ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING SYSTEM

CHRONICLE OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING Advancement in Lighting

1939
Historical Perspective -​ General Electric introduced
- foot-candle is one of the oldest measures fluorescent lighting, a more efficient
of illuminance still in use today alternative to incandescent lamps
- early light sources Mid-20th century
​ - wood, candles, whale oil, coal oil, -​ Development of mercury vapor
coal gas, and kerosene lamps and other gaseous discharge
lighting
1879 Post-World War II
-​ Thomas Edison announced the first -​ Widespread dependence on artificial
commercially viable incandescent lighting in developed nations
lamp
-​ Joseph Swan also developed a Professional Organizations
similar lamp 1.​ Illuminating Engineering Society of
1882 North America (IESNA)
-​ Edison Electric Light Company 2.​ International Association of Lighting
successfully demonstrated the use Designers (IALD)
of artificial lighting 3.​ National Electrical Manufacturers
-​ powering incandescent Association (NEMA)
streetlights and lamps in 4.​ American Lighting Association (ALA)
approximately 30 buildings in
part of London beginning on Standards and Codes
January 12 and later by National Electrical Code (NEC)
illuminating parts of New -​ ensures safety in electrical
York City beginning on equipment manufacturing and insta
September 4 lation
-​ evolving into Consolidated Edison ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1
Company -​ sets energy efficiency standards for
August 26, 1895 commercial and high-rise residential
-​ Niagara Falls Power Company buildings, covering HVAC, lighting,
became the first commercial utility to and energy consumption
produce and transmit hydroelectric
power
-​ witched from flame sources to
electricity for lighting
ELEMENTS OF SEEING -​ concentrates the rays of light on the
Optics retina, a membrane on the back of
-​ branch of physics that relates to the the eye.
properties of light and the function of Cornea
vision -​ Rays of light pass through the
-​ study of the human visual system transparent cornea of the eye
and how it interacts with light -​ transparent film like part that
enables the eye to focus on images
Visual system so they do not look blurred
-​ composed of the eye, optic nerve,
and certain parts of the brain Optic nerve
Eye -​ transmits electrical impulses or
-​ organ that allows a human nerve messages from the eye to the
to sense light and produce brain
electrical impulses Retina
electrical impulses are sent through the -​ receives the light from the lens
optic nerve to the brain. -​ made up of photoreceptors that are
Brain shaped like rods and cones
-​ part of the visual system -​ The rods let the eyes sense light
where the impulses are while the cones help identify color
processed.

Each element is needed to transform light

stimuli into nerve excitations that allow a
human to view an object
COLOR BLINDNESS
-​ distinguishing red from green
The Eye (common)
-​ red–green color-blind see yellows
Pupil and blues normally, but have trouble
-​ through an opening differentiating reds and greens
Iris -​ totally color-blind see only black,
-​ colored part in front of the eye white, and shades of gray
-​ surrounds the pupil and controls the
amount of light that enters the eye
Lens
-​ Behind the iris
-​ transparent ellipsoidal medium that
changes thickness, allowing it to
bend and focus the rays of light
entering the interior of the eye
-​ thickens to focus rays of light from
objects nearby and narrows to focus
light from distant objects
LIGHT COLOR OF LIGHT
Color perception
-​ ability to distinguish and interpret
different wavelengths of visible light.

Additive Colors/RGB
-​ Primary: red, blue, yellow
-​ used to produce any other color by
adding color and white by mixing
them all in one.

Subtractive Color/CMYK
-​ pigment colors namely magenta,
cyan, and yellow
-​ used to produce any other color by
subtracting color and black by
mixing them all in one.

Light Source
CHROMATIC LIGHT SOURCE
-​ evenly distributes all wavelengths of
light as it passes to an object.
MONOCHROMATIC LIGHT SOURCE
-​ only distributes one wavelength of
light as it passes to an object.

METHODS IN RATING COLOR QUALITY

Color Temperature
- shows if colors used in light sources are
warm or cold
Color Rendering Index
- a measurement of how natural colors
render under an artificial white light source
when compared with sunlight.

