism and Ferromagnetism 289
Energy Resources 254
Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism 289
Energy Usage 255
Fossil Fuels 255 Chapter Goals Revisited 290
Coal 256 A Closer Look: Quantized Spins and MRI 291
Natural Gas 257 Key Equations 292
Petroleum 257 Study Questions 293
Other Fossil Fuel Sources 257 Applying Chemical Principles:
Environmental Impacts of Fossil Fuel Use 258 Chemistry of the Sun 299

vi Contents

kotz_48288_00c_FM_i-xxxiii.indd 6 11/19/10 12:11 PM

 7 The Structure of Atoms and Periodic 8 Bonding and Molecular Structure 344
Trends 300
Chemical Bonding in DNA 344
Rubies and Sapphires—Pretty Stones 300 8.1 Chemical Bond Formation 345
7.1 The Pauli Exclusion Principle 301 8.2 Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures 346
7.2 Atomic Subshell Energies and Electron Valence Electrons and Lewis Symbols for Atoms 346
Assignments 303 Lewis Electron Dot Structures and the Octet Rule 348
Order of Subshell Energies and Assignments 303 Drawing Lewis Electron Dot Structures 349
Effective Nuclear Charge, Z * 304 A Closer Look: Useful Ideas to Consider When Drawing
7.3 Electron Configurations of Atoms 305 Lewis Electron Dot Structures 351
Electron Configurations of the Main Group Predicting Lewis Structures 351
Elements 307 8.3 Atom Formal Charges in Covalent Molecules
Electron Configurations of the Transition and Ions 354
Elements 310 A Closer Look: Comparing Oxidation Number and Formal
A Closer Look: Orbital Energies, Z*, and Electron Charge 355
Configurations 312 8.4 Resonance 356
7.4 Electron Configurations of Ions 313 A Closer Look: Resonance 357
A Closer Look: Questions about Transition Element A Closer Look: A Scientific Controversy—Are There
Electron Configurations 314 Double Bonds in Sulfate and Phosphate Ions? 359
7.5 Atomic Properties and Periodic Trends 315 8.5 Exceptions to the Octet Rule 360
Atomic Size 315 Compounds in Which an Atom Has Fewer Than Eight
Ionization Energy 317 Valence Electrons 360
Electron Attachment Enthalpy and Electron Compounds in Which an Atom Has More Than Eight
Affinity 320 Valence Electrons 361
Trends in Ion Sizes 322 Molecules with an Odd Number of Electrons 362
7.6 Periodic Trends and Chemical Properties 323 Case Study: Hydroxyl Radicals, Atmospheric Chemistry,
and Hair Dyes 363
Case Study: Metals in Biochemistry and Medicine 325
8.6 Molecular Shapes 364
Chapter Goals Revisited 326 Central Atoms Surrounded Only by Single-Bond
Study Questions 327 Pairs 364
Applying Chemical Principles: The Not-so-Rare Central Atoms with Single-Bond Pairs and Lone
Earths 333 Pairs 366
Multiple Bonds and Molecular Geometry 368
8.7 Bond Polarity and Electronegativity 371
Interchapter Charge Distribution: Combining Formal Charge and
Milestones in the Development Electronegativity 373
of Chemistry and the Modern View 8.8 Bond and Molecular Polarity 375
of Atoms and Molecules 334 A Closer Look: Visualizing Charge Distributions and
Molecular Polarity—Electrostatic Potential Surfaces
Greek Philosophers and Medieval Alchemists 335 and Partial Charge 378
Chemists of the 18th–19th Centuries 336 8.9 Bond Properties: Order, Length, and Energy 381
Bond Order 381
Atomic Structure: Remarkable Discoveries—1890s and
Beyond 338 Bond Length 382
A Closer Look: 20th-Century Giants of Science 342 Bond Dissociation Enthalpy 383
Case Study: Ibuprofen, A Study in Green Chemistry 385
The Nature of the Chemical Bond 343
A Closer Look: DNA—Watson, Crick, and Franklin 387
Suggested Readings 343
Study Questions 343

