FM-AA-CIA-15 Rev.

0 10-July-2020

Study Guide in GENDER & SOCIETY

STUDY GUIDE FOR GENDER & SOCIETY

TOPIC: RESOLVING GENDER-RELATED ISSUES

REPORTERS:

GEISHA SOLOMON
ANGELIKA MAMARIL
BIANCA KARINA BELVIS
EAJAY RODRIGUEZ
ELIZHA DATO
JAMELYN FERNANDEZ
JOHN RUIZ OSILLA
LEEMUEL SOLIS
LEONEL ESTROPE
LOVELY REYES
MIKAEL OXIMAS
MIKYLLA DE GUZMAN
VINZ MARQUEZ

TOPIC OVERVIEW

Resolving gender-related issues means creating fair and respectful environments where
people of all genders have equal opportunities and rights. This involves understanding
different gender needs, addressing unfair practices, and creating solutions that include
everyone. By learning about gender equality, sensitivity, and strategies for positive change,
we can work towards a society that values all gender identities. Covenantal pluralism adds
an important idea: it encourages peaceful coexistence by respecting the diverse ways
people identify and live their lives.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of this REPORT, you should be able to:

1. Explain the difference between gender equality and gender equity, and why both are
important for fairness.
2. Recognize and show gender sensitivity in your words and actions.
3. Understand and support gender responsiveness in policies, programs, and services.
4. Identify and discuss strategies to promote gender equality in different areas of life.
5. Understand how covenantal pluralism can help resolve gender issues by respecting
diversity.
LESSON #

A. GENDER EQUALITY & GENDER EQUITY

Gender equality
- refers to achieving equal outcomes for women, men, and gender-diverse individuals. Gender Equality
ensures everyone receives the same rights and opportunities.

Gender equity
 is the approach taken to reach this equality. Gender equity acknowledges that women and
gender-diverse people do not start from the same position as men due to historical and
societal disadvantages.

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 1

 FM-AA-CIA-15 Rev. 0 10-July-2020

Study Guide in GENDER & SOCIETY

 is crucial to human rights and the foundation of peaceful societies, as extensive research has
shown that it is essential for the prosperity of all communities.

Examples of Gender Inequality:

1. Gender Pay Gap
o Women earn less than men for the same work. As of 2023, women in the U.S. earn 82%
of what men make.
2. Access to Education
o Girls in some parts of the world face barriers to education, limiting their opportunities.
Women represent two-thirds of illiterate adults globally, and 122 million girls are out of
school.
3. Domestic Violence
o Women are disproportionately affected by domestic violence, with 1 in 3 women
experiencing physical violence from an intimate partner.

Examples of Gender Equality:

1. Equality at Home
o Gender equality means sharing unpaid household and caregiving tasks more equally
between all genders, ensuring the burden isn’t solely on women.
2. Equal Pay for Equal Work
o Gender equality in the workforce means equal pay for the same work and equal career
opportunities, including protection for women on maternity leave.
3. Zero Tolerance for Sexual Harassment and Bias
o A gender-equal society ensures all genders feel safe, with no tolerance for sexual
harassment, bullying, or gender-based prejudice.

Examples of Gender Equity:

1. Gender Equity at Home

o Gender equity at home involves equally sharing household chores among all genders.
Parents should assign chores to children of all genders to teach domestic
responsibilities and avoid reinforcing outdated gender roles.
2. Gender Equity in the Workplace
o Gender equity in the workplace ensures that people of all genders have equal
opportunities to pursue their desired careers, receive promotions, and take on
leadership roles without gender being a deciding factor.

3. Gender Equity in Sports

o Gender equity in sports involves providing equal opportunities, pay, and resources for
male and female athletes. For example, the WNBA players should receive salaries and
play as many games as their NBA counterparts to close the existing gender-based pay
gap.

Gender inequality, reinforced by global systems of oppression, continues to drive gender

discrimination, violence, and systemic neglect. These structural forces are especially severe in
communities with intersecting marginalized identities, including women of color, adolescents,
Indigenous people, migrants, people with disabilities, gender minorities, LGBTQ+ individuals, and
those affected by conflict or mass atrocities. Gender discrimination systematically excludes
underrepresented communities from safe participation in economic, social, civic, and political
opportunities. Sexual and gender-based violence affects individuals’ physical, mental, and emotional
health, violates the rights of women, girls, and gender minorities, and further reinforces gender
inequality. There is a significant lack of data on these communities’ health, safety, well-being, and
socioeconomic conditions, along with limited evidence on effective ways to dismantle entrenched
gender systems. As a result, global and national development policies and programs frequently
overlook these communities or lack effective strategies to address gender inequality.

