ASSIGNMENT 05

Student number: 66333741

This model emphasizes that people will occupy an area that is beneficial to them, and is
able to meet their needs. If people who live in a certain area come to a conclusion that
the area they occupy can no longer meet their needs they will migrate to an area that
will meet their desired needs.

An example of a Spatial reward model would be people moving from the rural areas
because of

The individualized reward model

This model is concerned with and individual and his characteristics. People who live in
different geographical locations enjoy different benefits in relation to their characteristics
such as age and gender (rural development, UNISA) People will migrate in order to
areas that go hand in hand with their personal characteristics.

A great example of this model would be when a person who is part of the LGBTQ
community moves aways from rural areas because of the stigmatization he/she
experiences from the society because of their sexuality to an urban area (because
urban areas are modernized, sophisticated and the LGBTQ community is widely
accepted in those areas)

Structural variables determining decision-making units

The decision to migrate is influenced by the people around you. For example, the
person could be a spouse, deciding for educational reasons. The main factor is that
before the decision to migrate can be taken someone has to be consulted (rural
development, UNISA)

Information Sources

Without knowledge about a certain area people will never move there as the place does
not exist to them (people do not know about it) and because of this, being uninformed
there is no incentive to migrate. People migrate because of information.
Filters

This refers to reasons that can motivate or discourage a person to take the migration
decision

2. We now take a closer look at how the spatial reward model has had an impact in
rural-urban migration

The moving of people from one location to another has been a phenomenon that has
been around from the earliest of times. Rural-urban migration, the moving of people
from the rural areas to the urbanized area is a recent transition that can be first traced to
the rise of the industrial revolution in Europe during the 17th and the United States of
America during the 18th century. (rural development, UNISA). people moved away from
the rural areas because of poverty and in search for better economic opportunities and
jobs in the city (rural development, UNISA)

The world has become more industrialized and the effect of globalization has seen the
trend of rural-urban migration take place all around the world. This is because
technological and any other type of development initiatives are first implemented in the
urban areas, rural areas are usually neglected or put last in development initiatives. This
way of operating results in the rural areas not being suitable for the people who live
there. An example is the basic services such as access to electricity, water and
healthcare can drive people to settle elsewhere.

3. Examples from my community

I live in an urban community and have lived here for more than 15 years. The effects of
rural-urban migration are clear. The area I lived in has become over populated as
people from all spheres of the world, especially from the rural areas of south Africa and
other African countries come here in search for job opportunities. When I compare the
area my community the first year I arrived as a school child in 2008 and now 2024 the
number of people living here as increased. And the number of people who are on the
streets on a daily basis without a job or anything to do is high. This was not the case
before, but because of the high unplanned numbers of people that come to the urban
areas the city can no longer cater for everyone who lives in it, which is a problem on its
own.

4. Factors that influence urbanizations

Urbanisation

Urban population growth rate has been on an increase, this is because people that
migrate do not migrate from 1 rural area to another, they tend to migrate to only urban
areas. Urbanisation is the result of all the opportunities that people want being in one
area.

Socio- economic development

It is accepted that it is not poverty that causes people to migrate, but it is economic and
social development (Hofman et al, 2020). It is development that brings needed changes
to society. People can live in rural areas as they have done so in the past times. The
challenge is that they need the new technology and machinery to be able to compete
with the rest of the world and be more efficient.

Income disparities

Migration can also be influenced by wage gaps and earning opportunities from one
place to another especially when we compare developed countries to the
underdeveloped countries (Hofman et al, 2020). Urban economies of developed
countries or cities are able to cater for a larger income earning individuals.

Climate change and environmental migrations

Environmental degradation, natural disasters, and climate change have become

Rural urban migration has had both negative and positives outcomes at the expense of
one anther. The reason being that most of the migration to the city is autonomous, no
planning or provision for all the people who come to the urban areas.

The positive impact of rural urban migration

Urban areas have access to basic services offered by the government, this means the
quality of life of the people that migrate to the city will improve drastically in urban areas.
The city will also benefit from a high number workforce making it more productive.

The negative impact of rural-urban migration

The loss in population of the rural economy can affect the rural labour market in a
negative way as skilled people leave the rural areas with their skills to the city.

The agriculture sector will suffer the most especially in areas where commercial
agriculture is not of a large scale, the residence in urban areas get their food supply
from rural agriculture.
References

Hofmann M, Jolivet A, Huss D and Ambiaux C (2020) International Migration: Drivers,

Rural development, only study guide for dva3706: university of south Africa. Pretoria