Contents vii

kotz_48288_00c_FM_i-xxxiii.indd 7 11/19/10 12:11 PM

 8.10 DNA, Revisited 388 10.3 Alcohols, Ethers, and Amines 457
A Closer Look: Petroleum Chemistry 458
Chapter Goals Revisited 389
Alcohols and Ethers 458
Key Equations 391 Properties of Alcohols 461
Study Questions 391 Amines 462
Applying Chemical Principles: Linus Pauling
10.4 Compounds with a Carbonyl Group 464
and Electronegativity 399
Case Study: An Awakening with L-DOPA 464
Aldehydes and Ketones 466
Carboxylic Acids 467
9 Bonding and Molecular Structure: Orbital A Closer Look: Glucose and Other Sugars 467
Hybridization and Molecular Orbitals 400 Esters 469
The Noble Gases: Not So Inert 400 Amides 470
9.1 Orbitals and Theories of Chemical Bonding 401 10.5 Polymers 473
Classifying Polymers 473
9.2 Valence Bond Theory 402
Addition Polymers 473
The Orbital Overlap Model of Bonding 402
Condensation Polymers 477
Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals 404
A Closer Look: Copolymers and the Book Cover 477
Multiple Bonds 411
A Closer Look: Copolymers and Engineering Plastics for
Benzene: A Special Case of p Bonding 415 Lego Bricks and Tattoos 478
9.3 Molecular Orbital Theory 416 A Closer Look: Green Chemistry: Recycling PET 479
Principles of Molecular Orbital Theory 417 Case Study: Green Adhesives 481
A Closer Look: Molecular Orbitals for Molecules Formed
from p-Block Elements 423 Chapter Goals Revisited 482
Electron Configurations for Heteronuclear Diatomic Study Questions 482
Molecules 423 Applying Chemical Principles: Biodiesel—An Attractive
Resonance and MO Theory 424 Fuel for the Future? 489
Case Study: Green Chemistry, Safe Dyes, and Molecular
Orbitals 426
A Closer Look: Three-Center Bonds and Hybrid Orbitals Interchapter
with d Orbitals 427
The Chemistry of Life: Biochemistry 490
Chapter Goals Revisited 428
Proteins 491
Key Equation 429
Amino Acids Are the Building Blocks of Proteins 492
Study Questions 429
Protein Structure and Hemoglobin 493
Applying Chemical Principles: Probing Molecules with Sickle Cell Anemia 494
Photoelectron Spectroscopy 437
Enzymes, Active Sites, and Lysozyme 495
Nucleic Acids 496
Nucleic Acid Structure 496
10 Carbon: Not Just Another Element 438
Protein Synthesis 498
The Food of the Gods 438 The RNA World and the Origin of Life 499
10.1 Why Carbon? 439 Lipids and Cell Membranes 500
Structural Diversity 439 A Closer Look: HIV and Reverse Transcriptase 501
Isomers 440 Metabolism 504
A Closer Look: Writing Formulas and Drawing Energy and ATP 504
Structures 441
Oxidation–Reduction and NADH 505
Stability of Carbon Compounds 442
Respiration and Photosynthesis 505
A Closer Look: Chirality and Elephants 443
Concluding Remarks 506
10.2 Hydrocarbons 443
Alkanes 443 Suggested Readings 506
Alkenes and Alkynes 449 Study Questions 506
A Closer Look: Flexible Molecules 449
Aromatic Compounds 453

viii Contents

kotz_48288_00c_FM_i-xxxiii.indd 8 11/19/10 12:11 PM

 Part THREE States of Matter 12.3 Interactions between Molecules with a Dipole 552
Dipole–Dipole Forces 552
11 Gases and Their Properties 508 A Closer Look: Hydrated Salts 553
Hydrogen Bonding 554
The Atmosphere and Altitude Sickness 508 Hydrogen Bonding and the Unusual Properties of
11.1 Gas Pressure 510 Water 556
A Closer Look: Measuring Gas Pressure 511 Case Study: Hydrogen Bonding & Methane Hydrates:
Opportunities and Problems 558
11.2 Gas Laws: The Experimental Basis 511
12.4 Intermolecular Forces Involving Nonpolar
Boyle’s Law: The Compressibility of Gases 511
Molecules 559
The Effect of Temperature on Gas Volume: Charles’s
Dipole-Induced Dipole Forces 559
Law 513
London Dispersion Forces: Induced Dipole-Induced
Combining Boyle’s and Charles’s Laws: The General
Dipole Forces 560
Gas Law 515
A Closer Look: Hydrogen Bonding in Biochemistry 561
Avogadro’s Hypothesis 516
A Closer Look: Studies on Gases—Robert Boyle 12.5 A Summary of van der Waals Intermolecular Forces 563
and Jacques Charles 518 12.6 Properties of Liquids 564
11.3 The Ideal Gas Law 518 Case Study: A Pet Food Catastrophe 565
The Density of Gases 519 Vaporization and Condensation 565
Calculating the Molar Mass of a Gas Vapor Pressure 568
from P, V, and T Data 521 Vapor Pressure, Enthalpy of Vaporization, and the
11.4 Gas Laws and Chemical Reactions 522 Clausius–Clapeyron Equation 570
Boiling Point 571
11.5 Gas Mixtures and Partial Pressures 524
Critical Temperature and Pressure 571
11.6 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases 527 Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity 571
Molecular Speed and Kinetic Energy 527 A Closer Look: Supercritical CO2 and Green
A Closer Look: The Earth’s Atmosphere 528 Chemistry 574
Kinetic-Molecular Theory and the Gas Laws 531
Chapter Goals Revisited 574
11.7 Diffusion and Effusion 532
Key Equations 575
A Closer Look: Scuba Diving—An Application of the Gas
Laws 534 Study Questions 575
Applying Chemical Principles: Chromatography 581
11.8 Nonideal Behavior of Gases 534
Case Study: What to Do with All of That CO2? More on
Green Chemistry 536
13 The Chemistry of Solids 582
Chapter Goals Revisited 537
Key Equations 537 Lithium and “Green Cars” 582
Study Questions 538 13.1 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells 583
Applying Chemical Principles: The Goodyear Blimp 547 A Closer Look: Packing Oranges and Marbles 587
13.2 Structures and Formulas of Ionic Solids 590
Case Study: High-Strength Steel and Unit Cells 592
12 Intermolecular Forces and Liquids 548 13.3 Bonding in Metals and Semiconductors 594
Geckos Can Climb Up der Waals 548 Semiconductors 596

