Swami Vivekanand International School & Jr.

College
SYJC
Computer Science I
Chapter 3: C++

Q1. What is C++? What are the advantages of C++?

Ans-
C++ is an object oriented programming language. C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroutstrup
at AT & T Bell Laboratories, USA.
Advantages:
 C++ is an incremented version of C. It is a superset of “C”. A;; C Programs can also
run in C++ compiler.
 The facilities such as classes function overloading & operator overloading are added
in C++.
 C++ allows user to create abstract data types, to inherit properties from existing data
types.
 C++ supports polymorphism.
 Any real life application system such as editor, compiler and database
communication systems can be built by C++.
 Object oriented libraries cab be built by C++.
 C++ program can be easily implemented, maintained and expanded.

Q2. Distinguish between Traditional approach & Object Oriented approach.

Ans-
Traditional / Procedural Oriented
No Object Oriented Approach
Approach
1 The problem is viewed as a sequence of The problem is decomposed into entities called
things to be done objects
2 Emphasis is on doing things Emphasis is on the data rather than procedure
3 Large programs are divided into smaller Program are divided in to entities known as
programs known as function object
4 Data can move easily from function to Data is hidden and cannot be accessed by
function external functions
5 It follows top-down approach in It follows bottom-up approach in program
program design design
6 Data security is not there Data is secured
7 Data and functions do not work together Data and functions work together
8 E.g. C,COBOL,FORTON E.g. C++,VB,JAVA
Q3. What are the different data types in C++?
Ans-
The different data types in C++ are as follows:
C++ Data Types

User - defined Built - in Derived

Structure Void
Array
Union
Function
Class Integral Floating Pointer
Type Type
Enumeration

Int Char Float Double

 C++ provides three data types which are user- defined, built – in and derived data
type.
 User – defined data type provides structure, union and class while derived data type
provides arrays, function and pointer.
 Built – in data type provides three types which are integral type, void and floating
type.
 Integral includes integer and character while floating type includes float and double.

Q4. Write a note on Identifiers in C++.

Ans-
 Identifiers refer to the names of variables, functions, arrays, classes etc.
 Rules for creating Identifier-
 Only alphabetic characters, digits and underscores are permitted.
 The name cannot start with digit.
 Uppercase and Lowercase letter are distinct.
  A keyword cannot be used as a variable name.

Q5. Write a note on scope resolution operator.

Ans-
 The operator :: is called as scope resolution operator.
 C++ is a block structured language.
 When a variable is declared in program, scope extends from the point of declaration
till the end of the block in which it is defined.
 The same variable name can be used to have different meaning in different blocks.
 Scope resolution operator is used to uncover a hidden variable.

int x=10;

Block 2 Block 1
int x=1;

 Scope resolution takes the form—

:: variable name

 Eg.
int x=10;
void main()
{
int x=1;
cout<<”\nLocal X is : “<<x;
cout<<”\nGlobal X is : “<<::x;
}

Q6. Write a note on Array in C++.

Ans-
 An array is a collection of identical data objects which are stored in consecutive
memory location under common variable name.
 An array must be declared before it is used in C++ program.
 There are two types of array-
 Single Dimensional Array
 Multidimensional Array
 Single Dimensional Array
 It consists of single column with multiple rows.
 Syntax-
Datatype arrayname[expression];
  Datatype defines datatype for element of array.
 The array can be any valid variable name.
 Expression is used to declare size of memory location.
 Eg
int roll[100];
float marks[30];
 The values to array elements can be assigned as follow-
Int data[5]={10,20,30,40,50};
 Multidimensional Array
 Multidimensional arrays are defined in same manner as one dimensional arrays,
except that a separate pair of square brackets.
 It consists of rows and columns.
 Syntax
Datatype arrayname[exp1][exp2]…..[expn];
 Eg
int records[30][50];
 The values to array can be initialize as follow-
int x[2][2]={1,2,3,4};
here x[0][0]=1, x[0][1]=2, x[1][0]=3, x[1][1]=4