VISUAL ACUITY
- ability of your eyes to distinguish between
objects that you see when standing at a
specific distance
CHARACTERISTICS OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHT OUTPUT
LIGHTING Luminous flux
-​ measure of the perceived power of
Artificial Lighting light expressed in lumens (lm).
-​ man-made light sources used to
illuminate spaces Lumen (lm)
-​ natural light is insufficient or -​ quantity of light given out through a
unavailable steradian by a source of one
candela of intensity radiating equally
Characteristics of Artificial Lighting in all directions.
(1)​ Lamp -​ most commonly used for
- device that generates light measurement of total output of a
- called a light bulb by the layperson light source
- “lamp”, lighting industry to avoid confusion
- “bulb”, glass portion of a lamp that Steradian (sr)
encloses and protects the working parts of -​ SI unit of solid angular measure,
the light source -​ 4π or about 12.5664 steradians in a
- “lamp”, source of light. complete sphere
​ 2 categories of lamp -​ 7.96% of the area of the sphere
●​ Incandescent Discharge
-​ produce light by heating a filament Candela (cd)
(usually tungsten) until it glows -​ SI unit of luminous intensity
●​ Gaseous Discharge -​ power emitted by a light source in a
-​ passing an electric current through a particular direction
gas, which excites the gas atoms to -​ One candela is one lumen per
emit light steradian.
-​ 2 categories of gaseous -​ differs from the lumen in that it is a
-​ Low-pressure Lamp measure of light flux in a specific
-​ High-intensity Discharge direction.

(2)​ Luminaires
- complete lighting unit

(3)​ Light Fixtures

- luminaire less the lamp(s)
- structural parts of a luminaire including
any lenses, mounting supports, wiring, and
ballasts, but does not include the lamps
- lantern = describe a luminaire
Luminous Efficacy TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHT SOURCES
-​ ratio of the light output of a light
source (a specific lamp) to the Incandescent Lamps
electrical energy consumed -​ Most familiar source of light and are
(including the ballast if applicable) known as light bulb
-​ expressed in units of lumens per -​ Invented by Thomas Edison
watt of electric power (lm/W) and is
thus typically referred to as LPW. TYPES OF BASES
-​ LPW = light output (lm)/power input (1)​ Medium Base
(W) -​ standard Household Lighting
-​ higher the luminous efficacy, the (2)​ Candalebra Base
more light is produced for the same -​ Small decorative Lighting base
amount of energy. (3)​ Mogul Base
-​ High wattage lightning base
Correlated Color Temperature
-​ color of light emitted by a light Tungsten-Halogen Lamps
source correlates to the temperature -​ contain high-pressure halogen
of the emitting source. gases
-​ what color a light looks like based on
its temperature in Kelvin (K) Fluorescent Lamp
-​ how an object changes color when it -​ composed of a tubular glass bulb
gets hotter. that is covered with a thin phosphor
coating on its inside surface
(1)​ Linear Fluorescent Lamp
Warm light: Lower temperatures (below
3500 K) give off colors like red and yellow. (2)​ High output (HO) and Very High
This is like the light from a candle. output (VHO) Fluorescent
(3)​ Compact fluorescent lamps (CFL
Neutral light: Middle range temperatures
(4500 K to 6500 K) give off a mix of yellow, High Intensity Discharge Lamps (HID)
white, and blue, like daylight. -​ It produce a very bright light
-​ Mercury Vapor lamp, Metal Halide
Cool light: Higher temperatures (above lamp, High pressure sodium lamp
5000 K) produce more blue or white light,
like a clear sky at noon Blended Lamps
-​ Combine luminous efficiency of an
Lamp Life HIDwith the good color rendering
-​ how long it lasts on average before capability of an incandescent lamp
half burn out.
-​ 60 W incandescent bulb lasts 1000 Solid State Lightning
hours on average -​ light sources that use
-​ lamps like fluorescent bulbs, light semiconductor materials, such as
dims over time rather than LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) or
completely burning out. OLEDs (Organic LEDs)
FORMS OF ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING -​ adds drama and interest to a space
by drawing attention to architectural
Lighting details, artwork, displays, or other
-​ how light is used to make things focal points
visible.
-​ natural light, like sunlight, and
artificial light, like lamps or light
bulbs

4 basic functions of Architectural Light

(1)​ Ambient Lighting (general lighting) (4)​ Decorative Lighting
-​ provides a uniform level of -​ serves primarily as an aesthetic
illumination throughout a space element, adding a sense of style and
-​ foundation of a good lighting plan, ambiance to a space
softening shadows and creating an -​ provide some illumination, its main
overall sense of brightness purpose is to enhance the visual
appeal and create a desired "feel."