B. GENDER SENSITIVITY
Core Aspects of Gender Sensitivity:

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 2

 FM-AA-CIA-15 Rev. 0 10-July-2020

Study Guide in GENDER & SOCIETY

 Seeing – Observing the actual actions and roles of women and men, instead of relying on
preconceived ideas or stereotypes.
 Hearing – Listening to the perspectives, needs, and priorities of individuals of all genders,
giving them an equal platform to express themselves.
 Counting – Valuing the work and contributions of women and men equally, acknowledging
unpaid or underappreciated labor.
 Respecting – Recognizing and upholding the rights, views, and human dignity of all genders.
 Caring – Considering the impact of social programs and policies on both women and men,
ensuring inclusive development efforts.

Sex refers to the biological categories of male and female, determined by physical attributes,
chromosomes, and hormones. Sex remains consistent across time and cultures. Gender refers to the
social roles, behaviors, and characteristics that cultures assign to people based on their perceived
sex. Unlike sex, gender is socially constructed, varies across time and cultures, and is learned
through societal influences. Common misconceptions and stereotypes due to confusion between sex
and gender confusing biological sex with socially constructed gender can lead to harmful
stereotypes, such as:
 Men often stereotyped as physically strong, emotionally independent, brave, and better suited
for roles like engineering or carpentry.
 Women typically seen as physically weak, in need of protection, emotionally dependent, and
more suited for caregiving roles, such as nursing or teaching.
These stereotypes foster restrictive views about what each gender "should" be and do, ignoring
individual abilities and preferences.

The Harmful Effects of Gender Stereotyping: Gender stereotyping limits individuals by assigning them
specific roles based on generalized expectations:

 For Men
o Traits like aggressiveness, independence, and emotional control are emphasized.
 For Women
o Traits like emotional sensitivity, passivity, and self-sacrifice are promoted.
Gender sensitivity calls for the dismantling of stereotypes that assign specific traits and roles to men
and women. This includes challenging assumptions that apply attributes universally to all men or all
women in a society. Breaking down these stereotypes allows individuals to express their true selves
without the limitations imposed by traditional norms.

Gender Norms and Gender-Based Behavior:

Gender Norms:
 Social expectations that dictate how individuals should behave based on their gender,
assigning different values to men and women.
Gender-Based Behavior:
 Behaviors that are culturally constructed and passed down, reinforcing societal beliefs about
gender roles and expectations.
Gender sensitivity highlights the negative impact of gender biases on personal development and
societal progress. Biases prevent people from reaching their full potential and restrict their
contributions to society. Discrimination based on sex or gender is prohibited under the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights, which emphasizes non-discrimination as a cornerstone of human
rights.

Importance of Gender Sensitivity in Development:

 Gender biases and stereotypes can hinder both individual and societal development.
 By eliminating gender biases, we enable people to maximize their potential, contributing more
effectively to societal progress and development.
 Gender-sensitive practices in policies, workplaces, and communities play a crucial role in
fostering inclusive, respectful environments where all individuals can thrive.

C. GENDER RESPONSIVENESS
Standards development has traditionally been dominated by men, with many standards being

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 3

 FM-AA-CIA-15 Rev. 0 10-July-2020

Study Guide in GENDER & SOCIETY

designed as "gender neutral" or "unisex." This lack of balanced participation and gender-responsive
standards has led to unnecessary health and safety risks for women and girls, as well as standards
that have unequal impacts or unintended consequences, such as negative financial effects or reduced
quality of life. Historically, standard-setting bodies have lacked policies to integrate gender
considerations into their activities and organizational management.

Gender responsiveness
 is the process of actively acknowledging gender differences and ensuring that these
differences are considered when designing policies, programs, and initiatives. It aims to
create an inclusive environment where all genders receive equal opportunities and support
based on their needs and realities.

Gender-responsive approaches go beyond merely acknowledging gender inequality—they actively

work to address and correct these disparities. Gender-responsive strategies focus on eliminating
barriers, ensuring participation, and promoting fairness for everyone, regardless of gender.

Examples:
1. Healthcare
o Providing gender-specific health services like maternal care for women and mental
health support for men.
2. Education
o Ensuring equal opportunities for all genders and challenging gender stereotypes in
school curricula.
3. Workplace Policies
o Creating policies like equal pay for equal work and flexible work hours to support all
genders.