Q7. Explain ‘Call by Value’ and ‘Call by Reference’ with one example of each.
Ans-
 A pointer is a variable which holds the memory address of another variable.
 The use of pointers in a function definition may be classifies into two groups:
 Call by Value
 Call by Reference
 Call by Value
 When a portion of the program invokes a function, control will be transferred
from the main function to the calling function and the value of actual arguments
is copied to the function.
 Within function the actual value may be altered or changed.
 When the control is transferred back from function to the program, altered
values are not transferred back.
 This type of passing formal argument o a function is called as call by value
 Eg.
void main()
{
void funct(int x,int y);
………
funct (x,y);
…….
}
void funct(int a,int b)
{
………
 }
 Call by Reference
 In call by reference, when a function is called by a program the address of the
actual arguments are copied on to the formal arguments.
 Therefore the change in value of formal argument affects the value of actual
arguments.
 The content of a variable that are altered within the function are return to calling
portion of a program in the altered form.
 Eg.
void main()
{
void funct(int *x,int *y);
………
………
funct(&x,&y);
……
}
void funct(int *a,int *b)
{
……
}

Q8. Explain how the memory address of a variable can be accessed in C++.
Ans-
 Computer uses memory for storing the values of variables and the memory is a
sequential collection of storage cell.
 Each cell has a number called address of the cell.
 In C++, if declare a variable, then it gets associated with certain location where the
value of the variable is stored.
 Consider, int p=30; then
p Location name(variable)
30 Value at location
7940  Location number (address)
Computer has selected 7940 memory location to store the value 30.
 To access the memory address of particular variable ‘&’ operator is used.
 The ‘&’ operator returns the memory address of its operand.
 E.g  a=&p;
 Above statement assigns the memory address of variable p to the a.
 This address is the location address of variable.
 The operator ‘&’ is “the address of” operator.
 The variable ‘a’ is declared as pointer variable as that contains the address.
 The pointer variable declared in C++ asint *a; (where * indicates that a is a
pointer variable)

Q9. Write a note on string functions in C++.

Ans-
 The most commonly used string functions are as follow---
 strlen()
 strcpy()
 strcat()
 strcmp()
 These functions use standard header file string.h

 strlen()
 This function counts number of characters in the string.
 While calculating length, the function does not count the last null character.
 Eg.
void main()
{
cout<<strlen(“hii”);
}
The output would be – 3
 strcpy()
 This function copies the content of one string into another.
 Eg
void main()
{
char source[]=”Welcome”;
char target[20];
strcpy(target,source);
cout<<source<<” “<<target;
}
The output would be – Welcome Welcome
 strcat()
 This function concatenates the source string at the end of the target string.
 Eg.
Void main()
{
char source[]=”Tom”;
char target[]=”Jerry”;
strcat(target,source);
cout<<target;
}
The output would be – TomJerry
 strcmp()
 This function compares two string to find out whether they are same or
different.
 The two strings are compared character by character until there is mismatch or
end of one of the string is reached.
  If two strings are identical, strcmp() returns value zero, otherwise it will return
numeric difference between ASCII value of non matching characters.
 Eg.
Void main()
{
char s1[]=”Hello”;
int i=strcmp(s1,”Hello”);
cout<<i;
}
The output would be – 0

Q10. Explain the following terms w.r.t. Object Oriented Programming—

a. Object
b. Class
c. Data Abstraction
d. Data Encapsulation/Hiding
e. Inheritance
f. Polymorphism
Ans-

 Object
 Objects are the basic runtime entities in an object oriented system.
 They may represent a person, place, a bank account or any item that the
program must handle.
 Programming problem is analyzed in terms of objects and the nature of
communication between them.
 Class
 Class is a way to bind data and its associated functions together.
 An object is nothing but a variable, whose data type is class.
 Once a class has been defined, user can define any number of objects belonging
to that class.
 A class is a collection of objects of similar type.
 Eg.
Apple, Mango & Orange are objects of the class fruit.
 Data Abstraction
 Abstraction refers to the act of representing essential features.
 Classes use the concept of abstraction and are defined as a list of abstract
attributes.
 The attributes are sometimes called data member because they hold information.
 Data Encapsulation / Hiding
 The wrapping up of data and function into a single unit is known as
encapsulation
 The functions which are wrapped in the class can access the data.
 This insulation of the data by the program is called data hiding.
 Inheritance
  Inheritance is the process by which objects of one class acquire the properties of
objects of another class.
 It also stands for reusability. This means that the additional features can be
added to an existing class without modifying it.
 The mechanism of deriving a new class from an existing one is called as
inheritance.
 Polymorphism
 It means the ability to take more than one form.
 Eg.
When you add two integers you will get new integer(by adding) but when you
add two strings you will get new string by concatenation (joining).

Q11. What is class? Explain general from of class declaration.