12.1 States of Matter and Intermolecular Forces 549 13.4 Bonding in Ionic Compounds: Lattice Energy 598
Lattice Energy 598
12.2 Interactions between Ions and Molecules with a
Calculating a Lattice Enthalpy from Thermodynamic
Permanent Dipole 550
Data 599
13.5 The Solid State: Other Types of Solid Materials 601
Molecular Solids 601
Network Solids 601
Amorphous Solids 601

Contents ix

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Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
 On a loose plate, now lost, Nicholas Cheverel, Esq.,
and Jane, his wife, who both died in the year 1548.
Piddlehinton.—Thomas Browne, parson for 27 years, in hat and
clerical habit, having staff and book, with a twelve-line verse and
inscription, 1617.
There was formerly a brass inscription to John
Chapman, 1494, in the north aisle.
Piddletown.—Roger Cheverell, 1517. Half effigy, with inscription and
two shields of arms.
Christopher Martyn, Esq., 1524. Kneeling effigy, in
tabard, with shield of arms and partial representation of
the Trinity.
Nicholas Martyn, Esq., and wife, 1595, with three sons
and seven daughters, with armorial brass and inscription
between effigies, on back of altar tomb.
Pimperne.—Mrs. Dorothy Williams, wife of John Williams, curate,
1694. A very curious effigy, with skeleton below. “Edmund
Colepeper fecit.”
Puncknowle.—William Napper, Esq., brother of Sir Robert Napper, in
armour; by his wife, Anne, daughter of Wm. Shelton, Esq., of
Onger Park, he had six sons. Brass engraved c. 1600, before his
death.
Rampisham.—Thomas Dygenys and his wife Isabel. Two figures,
with inscription at their feet, “gud benefactors to this churche.”
Both died in 1523.
Shaftesbury, St. Peter.—Inscription to Stephen, son and heir of
Nicholas Payne, steward of the Monastery, 1508. On the slab
are matrices of four brass shields. This was removed from the
Abbey.
In Holy Trinity churchyard is half a large blue slab,
having thereon the matrix of a large brass which local
 tradition says was to King Edward the Martyr.
Shapwick.—Inscription to Richard Chernok, als. Hogeson, vicar,
1538.
A fine effigy of Maria, heiress of Lord de Champneys,
and wife of John Oke. The inscription is to the latter; the
former has a dog at her feet. Her first husband was Sir
William Tourney, and she married William Oke in the reign
of Richard II.; so it is quite likely that this brass is of the
fourteenth century.
Sturminster Marshall.—An effigy of Henry Helme, vicar, in gown, with
moustache and pointed beard. He was the founder of Baylye
House (the vicarage), 1581. The inscription is a ten-line verse.
The brass is fastened on a black marble slab.
Also, “Here lyeth Wylla’ Benett, on whose sowle Gode
have merci.” (No date.)
Swanage, als. Swanwich.—William Clavell (effigy lost), with
Margaret and Alicia, his wives, c. 1470.
John Harve, 1510. Inscription only:—

Suche as I was, so be you, and as I am, so shall you

be,
And of the soule of John Harve God have mercy.

Henry Welles, of Godlinstone, 1607, and Marie, his first

wife, 1560. Inscriptions only.
Susan Cockram, wife of Brune Cockram, parson of
Swanwch, 1641.
Thomas Serrell, the sonn of Anthony Serrell, of
Swanwhich, 1639.
Swyre.—John Russell, Esq., and Elizabeth, his wife, daughter of
John Frocksmer, Esq., 1505. Inscription, with arms.
 James Russell, Esq. (son of John Russell), and Alys, his
wife,, daughter of John Wise, Esq., 1510. Inscription, with
arms.[21]
George Gollop, of Berwick, tenth son of Thomas Gollop,
of Strode, Dorset; brass, c. 1787. Long inscription only, to
many of this family.
Tincleton.—Inscription to Thomas Faryngdon, armiger, 1404.
Tarrant Crawford.—In the year 1862, a small brass plate was found
on the Abbey site in memory of “d’ns Joh’es Karrant.”
Thorncombe.—Sir Thomas and Lady Brook. Two fine effigies, with
long inscription. Sir Thomas died 1419; Lady Brook, 1437; “on
whose soules God have mercy and pite that for us dyed on the
rode tree. Ame’.”
Upwey.—William Gould, 1681. Inscription only, on outer side of north
wall of chancel, opposite altar tomb.
West Stafford.—Inscription to Giles Long, 1592, “then Lord of Frome
Bellett and patrone of the parsonage and Stafford.”
Wimborne Minster.—St. Ethelred, King of the West Saxons, martyr,
“Anno Domini 873 (871?) 23 die Aprilis per manus dacorum
paganorum occubuit.” Half effigy, engraved c. 1440; inscription
restored c. 1600.
Woolland.—Mary, daughter of Robert Williams, of Herringston, and
wife of Robert Thornhull, and then of Lewis Argenton, 1616. The
inscription of twelve lines is curious and descriptive, beginning:—

Here lyeth our landladie loved of all,

Whom Mary Argenton last wee did call.