(2)​ Task or Local Lighting Emergency lighting

-​ designed concentrated to provide -​ backup lighting system that activates
illumination for specific visual tasks automatically when the main power
-​ supplements ambient lighting, supply fails.
making it easier to perform activities -​ crucial for safety and allows
that require focused light and visual occupants to safely navigate a
activity building during power outages.

Safety Lighting
-​ critical part of the emergency lighting
system specifically designed to
ensure the safety of people in
potentially hazardous situations
-​ both escape lighting and exit lighting
(3)​ Accent Lighting
(5)​ Escape and Exit Lighting
-​ directional lighting used to
-​ provides illumination along escape
emphasize particular objects or
routes, ensuring that occupants can
areas
safely find their way out of a building
during an emergency
LIGHTING INSTALLATIONS Candle power
-​ Way to measure how bright a light
Different Types of Luminaire and Lighting source in a specific direction
(1)​ Pendent -​ Cd (candela) unit measurement of
- hung with a cord, chain, or tube that luminous intensity
enables it to be suspended from a ceiling
(2)​ High Bay Luminaire Glare
- Ceilings: 20 ft (6 m) or higher - bright light source/ reflection
(3)​ Directional Lighting VCP (Visual comfort probability)
- light that falls where it is needed -​ prevent the design of lighting
(4)​ Spotlight Luminaire installations that produce discomfort
- Emits intense, concentrated light -​ expressed as a percentage (%)
(5)​ Diffused lighting
(6)​ Cornice, Cove and Valance Lighting Types of glares
(7)​ Fluorescent Lighting
- general lighting 1.​ Disability glare
(8)​ Fluorescent Luminaire -​ when visibility is impaired from
- can be lensed excessive brightness
-​ Veil of luminance (extra light scatters
inside your eye)
2.​ Direct glare
LIGHT DISTRIBUTION AND GLARE -​ Light from a direct source enters the
- how light spreads from a source over a eyes
surface or area 3.​ Reflected glare
- primary functions of a luminaire is to throw -​ when light bounces off shiny
light only where it is needed surfaces like a glossy desk,
computer screen, or glass table) and
Luminaire type makes it hard to see clearly
1.​ Direct
- 90-100% of the light is directed downward Glare zone​
for maximum use - above a 45° angle from the fixture’s
2.​ Indirect vertical axis​
- 90-100% of the light is directed to the -direct glare and reflected glare are likely
ceilings and upper walls and is reflected to to happen
all parts of a room
Glare control
3.​ Semi-direct
- 60-90% of the light is directed downward 1.​ Indirect Lighting & Uplights
with the remainder directed upward 2.​ Lenses vs. Louvers
4.​ Semi-Indirect 3.​ Baffles
- 60-90% of the light is directed upward with
the remainder directed downward
5.​ General diffuse or direct-indirect
- Equal portions of the light are directed
upward and downward
ILLUMINANCE AND LUMINANCE Photometer
Luminance -​ Measured illuminance at a
-​ amount of light leaving an object specific location in a room or space
-​ how bright an object appears to the
human eye
Illuminance Categories
Illuminance Categories A to C
-​ amount of light that shines onto a -​ ranges of illuminance from
surface 2-3-5 to 10-15-20 fc
-​ measured in lumens per square (20-30-50 to 100 150-200 lx).
meter (lm/m2) -​ ambient lighting in public and
-​ Units of measurement (foot-candle working spaces, including corridors,
and lux ) lobbies, stairs, and conversation
areas
Categories D to F
-​ 20-30-50 to 100 150-200 fc
(200-300-500 to 1000-1500-2000 lx)
-​ common visual tasks requiring more
difficulty include classrooms, office
and drafting areas, laboratories, and
kitchen areas.
Foot Candle (fc) Categories G to I
-​ Oldest physical unit -​ 200-300-500 to 1000-1500-2000 fc
-​ Fc = one lumen per square foot (2000-3000 5000 to 10000-15
000-20 000 lx)
-​ pro longed, visually demanding
tasks involving sewing, precision
machining, and surgery.