Ans-
 Class is a way to bind its associated functions together.
 It allows the data and functions to be hidden.
 A class specification has two parts:
 Class declaration
 Class function declaration
 The general form of class declaration—

class classname
{
private:
Declaration of data members;
Declaration of member functions;
pubic:
Declaration of data members;
Declaration of member functions;
};

The members declared as private can be accessed only within the class and public can
be accessed from outside the class also.
 Eg.

class item
{
private:
int number;
float cost;
public:
void getdata(int a,int b);
void putdata();
};
Q12. Describe how member function of class can be defined.
Ans-
 Member functions of class can be defined and accessed in two ways-
 Outside the class
 Inside the class
 Outside the class
 The general form of accessing the data from outside the class definition is
classname :: functionname
Where the classname indicates the name of class and “::” is scope reolution
operator, specifies that the scope of the function is restricted.

 Syntax

Return_type class_name :: function_name(parameter list)

{
Function body
}

 Eg.
class circle
{
public:
int r;
void area();
};
void circle :: area()
{
float c=2*3.14*r;
cout<<c;
}
 Inside the class
 Another method for defining a member function is to replace the function
declaration by the actual function definition.
 Eg.
class circle
{
public:
int r;
void area()
{
float c=2*3.14*r;
 cout<<c;
}
};

Q13. What is object? Describe how members of a class can be accessed using object of
that class?
Ans-
 An object is a variable whose datatype is class.
 User can have more than one object for a class. The object can be declared as :
class_name object1,object 2
 Accessing members of class using object
 The private data of a class can be accessed only through the member functions
of that class.
 To use a member function, the dor operator (.) connects the object name & the
member function.
 The dot operator is called as class member access operator.

 Syntax

objectname.functionname(actual argument)

 Eg.
class student
{
public:
void display()
{
cout<<”Hello”;
}
};
void main()
{
student o;
o.display();
}

Q14. What is friend function? Give the characteristics of friend function.

Ans-
 A non-member function that is allowed to access the private variable of a class is
called a friend of the class.
 A function is made a friend of a class by the keyword “friend”.
 Eg.
class classname
{
private:
 public:
friend return-type function-name(arguments);
}
 Characteristics
 A friend function can access the private members of a class.
 The friend declaration is unaffected by its location in the class.
 The definition of a friend function does not require the name with the scope
resolution operator prefixed to it, as it is required for a class member function.

Q15. Write a note on constructor in C++.

Ans-
 A constructor is a special member function of a class. Its task is to initialize the objects
of its class.
 It is special because its name is same as that of the class to which it belongs.
 The constructor is invoked whenever an object of its associated class is created.
 It is called constructor because it constructs the values of data members of the class.
 A constructor can never return any value. Hence, it is written with no return type.
 When two or ore functions are of the same name as that of the class then it is called
multiple constructor.
 A constructor with parameters (One or more than one) is called parameterized
constructor.
 A constructor for a class is needed so that the compiler automatically initializes an
object as soon as it is created. A class constructor, is defined, is called whenever a
program creates an object of that class. (V.Imp point)
 Characteristics
 The constructor name is always same as the class name.
 Constructor does not have any return type, not even void and hence they cannot
return values.
 They cannot be static.
 They should be declared in public section.
 Eg.
class A
{
public:
A()
{
cout<<”Welcome”
}
};
void main()
{
A o;
}

Q16. Write a note on destructor in C++.

Ans-
 A destructor , as the name implies, is used to destroy the objects that have been
created by a constructor.
 The destructor is invoked by the compiler upon exit from the program to clean the
storage that is no longer accessible.
 A destructor function gets executed whenever an instance of the class to which it
belongs goes out of existence.
 It is good practice to declare destructors in a program since it releases memory space
for future use.
 Characteristics
 A destructor function name is same as that of its class name.
 It is preceded by a tilde. ( ~ ) Eg. ~demo()
 It takes no arguments
 It is declared with no return type.
 It should have public access in the class declaration

Q17. What is operator overloading? Explain.