Yetminster.—John Horsey, Esquire, 1531, Lord of the Manor of

Clifton, and Elizabeth, his wife, Lady of the Manor of Turges
Melcombe. Two fine effigies, with scrolls at sides and inscription
at foot.
 Of the foregoing brasses, the following deserve a longer notice:—
Bere Regis.—J. Skerne and Margaret, his wife. This monument
consists of two kneeling figures, fourteen inches high, cut round
the outline, and represented as kneeling on the pavement;
between them is a rectangular plate, with coat of arms (Skerne
impaling Thornhull), and an inscription on another plate below.
Skerne wears a long gown, with sleeves nearly touching the
ground; his wife, a dress, with ruff and a widow’s wimple. The
inscription states that the memorial was erected by the aforesaid
Margaret in 1596.
In the same church there is an inscription to Sir Robert
Turberville, 1559. There are also remains of three altar
tombs, all with empty matrices; two in the south aisle
probably mark the last resting-places of members of the
Turberville family. It is of these that John Durbeyfield, in
Thomas Hardy’s Tess, boasted, “I’ve got a gr’t family vault
at Kingsbere and knighted forefathers in lead coffins
there.”
 William Grey, 1524. Rector of Evershot.

Caundle Purse.—The brass of W. Longe, 26 ins. high, represents a

man in armour, with long flowing hair; the head is inclined to the
right. Its matrix was found by the writer in the North, or Longe,
Chantry. The brass is heavy, being ⅜-in. thick; it is poor in
execution, and is, unfortunately, away from its slab.
The monument of Richard Brodewey, rector, is far more
interesting. The head has been broken off; the figure, only
ten inches high, represents the priest as laid out for burial,
clad in eucharistic vestments. This brass is specially
noteworthy, because it is the only known memorial in
England in which the maniple is represented as buttoned
or sewn, so as to form a loop to prevent it from slipping off
the wrist. This was the final form that the maniple
assumed; in earlier times it simply hung over the arm
without attachment.
Evershot.—The brass commemorating William Grey is rather larger
than that at Caundle Purse, and is in better condition. Like
Brodewey, Grey is represented as laid out in his eucharistic
vestments—amice, alb, maniple, stole, and chasuble; between
his raised hands he holds a chalice, with the host (similar to
Henry Denton, priest, Higham Ferrers, 1498). There are only
about a dozen representations of chaliced priests in England, so
that this memorial may be classed among rare examples. It was
customary to bury a chalice (usually of some secondary metal)
with all ecclesiastics in priests’ orders.[22]
Fleet.—The two brasses in this church are engraved on rectangular
plates. In each, the husband kneels on the opposite side to the
wife (he dexter, she sinister), with a prie Dieu between them.
Their many sons and daughters kneel behind the father and
mother respectively.
Milton Abbey.—Sir John Tregonwell is represented, kneeling, in a
tabard; and this is the latest tabard brass in England.
 Another very interesting and almost unique brass in the
Abbey is that to John Artur, of this place “monachus.”
Brasses to monks are exceedingly rare.
Moreton.—The inscription on the monument of James Frampton is
unusual; the letters are raised above the background, instead of
being sunk in it.
Piddletown.—The effigy of Roger Cheverell has only the upper part
left—10½ in. by 6 in. in size. The dress is that of a civilian of
good standing, for the cloak is lined with fur; the head is bare
and the hair long.
Christopher Martyn’s brass is engraved on a rectangular
plate. The lower half is occupied by the inscription; above
it kneels the figure in conventional armour, with a tabard
bearing arms over. A scroll comes from the mouth,
bearing, in abbreviated form, the prayer, “Averte faciem
tuam a peccatis meis, et omnes iniquitates meas dele.”
Two shields, one low on the right side of the figure,
another high above the left shoulder, bear the well-known
Martyn arms; and above the former, the All Father sits on
a throne, with two fingers of the right hand raised in
blessing, and the left hand holds between the knees a
Tau-shaped cross, on which the Son is nailed. There is,
however, no dove, so that it cannot be regarded as a
complete representation of the Trinity. At Bere Regis there
is a matrix of an enthroned figure of almost identical
outline.
The memorial to Nicholas Martyn and his wife belongs
to the other type of brass. In the centre, indeed, are two
rectangular plates, one bearing the heraldic shield (Martyn
impaling Wadham), the other the inscription; but the other
plates are cut round the figures, and have little
background. On the right or dexter side, the husband, clad
in armour, but not wearing a helmet, kneels, with hands
clasped in prayer, before an altar covered with a fringed
 cloth, on which lies an open book; behind him kneel his
three sons, wearing cloaks, with ruffs around their necks.
On the left-hand side, Margaret, his wife, kneels before a
similar altar and book; behind her are her seven
daughters, all engaged in prayer. They all wear
Elizabethan costume—hoods, large ruffs, long bodied
peaked stomachers and skirts, extended by farthingales of
whalebone.
Thorncombe.—The brasses to Sir Thomas and Lady Brooke, of
Holditch and Weycroft, are two of the most distinguished to be
found of the fourteenth century. He was sheriff of Somerset,
1389, and of Devon, 1394, and is shown clad in a long gown
with deep dependent sleeves, guarded with fur around the skirt,
and pulled in at the waist by a belt studded with roses; within the
gown a second garment appears, with four rows of fur around
the skirt. His hair is short, and his feet rest on a greyhound
couchant, collared. Lady Brooke wears a long robe, fastened