Lux(lx)
-​ unit for illuminance (SI-metric)
-​ 1 lumen of light uniformly
illuminating a one square meter
surface (lm/m^2)
-​ One fc = 10lx
-​ fc=10.764lx
-​ lx= 0.0929 fc
 PRINCIPLE OF LIGHTING DESIGN Energy Efficiency Considerations
-​ considering aspects like the use of
BASIC DESIGN APPROACH daylight, dimmers, occupancy
Assessing the Space and Its Purpose sensors, and energy-efficient bulbs
-​ Understanding the space’s function Safety and Compliance
is the first step in lighting design. -​ meets safety standards, building
-​ Analyzing the tasks that will be codes, and regulations.
performed, the required illuminance -​ emergency lightning, proper
levels, and how the space will be installation, and ensuring
used. accesssibility
-​ an office may require focused Testing and Adjustments
task lighting -​ After installation, the system is
-​ restaurant may benefit from tested to verify its performance.
accent lighting to create a -​ Adjustments may be made to
specific ambiance optimize lighting conditions and
Defining the Lighting Needs improve the overall effect.
-​ deciding the type of lighting required
for the space(ambient, task, accent, COMPUTATION FOR ILLUMINANCE
etc.). FROM A SINGLE-POINT SOURCE
-​ considering factors like brightness,
color temperature, and lighting
distribution
Selecting Fixtures and Technologies
-​ appropriate light fixtures, bulbs, and
technologies (e.g., LED, fluorescent)
that suit the space and fulfill the
lighting requirements.
-​ efficiency and longevity of the
chosen options also play a role
Designing the Lighting Layout
-​ arrangement of light fixtures plays a
critical role in ensuring even
illumination and minimizing shadows
or bright spots.
-​ Fixture Placement:
positioned to distribute light evenly across
the space.
placing lights on the ceiling, walls, or floor,
depending on the desired effect.
-​ Light Distribution:
diffuse lighting or indirect lighting helps to
minimize glare and create a uniform
distribution of light
 MINIMUM LEVELS OF LIGHTING
(ABRIDGED) FROM CANADA’S
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY
REGULATIONS.

where:
𝐸 is Illuminance
𝐼 is luminous intensity
d is distance between the source and the
plane

Example 1
A 500-candela light source (a source that
gives off 500 lm of luminous flux in one
direction) emits a beam of light. Determine
the illuminance (E), in foot-candles, on a
surface held perpendicular to and in line
with the light beam at the following
distances:

Example 2
A 500-candela light source (a source that
gives off 500 lm of luminous flux in one
direction) emits a beam of light to point on a
drafting table. The source is held 2 ft above
the table surface and the drafting surface is
sloped at various angles measured from
horizontal.
AVERAGE ILLUMINANCE LEVELS - ratio of the amount of light (lumens)
Target Illumination illuminating the work plane to the output of
- Different FC different places the lamp(s) in a fixture
- higher FC= brighter - geometry of the space (room cavities),
and the reflectances of the surfaces or
Average Illuminance cavities in the space
- target illumination is actually the average
illuminance at a reference work plane
(plane/desk)

Variables
●​ Area (A)
-​ area of the space to be illuminated.
-​ floor area or the area of the work
plan
●​ Illuminance (E)
-​ desired target illuminance Cavities
-​ target values for illuminance are (1)​ Room Cavity
usually extracted from IESNA -​ The space between the luminaires
standards and the work plane
●​ Lumen Output (LM) (2)​ Floor Cavity
-​ number of lumens initially output by -​ The space between the work plane
each lamp and the floor
●​ Lamp Lumen Depreciation (3)​ Ceiling Cavity
-​ lumen output of a lamp decreases -​ The space between the ceiling and
over its life as the lamp ages. the luminaires (if they are
●​ Luminaire Surface Depreciation suspended)
-​ collection of dirt and dust on the
luminaire. Reflectance
●​ Light Loss Factor (LLF) -​ ratio of reflected light versus the light
-​ product of all considered factors that striking the surface (illuminance).
contribute to a lighting installation’s
reduced light output over a period of
time
-​ dirt accumulation on luminaires and
room surfaces
●​ Number of Lamps in Luminaire (n)
-​ uantity of lamps found in the
specified or existing luminaire
●​ Number of Luminaires (#)
-​ minimum required or the given
number of luminaires in the space.