Challenges in Implementing Gender Responsiveness:

1. Resistance to Change
o Deep-rooted gender biases and societal norms can hinder the adoption of gender-
responsive strategies.
2. Lack of Data
o Insufficient data on gender disparities makes it harder to design effective programs.
3. Resource Constraints
o Implementing gender-responsive programs requires adequate financial and human
resources.
4. Intersectionality
o Gender intersects with other factors like race and disability, making it complex to
address all needs effectively.

Gender responsiveness is a powerful tool for ensuring fairness and equity in all sectors of society. It
goes beyond simply acknowledging gender differences and works to actively address the unique
challenges and barriers faced by individuals based on their gender. By fostering inclusion,
dismantling gender biases, and providing equal opportunities, gender responsiveness leads to better
outcomes for individuals and communities as a whole. However, challenges like societal resistance,
resource limitations, and the need for intersectional approaches must be overcome to achieve long-
lasting impact.

D. STRATEGIES TOWARD GENDER EQUALITY

Achieving gender equality requires comprehensive strategies that address the root causes of gender
disparities, dismantle discriminatory practices, and create an environment where all genders can
thrive equally. These strategies must be embedded within societal, political, and economic structures,
as well as at the individual level. The following strategies are essential for advancing gender equality:
1. Education and Awareness Training
 Gender Sensitivity Training
o Implement programs to help individuals recognize gender bias and stereotypes. These
should be applied in schools, workplaces, and communities to foster inclusive
environments.

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 4

 FM-AA-CIA-15 Rev. 0 10-July-2020

Study Guide in GENDER & SOCIETY

 Incorporate Gender Studies

o Integrate gender studies into school curricula to raise awareness early on, promoting
respect and understanding across genders.

2. Policy Development and Enforcement

 Implement Gender-Responsive Policies
o Create policies addressing the needs of all genders, such as parental leave, flexible
working hours, and equal pay.
 Strict Enforcement of Anti-Discrimination Laws
o Ensure clear reporting channels and enforce policies against gender discrimination
and harassment.
3. Promoting Gender Equality in Leadership
 Encourage Diverse Leadership
o Foster gender diversity in leadership positions by implementing equal opportunity
policies, quotas, or mentorship programs for underrepresented groups.
 Mentorship and Sponsorship Programs
o Create opportunities for women and gender minorities to build leadership skills and
advance their careers.
4. Supportive Work Environment
 Gender-Neutral Recruitment
o Ensure job descriptions and recruitment processes are free from gender bias to foster
equality in hiring.
 Flexible Work Arrangements
o Implement policies that support work-life balance, particularly for those who take on
caregiving responsibilities.
5. Addressing Gender Stereotypes
 Challenge and Redefine Gender Roles
o Encourage the questioning of traditional gender roles across various spheres like the
home, workplace, and community.
 Media Representation
o Promote diverse gender representations in media to reduce harmful stereotypes and
normalize gender equality.
6. Gender-Responsive Budgeting
 Allocate Resources Equitably
o Design budgets to address gender-specific needs and fund programs supporting
gender equality in sectors like education, healthcare, and employment.
 Monitor and Evaluate
o Regularly assess the effectiveness of budget allocations for gender equality
initiatives.

E. GENDER RELATED ISSUES & CONVENANTAL PLURALISM

Covenantal pluralism refers to the principle of acknowledging and respecting diversity, promoting
inclusivity, and fostering cooperation among individuals and groups with differing perspectives,
beliefs, and values. This concept is crucial in addressing gender-related issues, as it recognizes the
complex intersections of gender with other social identities, cultures, and
religions.
Covenantal pluralism is defined as "A framework for understanding and engaging diversity,
emphasizing mutual respect, cooperation, and inclusive practices" (Pluralism Project, 2020).

Intersectionality refers to the intersection of multiple social identities (gender, race, religion,
etc.) that compound discrimination and marginalization. Examples include gender-related issues
that affect individuals globally:
1. Gender-based violence - GBV refers to violence directed against individuals based on their
gender, including domestic violence, sexual harassment, and trafficking. It affects 1 in 3 women
globally (WHO, 2019).
2. Marginalization of women of color - the compound discrimination and exclusion faced by
women of color due to their intersecting identities (gender, race, ethnicity, etc.), resulting in
limited access to resources, opportunities, and social justice
3. Discrimination against LGBTQ+ individuals - The systemic and institutionalized prejudice,

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 5

 FM-AA-CIA-15 Rev. 0 10-July-2020

Study Guide in GENDER & SOCIETY

bias, and exclusion faced by LGBTQ+ individuals based on their sexual orientation, gender
identity, and expression, leading to disparities in healthcare, education, employment, and social
services
Compound discrimination and marginalization perpetuate cycles of inequality. Research shows
that intersectionality compounds discrimination and marginalization. According to a UN Women
report, intersectionality is crucial in addressing gender-based violence