across the breast by a cordon with tassels, over a plain gown;
her hair is dressed in semi-mitre shape, and confined by a richly
jewelled net, over which is placed the cover-chief, edged with
embroidery and dependent to the shoulders. At her feet is a little
dog, collared and belled. Sir Thomas and his wife each wear the
collar of SS.; their arms are in tightly-fitting sleeves, and the
hands are raised in prayer. The inscription around the effigies
has been restored, and plain shields inserted in place of
originals, which would have shown Gules on a chevron argent a
lion rampant sable; Brooke with, among others, Cheddar, Mayor
of Bristol, 1360-1, and Hanham.
Wimborne Minster.—The Ethelred effigy here is only half length. The
king is represented, in part, in priestly vestments. (“As kings by
their coronation are admitted into a sacred as well as a civil
character, the former of these is particularly manifested in the
investiture with clerical garments.”) Though the brass
commemorates a king of the West Saxons, it dates only from
1440. The inscription is on a copper plate, and the king’s death is
said thereon to have occurred in 873, two years too late. A brass
 plate on which the date is correctly given is preserved in the
Minster Library. It is supposed that the figure and the plate
bearing the inscription were removed from the matrix and hidden
for safety in the time of the Civil Wars, and that the plate could
not be found when the figure was replaced, so that the copper
one now on the slab was engraved to take the place of the one
lost, which, however, was afterwards found, but not laid on the
stone. It is a noteworthy fact that the effigy is fastened to the
stone with nails of copper, not of brass; doubtless these are
contemporary with the copper plate which bears the inscription.
The Ethelred brass is the only brass commemorating a king that
is to be found in England, and is so illustrated in Haines’ Manual,
p. 74.
Wraxall.—Elizabeth Lawrence, wife of Mr. William Lawrence, 1672.
A six-line verse and an impaled coat of arms.
Yetminster.—This brass, one of the finest in Dorset, was at one time
loose at East Chelborough Rectory, but it has now been fixed to
a slab on the south wall of the church. It was originally laid on a
large stone in the floor of the chancel. John Horsey is
represented in full and very richly ornamented armour; his wife is
in a graceful gown and mantle, with dependent pomander, and
fine head-dress.
 SHERBORNE
By W. B. Wildman, M.A.
HERBORNE, as far as we can tell, owes its existence
as a town to the fact that it was chosen in 705 to be the
site where the bishop-stool was fixed of St. Ealdhelm,
the first bishop of Western or Newer Wessex.
Sherborne, like its daughter-towns Wells and Salisbury,
is a Bishop’s town; but, unlike them, it was also, from
998 to 1539, the seat of a Benedictine Monastery. Thus Sherborne
has suffered two distinct shocks in its career; the first came upon it
when it lost its bishop in 1075; the second, when its Abbey was
dissolved in 1539.
Another point worth mentioning concerning the past dignity of the
town is this, that Sherborne, or at any rate, a part of it—Newland—
was once actually a borough, as was also what we may call the
suburb of Castleton.
This part of Sherborne is still called the Borough of Newland; it
was given burghal privileges by Richard Poore, Bishop of Sarum, in
1228, and, according to Hutchins, it actually sent members to the
House of Commons in 1343. But long after Newland got rid of this
then burdensome privilege it still kept the name and other privileges
of a borough, and both it and Castleton were for administrative
purposes outside the Hundred of Sherborne; they kept their own
tourns twice a year, and their own courts every three weeks; they
had their own view of frank-pledge quite apart from the rest of the
town and Hundred. It is not known to what bishop Castleton owed its
title and dignity of burgus.
When Sherborne came into being, the surrounding country bore a
very different look from that which we see to-day. It lay on the
western edge of the great forest of Selwood, a fragment of which still
remains to us here in Sherborne Castle Park. There were then no
trim water-meadows, and the course of our river was marked by
moor and marsh. Here, in the last fold of the Wessex hills, under
which lies the great plain of Somerset, Ealdhelm’s seat was fixed, in
a site central and convenient for the new district, which had barely a
quarter of a century before been added to the West Saxon realm.
Sherborne was never a walled town; it lay under the protection of
the fortified palace of its bishop, and in troublous times of Danish
inroad its site was a safe one. The story that Swegen ravaged the
town rests on nothing like contemporary evidence; on the other
hand, the safety of its position, coupled with the fact that it was once
the second city of Wessex, accounts for its being chosen by King
Æthelbald for his capital, so to speak, when Winchester, in 860, was
laid waste by the Danes; indeed, the change may have taken place
soon after 856. Sherborne continued to be the capital of Wessex till
about the year 878. During a considerable part of that time we may
well believe that King Alfred spent his boyhood here, almost certainly
during King Æthelberht’s reign; and here, in this centre of education
which Ealdhelm had founded, he may well have received such
education as he got during his boyhood. There is no other centre of
education which has so good a claim to him; here were buried his
two brothers, Æthelbald and Æthelberht, who successively reigned
before Æthelred and himself. Æthelberht was his guardian after his
father’s death. Alfred must have known Sherborne well; he was a
benefactor of our church, and we claim his boyhood.
 Sherborne
Sherborne Abbey
Sidney Heath