Coefficient of Utilization (CU)

 A: area space to be illuminated, ft2/ m2
Calculate CU: coefficient of utilization of luminaire
(1)​ Determine cavity ratio (CR) E: illuminance, in foot-candles or lux
-​ number indicating cavity proportions #: number of luminaires (light fixtures)
from length, width, and height n: number of lamps in luminaire
LLF: light loss factor
LM: lamp output, in lumens

first formula =rectangular-shaped rooms.

second formula= odd-shaped rooms
MH: distance between the plane of the
luminaires and reference work plane, in
inches, feet, or meters.
L: length of the space, in feet or meters
W: width of the space, in feet or meters
P: perimeter of space, in feet or meters
A: area of the space to be illuminated, in
square feet or square meters
(2)​ Determine effective cavity
reflectances
Find the values of the following:
-​ Floor Cavity Reflectance
-​ Ceiling Cavity Reflectance
-​ Wall Surface Refelectance

(3)​ Select coefficient of utilization

-​ Refer to Figure 20.16 on pages 739
to 741 to select the appropriate CU
value

(4)​ Compute average illuminance level

LUMINAIRE SPACING Types of luminaire and placement
-​ Effective lighting design plays a (1)​Downlights
crucial role in enhancing both the -​ most common fixture used in
functionality and aesthetic appeal general lighting applications.
of a space -​ installed evenly across the
-​ arrangement and spacing of ceiling.
luminaires (light fixtures) directly -​ spacing between the downlights
impact the quality of the light should ideally be up to 1.5 times
distribution, energy efficiency, the height from the working plane
and the visual comfort of the
space.

Spacing:
- the distance between downlights
should not exceed 1.5 times the height
from the working plane (2)​Spotlights
-​ commonly used for accent or task
lighting.

Distance from walls:

- spaced closer to walls for better light
distribution (3)​Wallwasher
-​ indirect lighting by illuminating the
walls
-​ aesthetic and functional purposes
-​ Distance between the wall
washer and wall should be
calculated to avoid
overlighting/under
SPACING CRITERION REDUCING THE COOLING LOAD

Cooling Load
- amount of heat energy that must be
removed from a space to maintain a
comfortable indoor temperature
- heat the HVAC equipment must remove to
maintain the building interior at inside
design conditions

HIGHER ENERGY INPUT= = MORE HEAT

WASTED
POWER DENSITY AND POWER
ALLOWANCE MORE HEAT PRODUCED = MORE
COOLING LOADED

RECALL ON POWER ALLOWANCES…

-​ stimulate use of more efficient
lighting

FOR EVERY 2-3 KW OF LIGHTING LOAD,

1 KW OF COOLING LOAD IS REQUIRED
EXAMPLE:
LIGHTING LOAD = 2 KW
COOLING LOAD = 1 KW
TOTAL ENERGY LOAD = 3 KW

IF A KW WORTH OF POWER IS
REMOVED
\NEW LIGHTING LOAD= 1 KW
COOLING LOAD = 0.5 KW
TOTAL ENERGY LOAD = 1.5 KW

every 1 kW reduction in lighting often results

in a 1.3 to 1.5 kW decrease in total electrical
energy consumption.
BENEFITS OF ENERGY-EFFICIENT
LIGHTING

LIGHTING DESIGN PRACTICES AND

CONSIDERATION
LIGHTING SYSTEM CONTROLS
- variety of switches and controls are used (5)​ Keyed Switches
to manage operation of lighting installations -​ It limit access to
- switch , electrical device that opens an switches for lights
electrical circuit. and equipment to
authorized personnel.
(1)​ Single-pole, single throw (SPST) (6)​ Door Switches
-​ are a simple on/off switch light from -​ It can activate a
one location lighting circuit when
a door is open or
closed.
(7)​ Time Clocks
-​ can be used to
control the time period
that lighting installation
operates
(2)​ Three-way switches and four-way (8)​ Electronic Timers
switches -​ automatically control
-​ can be circuited to control a lighting operation of a lighting
installation from two or more installation with electronic
locations. components.
(9)​ Photocell controls
-​ Sense light and can be
Used to control night
Lighting in lieu of a time
Clock or timer
(10)​ Occupancy sensors
-​ controls a lighting
installation by sensing
occupants in a space.
(3)​ Automatic switches
-​ deactivates the lighting
circuit after a preset
time period has passed.

DAYLIGHTING PRINCIPLES

(4)​ Dimmer Switch

-​ Used to vary the
luminous flux in
a lighting installation