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Image Processing Basics Guide

The document outlines the fundamentals of image processing, including key steps such as image acquisition, enhancement, restoration, segmentation, and recognition. It discusses components involved in image processing, including sensor systems, hardware, software, and storage devices, as well as human perception factors like brightness and optical illusions. Additionally, it covers image sampling, quantization, zooming, shrinking, and spatial resolution, providing examples and calculations related to image size and transmission time.

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Abhishek Andhere
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9 views14 pages

Image Processing Basics Guide

The document outlines the fundamentals of image processing, including key steps such as image acquisition, enhancement, restoration, segmentation, and recognition. It discusses components involved in image processing, including sensor systems, hardware, software, and storage devices, as well as human perception factors like brightness and optical illusions. Additionally, it covers image sampling, quantization, zooming, shrinking, and spatial resolution, providing examples and calculations related to image size and transmission time.

Uploaded by

Abhishek Andhere
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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L2

Fundamentals of Image processing


Images from a book Digital Image
Processing By R. Gonzales and Google.
steps
• Image acquisition
• Image enhancement
{subjective}
• Image restoration{objective}
• Image segmentation
• Morphological processing
• Image represetation
• Image recognition
• Image compression
Components of
image
processing
• Sensor system
– Sensitive to energy radiated from object
– Digitizer
– Digital video camera: senor gives electrical signal
proportional light intensity and digitizer converts
this signal into digital data
• Image Processing Hardware Arithmetic and
Logic unit
• Computer
– Performs offline tasks
• Software Integrate image processing
algorithms with general purpose commands
• Storage device one image of 1024*1024*8=
1Mbytes
– Short Term : use during processing
– On line : for fast recall during processing
– Archival storage: In frequent access
• Image display and printer
• Networking
Human
perception
• Perceived Brightness
– Visual system undershoots or
overshoots around the
boundary of regions of
different intensities (Mach
bands) : Although intensity of
the stripes is constant, the
brightness pattern Is noticed
at boundaries
– Simultaneous Contrast :
Region’s perception depends
on region intensity and
background
– E.g. Centre region has same
intensity but appears darker
as background becomes
lighter
Human
perception
• Optical illusion
– Eye fills non existing
information
– Wrongly perceives
geometrical properties
of objects
Image
sampling and
quantizati
on
Isopreferenc
e curve
• Curve contain points of constant
subjective quality
• Optimization of image processing
algorithms k
• Vary N and k and then ask observer
to rank as per subjective quality
• Images with detail few gray levels
are needed, hence curve is vertical
for fixed N i. e. perceived quality is
independent of gray level
• Spatial resolution
increased but gray level
are reduced, contrast
increases, human
perceives better quality of
image
Zooming and
shrinking
digital
• Zooming images
– Creation of new pixel
locations
– Gray level assignment to new
pixels
• Nearest neighbor interpolation
or Pixel replication
: Check board effect
• Bilinear Interpolation : Image 128x128, 64x64, 32x32 converted to
Blurrness reduces 1024x1024 using
1.Nearest Neighbor 2. Bilinear Interpolation
• Shrinking
Zooming
Example
• Pixel Replication • Bilinear Interpolation
Image Image

Step 1 Step 1

Step 2
Step 2

Simple but as zooming Image size= (2R-1)x(2C-1)


factor increases blurrness Less Blurry
increases
Shrinking
example
• Down sampling

Image

Step 1

Step 2
Spatial
•
resolution
Physical Resolution:
Number of pixels per unit
area
Image size 3 x 2 inch2,
resolution 500
pixels/ inch, then,
number of pixels in
image= 3000
• Aspect ratio: Ratio of width
to height measured in unit
length or number of pixels
• Low resolution: Large
features
• High resolution : small
objects can be seen
example
• Compute physical size of image 512x 480
when printed by a printer at 240 pixels per
inch
• Calculate transmission time of an image of size
512x512 pixels with 256 gray levels. The image
data is transmitted in packets consisting of
start bit, one byte image data, stop bit and
modem used is having 40K baud rate
solution

• Baud rate of modem =40k bit/sec


Data size 512 x 512 x (8+2)=2621440
Transmission time = 2621440/40000=65.536 sec

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