But besides Alfred and Ealdhelm, early Sherborne claims other

heroes; Ealhstan, our bishop, the first West Saxon general to win a
decisive victory over the Danes, was the right-hand man of Kings
Ecgberht, Æthelwulf, Æthelbald, and Æthelberht; he was the most
powerful man of his time. Here, in Sherborne, he lies buried beside
Æthelbald and Æthelberht.
We claim, too, among our Sherborne bishops, St. Heahmund, who
fell fighting against the Danes at Merton (probably Marden, Wilts.);
Asser, the biographer of King Alfred, who is said to lie buried among
us; Werstan, another warrior who fell in battle; St. Wulfsy and St.
Alfwold, names rather forgotten now, but great and famous in their
day. St. Osmund, who compiled the Use of Sarum, was one of our
abbots; and St. Stephen Harding, the author of the Carta Caritatis,
and the real founder of the Cistercian Order, is the earliest scholar of
Sherborne School whom History records as such.
Nor can Sherborne forget what it owes to the great Roger Niger,
that dark, stalwart Bishop of Sarum, who built the Norman Castle
here and the Norman part of our Abbey Church, who organized the
English Court of Exchequer, was the trusted adviser of the “Lion of
Justice,” Henry I., and deserved a better end than to break his heart
in a contest with such a poor creature as King Stephen.
Our Abbot, William Bradford, will not be forgotten by lovers of
architecture, for under his rule in the fifteenth century the choir of our
Abbey Church was rebuilt; while to another Abbot, Peter Ramsam,
we owe, later in the same century, the restoration of our nave. To
Abbot Mere we are indebted for a little building, which every visitor to
Sherborne knows, the Conduit, which stands in our old market-place,
now called by the somewhat affected name of the “Parade.” This
conduit, though it was built, as we have said, by Abbot Mere (1504-
1535), is described by one of those omniscient gentlemen who have
lately been enlightening us about the beauties of Wessex, as “a
structure of the fourteenth century.” It originally stood on the north
side of the nave of the Abbey Church, inside the Cloister Court,
which is now a part of Sherborne School; but it was removed to its
present site, or nearly its present site, by the school governors in the
latter part of the sixteenth century. It is to this day the property of the
school.
And so we are brought to the time when our ecclesiastical lords,
the Bishop of Sarum and the Abbot of Sherborne, passed away from
us, and their places were taken by lay lords. Here, too, we meet with
famous names. We have the Protector Somerset, to whom,
indirectly, Sherborne School may owe its post-Reformation
endowment. We have, also, Henry, Prince of Wales, that “young
Marcellus of the House of Stuart,” the eldest son of James I., whose
hatchment, as that of a squire of Sherborne, still hangs in our Abbey
Church; we have Walter Ralegh, that restless, strenuous soul, whose
dearly-loved home Sherborne was, where he would gladly have
been buried; we have John Digby, first Earl of Bristol, whose name
stands high among those of English worthies in the reigns of James
I. and Charles I., a man worthy to have lived in a better age, and to
have hazarded his all in a better cause. And another name
insistently presents itself to anyone who has followed Sherborne
history—that of Hugo Daniel Harper. To him Sherborne town and
school owe much that is precious and enduring. That a little town like
ours has kept something of its ancient state, that here we can still so
easily call back the past of Wessex, can still see standing in beauty
and dignity these buildings which the Middle Age has left us—all this
is in no small degree owing to that famous headmaster of Sherborne
School and to his successors.
We now proceed to write more particularly of the most interesting
of these ancient buildings and institutions. They are four in number:
the Abbey Church, the School, the old Castle, and the Almshouse.
With the exception of a small part of the west front of the Abbey
Church, there is, so far as we can tell, not a single piece of wall
standing now in Sherborne which was standing in the year 1107,
when Roger of Caen became Bishop of Sarum and Abbot of
Sherborne. We know that the doorway, now blocked up, on the north
side of the west front of the church, and, therefore, also some of the
adjoining wall, is older than Bishop Roger’s time; but with that
exception, we are forced to admit that the Norman from Caen pulled
down all the rest of Ealdhelm’s church. If he left any more of it, either
time has destroyed this, or he so used the walls that they cannot
now be recognised with any certainty. At the same time there is a
piece of outside wall at the north end of the north transept, in the old
slype, which looks very like pre-Norman work.
The church which Roger built extended as far east as the present
church does, excluding the lady chapels; for the lady chapel of the
thirteenth century must have abutted on the Norman east end, just
as it now does on the Perpendicular ambulatory. The church
extended probably rather further to the west than the present church
does, for there exists evidence to show that, before the parish
church of All Hallows was built on to the west end of the Abbey
Church in the fourteenth century, the west front of the Abbey Church
was embellished with a large porch of Norman work.
The chief traces of Roger’s work still existing in the church are the
piers and arches that carry the tower, the transept walls, the arches
leading from the transept into the side aisles of the nave, and the
walls of these aisles. Other interesting traces of Roger’s work will be
found in the little chapel which projects eastwards from the north
transept; also in the south and west walls of the early English chapel
on the north side of the north aisle of the choir, commonly called
Bishop Roger’s Chapel, and now used as the vestry; these Norman
walls were outside walls of Roger’s church before this early English
addition was made. There is also the jamb of a window to be seen
on the outside of the east wall of the south transept, the only relic
which gives us an idea of what the Norman clerestory was like.
The choir of Roger’s church extended west of the central tower,
and to allow room for the stall-work, the shafts of the east and west
tower arches were corbelled off above the line of the stalls, as may