Here are two examples each for Addressing Gender-Based Violence (GBV) and Covenantal Pluralism:

Addressing Gender-Based Violence (GBV)

1. Legal Support and Shelters:
In the UK, the National Domestic Violence Helpline provides 24/7 support for survivors of GBV,
offering emergency shelter, counseling, and legal guidance to help survivors escape abusive
situations.
2. Public Awareness Campaigns:
The #MeToo movement, which gained global attention in 2017, raised awareness about sexual
harassment and assault, empowering survivors to share their stories and sparking
conversations about GBV worldwide.

Covenantal Pluralism
1. Interfaith Dialogues:
The Interfaith Youth Core in the U.S. brings young people from different religious backgrounds
together to foster mutual respect and understanding, helping to build peaceful coexistence
despite differing beliefs.
2. Global Human Rights Frameworks:
The United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) provides a shared
foundation for countries worldwide to advocate for gender equality and the elimination of
gender-based violence, while respecting cultural differences.

Religious and Cultural Considerations

Diverse approaches to gender exist across cultures and religions
1. Diverse Approaches to Gender - Recognize diverse cultural and religious perspectives on
gender.
2. Respectful Dialogue and Cooperation - it aims to foster inclusive environments through
interfaith initiatives.
3. Interfaith Initiatives - Promote dialogue and cooperation across cultures and religions.
Ex: Islamic feminism promotes gender equality within an Islamic framework

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, achieving gender equality and equity is crucial for building fair and inclusive societies.
By addressing issues like gender-based violence, promoting sensitivity to gender differences, and
creating responsive policies, we can break down harmful stereotypes and reduce inequality.
Covenantal pluralism plays an important role by recognizing and respecting diverse cultural and
religious views on gender, encouraging cooperation and understanding. Ultimately, ensuring that all
genders are treated equally and with respect benefits everyone, driving progress and improving
societies as a whole.

REFRENCES

Gender-responsive standards. UNECE. (n.d.). https://unece.org/trade/wp6/gender-

responsive-standards

what is the difference between gender equity and gender equality. what does this have to

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 6

 FM-AA-CIA-15 Rev. 0 10-July-2020

Study Guide in GENDER & SOCIETY

do with violence against women?. 16 Days of Activism. (2019, October 4).

https://16daysactivism.genwest.org.au/challenges/actions/learn-what-the-patriarchy-is/
#:~:text=’Gender%20equality’%20means%20equal%20outcomes,of%20historical%20and
%20social%20disadvantages.
Gender equality and equity – Population Council. Population Council – Ideas. Evidence.
Impact. (2024, July 29). https://popcouncil.org/focus_area/gender-equality-equity/

What is gender equality? definition & examples. United Way NCA. (2024, September 25).
https://unitedwaynca.org/blog/what-is-gender-equality/

Key concepts about gender and gender equality -. (n.d.).

https://aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/ge/ge1/ge11

World Health Organization (WHO). (2019). Gender Responsiveness in Health Systems: A

Gender Analysis. WHO. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/gender-equity-rights/en/

United Nations. (2015). The Gender Equality Agenda. United Nations. Retrieved from
https://www.un.org/womenwatch

Doherty, S. (2022, December 20). 10 ways to promote gender equality in the classroom.
Provide Education. https://www.provide-education.co.uk/10-ways-to-promote-gender-
equality-in-the-classroom/

Gender-responsive policymaking handbook. (n.d.-a).

https://www.iri.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/gender-
responsive_policymaking_handbook.032720.pdf

How leaders can advance gender equality and enhance gender sensitivity. Jobs in United
Nations, NGO, European Union. (n.d.). https://www.impactpool.org/employers/articles/5-
tips-how-leaders-can-advance-gender-equality

Addressing gender-based violence across contexts: Gender-based violence interagency

minimum standards and the essential services package for women and girls subject to
violence. United Nations Population Fund. (6880, January 1).
https://www.unfpa.org/publications/addressing-gender-based-violence-across-contexts-
gender-based-violence-interagency

Homepage. National Domestic Abuse Helpline. (2024, May 30).

https://www.nationaldahelpline.org.uk/

Me too. movement. me too. Movement. (2024, April 2). https://metoomvmt.org/

United Nations. (n.d.). Universal declaration of human rights. United Nations.

https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 7

 FM-AA-CIA-15 Rev. 0 10-July-2020

Study Guide in GENDER & SOCIETY

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 8