Ans-
 The mechanism of giving some special meaning to an operator is called as operator
overloading.
 C++ permits to add two variables of user defined data types with the same syntax as
the basic types.
 This means that C++ has ability to provide operators with a special meaning for a data
type. This is known as operator overloading.
 Operator overloading provides a flexible option for the creation of new definitions for
most of the C++ programs.
 When an operator is overloaded, its original meaning is not lost. For eg. The operator
‘+’ has been overloaded to add two vectors, can still be used to add two integers.
 The process of overloading involves following steps:
 First create a class that defines the data type that is to be used in the overloading
operation.
 Declare the operator function operation op() in the public part of the class. It
may be either a member function or a friend function.
 Define the operator function to implement the required operations.
 The general form is—

Return-type class-name :: operator op(argument list)

{
Function body;
}

 Eg.
#include<iostream.h>
int a=2,b=3;
class abc
 {
public:
int a,b;
int operator +(void); //overloading binary +
}
int abc :: operator + (void) //defined operator overloading
{
return (a+b);
}
void main()
{
abc x;
+x; //invokes operator +()
}

Q18. State any eight rules for overloading operators.

Ans-
 Only existing operators can be overloaded. New operator can not be created.
 The overloaded operator must have at least one operand that is of user defined type.
 The basic meaning of an operator cannot change. We cannot redefine the plus (+)
operator to subtract one value from another.
 The overloaded operators must follow the syntax rules of original operators.
 Unary operators, overloaded by member function take no explicit arguments & return
no explicit values. Friend function takes two arguments.
 Binary operators, overloaded by member function, take one explicit argument and can
return values. Friend function takes two arguments.
 When Binary operator is overloaded, left hand operand must be an object of relevant
class.
 Binary operators + - * / must explicitly return a value. They must not attempt to
change their own arguments.
 Certain operators cannot be overloaded.

Sizeof Sizeof Operator

. Membership operator
.* Pointer to member operator
:: Scope resolution operator

?: Conditional Operator

 Certain operators cannot be overloaded by friend function.

= Assignment Operator
 () Function call operator
[] Subscripting Operator
-> Class member access operator
?: Conditional Operator

Q19 What is polymorphism? Explain runtime and compile time polymorphism.

Ans-
 Polymorphism refers to identically named methods (member function) that have
different behavior depending on the type of object they refer.

 Polymorphism simply means “one name, multiple forms”.

Polymorphism

Compile time Run time

polymorphism polymorphism

Function Operator Virtual

overloading Overloading Function

 Compile time polymorphism

 Function overloading and operator overloading are the examples of compile
time polymorphism
 In this case, the overloaded member functions are selected for invoking by
matching arguments, both type and number
  This information is known to the compiler at the compile time and therefore the
compiler is able to select the appropriate function for a particular call at the
compile time itself. This is known as compile time polymorphism.
 Compile time polymorphism is also called as early binding or static linking.
Early binding simply means that an object is bound to its function at compile
time.
 Run time polymorphism
 In some situations, it is nice to select appropriate member function to be
invoked while the program is running. This is known as runtime polymorphism.
 To achieve runtime polymorphism, C++ supports mechanism of virtual
functions.
 At runtime, it is known what class objects are under consideration, the
appropriate version of function is called.
 Since the functions are linked with a particular class much after its compilation,
this process is termed as late binding. It is also called as dynamic binding
because the selection of appropriate function is done dynamically at runtime.

Q20. State any eight rules for virtual functions

Ans-
 The virtual functions must be members of some class.
 They cannot be static members.
 They are accessed by using object pointers.
 A virtual function can be a friend of another class.
 A virtual function in a base class must be defined, even though it is not used.
 The prototypes of the base class version of virtual function and all derived class
version must be identical. Of two functions have different prototypes, and then C++
considers them as overloaded functions.
 We cannot have virtual constructors, but we can have virtual destructors.
 A base pointer can point to any type of derived object, the reverse is not true. That is,
we cannot use a pointer to derived class to access an object of the base type.
 When base pointer points to derived class, the incrementation and decrementation is
only relative to its base type.
 Virtual functions are defined in base class, they need not be redefined in derived class.

Q21. Write a note on Inheritance

Ans-
 Inheritance is the process of creating new class form an existing class.
 The existing class is known as the base class and newly created class is known as
derived class.
 The derived class inherits all capabilities of the base class. It can also add some more
features to this class.
 Advantages
 The idea of reusability of the code.
 It increases the reliability of the code.
 It allows the additional features to an existing class without modifying it.
  Syntax:

Class derived-class-name : visibility-mode base-classname

 Eg.
Class B : public A
 There are 5 types of inheritance-
 Single Inheritance
 Multiple Inheritance
 Multilevel Inheritance
 Hierarchical Inheritance
 Hybrid Inheritance
 Single Inheritance
 When a subclass inherits only from one base class, it is known as single
inheritance
A Base class

B Derived class

 Multiple Inheritance
 When a derived class inherits from multiple base class, it is known as multiple
inheritance.