still be seen in the existing church. That part of the Abbey nave
which lay to the west of the Norman choir was used, until the
building of All Hallows, as the parish church; and the fine Norman
south porch, which has been rather over-restored in the nineteenth
century, was, no doubt, a parochial porch, for it faces the town, not
the monastic buildings, which are on the north side of the church.
The tower up to the floor of the bell-chamber is Norman. Over the
pier-arches which carry it, except on the east side, there is a
passage in the thickness of the wall, with an arcade of semi-circular
arches resting on circular and octagonal shafts, eleven inches in
diameter. On the east side the Norman pier-arch was removed at the
rebuilding of the choir in the fifteenth century, and the removal of this
arch so weakened the tower that its condition in the course of years
became dangerous. The tower was made secure in 1884-5, and
these shafts on the north-west and south sides of the lantern, which
had been concealed by the fifteenth century masonry, were again
displayed to view.
 A large lady chapel was added in the thirteenth century; the fine
Early English arch, by which it was entered from the church, may still
be seen in the east wall of the ambulatory. The centre of this arch is
to the south of that of the fifteenth century arch, and hence the
corbels of the Perpendicular vaulting do not correspond at all with
the Early English arch; one of them is actually constructed to hang
as a pendant, free of this arch altogether.
The changes made inside the church in the fourteenth century
were so slight as to need no mention. Outside the church, however,
a great change took place, for towards the end of this century the
church of All Hallows was built. The great west porch was pulled
down so that All Hallows might stand directly against the west front
of the Norman church. There are still to be seen remnants of All
Hallows, viz., the lower part of the north wall of the north aisle, and
four responds built into the west wall of the Abbey Church. When All
Hallows was standing with its pinnacled western tower, one would
have seen a church some 350 feet long, with a central and a western
tower. This latter tower had a ring of bells of its own, at least five in
number; and it was to this ring of the parish, not to the Abbey, that
Wolsey gave our great bell.
In the fifteenth century Sherborne saw great things in the way of
building; not only was the Almshouse then built, but the church also
underwent those changes which gave it the appearance it keeps to-
day. The choir was taken down during the last year or two of Abbot
John Brunyng’s rule, and rebuilt from the ground by his successor,
William Bradford (1436-1459). During this same century the smaller
lady chapel, called the Bow Chapel, was built, and the nave restored
in the style of the time by Abbot Peter Ramsam (1475-1504). To
these two men we owe our present splendid fabric. Any visitor to
Sherborne Abbey can for himself easily perceive the differences
which mark off the choir as a building from the nave. The choir from
floor to vault is one harmonious piece of work, so lovely, so
complete, that the wit of man could scarcely design anything finer;
while the nave is a compromise, for in the nave yet stand the old
Norman piers cased in Perpendicular panelling, and the effect which
the nave gives us is that of two stories distinctly marked off the one
from the other, the lower story bearing strong traces of its Norman
origin, the upper or clerestory plainly a Perpendicular work, and
worthy of the companion clerestory of the choir. The pillars of the
southern arcade of the nave are not opposite those of the northern
arcade, and the arches are of different widths; the clerestory arches
of the nave, on the other hand, are of equal widths, and hence the
clerestory arches are not directly above the arcade arches. This
compromise has, however, been effected so cleverly that few people
notice the irregularity.
The rebuilding of the Abbey Church choir in the fifteenth century
recalls to our mind the great quarrel between the Abbey and the
townsfolk, which came to a head in the year 1437. It has already
been noted that in ancient times the townsfolk had been allowed by
the Abbot and Convent to use the western part of the Abbey Church
nave as a parish church. Thus the Abbey Church had become a
divided church—part was conventual, part parochial. But as time
went on this arrangement ceased to please one or other, or both,
parties, and the consequence was that All Hallows was built at the
west end of the Abbey Church for the use of the parishioners. After
this addition was made, the large Norman doorway at the west end
of the south aisle of the Abbey Church nave was narrowed by the
insertion of a smaller doorway. Now, All Hallows had not the status of
a parish church; technically, the parish church was still the western
part of the Abbey Church nave, and here it was still necessary for all
Sherborne children to be baptised in the font, which originally stood
where the present font stands. The parishioners, to get to the font,
had to enter All Hallows’ Church, and pass thence into the Abbey
Church through the Norman doorway, which had been narrowed.
This the parishioners regarded as a grievance. It appears, also, that
the Abbot had moved the font from the place where it now stands to
some other site which the parishioners regarded as inconvenient.
The parishioners, therefore, in 1436, took the law into their own
hands, and eight of them are charged before the bishop with having
set up a font in All Hallows. The Abbot, of course, regarded this as a
usurpation of the rectorial rights of the Convent; he complained, also,
of another grievance, to wit, that the parish bells rang to matins at
too early an hour, and disturbed the morning slumbers of the monks.
For though they got up at midnight to sing matins and lauds, they
went to bed again, and slept till the hour for prime, somewhere
between 6 and 7 a.m. Abbot Bradford, therefore, appealed to the
Bishop of Sarum, Robert Nevile, who came to Sherborne and held
an inquiry on the 12th November, 1436, in what is now the chapel of
the school, but was then the Abbot’s hall. He examined one hundred
or more of the parishioners, many of whom had not approved of the
high-handed course taken in the matter of the font. After a thorough
investigation, the Bishop, by the advice of his counsel learned in the
law, gave his decision from his manor of Ramsbury, on the 8th
January, 1437. It was to this effect—(a) that the font in All Hallows
was to be at once utterly destroyed and removed and carried out of
the church by those who had caused it to be set there; (b) that the
ringing of the bells to matins for the parishioners throughout the year
was not to be made till after the sixth hour had struck on the clocka
or horologium of the monastery, except on the following solemn
feasts: All Saints, Christmas, Epiphany, and Easter; (c) that the font
of the Abbey Church was to be replaced in its old accustomed
position, and all infants born or to be born in Sherborne were, as of
old, to be baptised therein; (d) that the intermediate door and
entrance for the procession of parishioners to the font was to be
enlarged and arched so as to give ample space and bring it to its
original form; (e) that the manner of the procession and other
ceremonies about the font were to be observed in the old and
wonted way; (f) that there must be made, at the expense of the
monastery, in the nave of the monastic church, close to the monks’
choir, a partition, so that there should be a distinct line of separation
between the monks and the parishioners; (g) that the replacing of the
Abbey Church font in its wonted place, and the enlarging of the door,
must effectually be completed before the following Christmas.
This admirable judgment was not received by the disputants with
the respect which it deserved; delays and evasions on both sides
brought about a violent termination of the dispute. The monks
induced “one Walter Gallor a stoute Bocher dwelling yn Sherborne”
to enter All Hallows, where “he defacid cleane the Fontstone; the
townsmen, aided by an Erle of Huntindune lying in these Quarters ...
rose in playne sedition ... a Preste of Alhalowes shot a shaft with fier
into the Toppe of that part of St. Marye Church that divided the Est
Part that the monks usid; and this Partition chauncing at that tyme to
be thakked yn the Rofe was sette a fier, and consequently al the hole
Chirch, the Lede and Belles meltid, was defacid.” After the fire the
monks were induced to agree to the legal transformation of All
Hallows’ Chapel into the parish Church, in order to get rid of the
parishioners altogether.
The monks never removed the smaller doorway by which the old
Norman entrance was narrowed; there it stands to this day, a
monument of that stormy time, and connected with it there is still a
curious tale to tell. Among the eight parishioners who, “casting
behind them the fear of God,” set up the obnoxious font in All
Hallows, and complained of the narrowed doorway, there was a
certain Richard Vowell. Anyone who now examines this doorway will
notice that the wall, which now blocks it up, is almost wholly
occupied by a large monumental tablet to the memory of Benjamin
Vowell, who died in 1783, and to his three wives; thus, as Professor
Willis neatly showed, the doorway which in the fifteenth century
Richard Vowell felt to be too narrow, Benjamin Vowell in the
eighteenth blocked up altogether. The “partition” referred to, which
was being thatched, must have been the tower, which was being
raised in height, and was covered with a temporary roof of thatch to
keep out the rain; no doubt, also, the new choir, which was already
built as high as the springing-stones of the vault, was also thatched
for the same purpose. The reddened stones in the choir and tower
still bear witness to this fire.
John Barnstaple, last Abbot of Sherborne, surrendered the Abbey
into the hands of King Henry VIII. on the 18th March, 1539. He
received a pension of £100 a year, and the Rectory of Stalbridge in
1540; this living had been in the patronage of the Abbot and
Convent. He died in 1560; we know neither the place of his death
nor of his burial, but he certainly was not buried at Stalbridge; he left
a small legacy to Sherborne School.
 Henry VIII. sold the Abbey Church, and the demesne lands of the
Abbey, to Sir John Horsey, of Clifton Maybank; Sir John, in 1540,
sold the Abbey Church to the parishioners; the lead, however, with
which the church was roofed, had not been granted to Sir John, and
the parishioners had to buy that through him from the King. The
parishioners appear to have begun at once to sell All Hallows for
building stone. The parish accounts for 1540 and 1541 are missing,
but that for 1542-3 shows the process of selling going merrily on,
until, finally, in the account for 1548-9, we get the last of it in such
entries as these: “George Swetnam, for vi. yerds off one syde off the
Tower, xxs.; Robert ffoster, for foundation stones of ye Northe Syde
of ye Tower, xiiis.; Mr. Sergyer, for a yard off the grace table off the
sowthe syde and for the dore yn the north syde off ye Towr, xs.”!
It may be interesting to set down here what the parishioners paid
for the Abbey Church and lead. We have already noted that the
parish accounts for 1540 and 1541 are missing. They were not
missing, however, in the eighteenth century, as is evident from an
entry in the parish account book in use from 10th April, 1721, to 4th
April, 1809. This entry is due to Francis Fisher, a Sherborne attorney,
who was steward to the Governors of the School during the years
1720-1730. He tells us that by an indenture made the 28th
September, 1545, between the King on the one part and Sir John
Horsey on the other, the parishioners paid £230 for the body of the
church and tower and for the lead. He adds that the parish account
rolls give us the following information: In 1540 the parish paid £40 for
the church, in 1541 £26 13s. 4d. for the same, in 1541 £17 17s. 6d.
for the bells of the Abbey, in 1542 £100 for the lead, in 1544 £80 in
full payment for the church and lead. So that, if the King got in 1545
£230, and the parish actually paid £264 10s. 10d., Sir John put into
his pocket the balance. However we may regard this matter, the
parishioners of Sherborne made an excellent bargain.
No man can doubt but that the dissolution of the monastery meant
serious loss to Sherborne. Its Abbots had ruled wisely and well, as
far as we can judge, a strip of territory stretching, though not in an
unbroken line, from Stalbridge to Exmouth. Anyone who will make
for himself a map of the manors in Dorset and Devon belonging to
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