A B
Base class Base class

C Derived class

 Multilevel Inheritance
  When a derived class inherits from a class that itself inherits from another class,
it is known as multilevel inheritance.

A Base class

B
Derived class of A & Base class of C

C Derived class of B

 Hierarchical Inheritance
 When a derived class inherits only from single base class, it is known as
hierarchical inheritance.

B C D

B,C & D are derived classes

  Hybrid Inheritance (Combination of hierarchical and Multiple Inheritance)
 When a derived class inherits from multiple base classes and all of its base
classes inherits from a single base class, this form of inheritance is known as
hybrid inheritance.

A
Hierarchical

B C

D Multiple

Q22. What are input and output stream?

Ans-
 The I/O system of C++ handles file operations which are much similar to console
input & output operations.
 It uses file streams as an interface between the programs and the files.
 The streams that supplies data to the program is known as input stream, while the
stream that receives data from the program is known as output stream.
 Input stream extracts (or reads) data from the file and the output stream inserts (or
writes) data to the file.
 The input operation involves the creation of an input stream and linking it with the
program & the input file.
 The output operation involves the creation of an output stream and linking it with the
program & the output file.

Input stream
Read data data input

Write data data output

Output stream

Q23. Explain the following terms w.r.t file handling-

a. ifstream
b. ofstream
c. filebuf
d. fstream

Ans-
 ifstream
 It provides input operations
 It is used to read a stream of objects from a file
 It contains opne() function with default input mode.
 It inherits get(), getline(), read(), seekg) and tellg() functions from istream.
 ofstream
 It provides output operations.
 It is used to write a stream of objects in a file.
 It contains open() function with default output mode.
 It inherits put(), seekp(), tellp() and write() function from ostream.
 filebuf
 its purpose os to set the file buffers to read and write.
 It contains close() and open() as member.
 fstream
 It provides support for simultaneous input and output operations.
 It contains open() with default input mode.
 It inherits all the functions from istream and ostream classes through iostream.

Q24. Explain following file handling method—

 a. open()
b. close()
c. seekg()
d. seekp()
e. tellg()
f. tellp()
g. put()
h. get()

Ans-

 open()
 This method is used to open a file.
 It takes only one argument nad that is file name
 Syntax

File-stream-class stream-object;
Stream-object.open(“file-name’);

 Eg.
ofstream my;
my.open(“Try”);

 close()
 This method is used to close the file, which is opened for read, write or read and
write operations.
 Eg.
my.close();

 seekg()
 This function is used to move the file pointer forwards with given number of
bytes.
 Syntax

seekg(unsigned int);

 Eg.
ifstream my(“xyz.dat”);
my.seekg(10);
 In above example, seekg() moves input pointer 10 bytes forward.
 Seekg is associated with input pointer or get pointer.
 seekp()
 This function is used to reposition file pointer to a given number of bytes.
 This function is associated with output pointer.
 Syntax

seekp (unsigned int);

 Eg
ofstream my;
my.seekp(10);
 In above example, output pointer will point 10th byte in the file.

 tellg()
 This function is used to return current file pointer position,
 This function is associated with input file strem.
 Eg.
ifstream my;
my.open(“xyz.dat”);
int n;
n=my.tellg();
 In above example, tellg() will return value zero, because initially, input pointer
points to zeroth location.

 tellp()
 This function is used to return current file pointer (output pointer) position.
 It is associated with output file stream.
 Eg.

ofstream my;
my.open(“xyz”,ios::app);
int n=my.tellp();
 In above example file is opened in append mode, hence file pointer points to
end-of-file character. Tellp() returns number of characters present in file xyz.

 put()
 This function is sued to store a single character inti filw, specified by object of
ofstream.
 Syntax
 Ofstream object.put(character variable);

 Eg.
ofstream my;
my.open(“xyz”);
char x=’a’;
my.put(x);
 get()
 This function is used to read a character from a file specified by ifstream object.
 Syntax

ifstream object.get(character variable);

 Eg.
char x;
ifstream my(“xyz”);
while(my.eof()==0)
{
my.get(x);
cout<<x;
}

Q25. What are different file modes?

Ans-
 ios::app  append to end-of-file
 ios::ate  go to end-of-file on opening
 ios::binary  binary file
 ios::in  open a file for reading only
 ios::nocreate  open fails if the file does not exist
 ios::noreplace  open fails if the file already exists
 ios::out  open file for writing only
 ios::trunc  delete contents of file, if it exist.