702 Index

Electrocardiogram (ECG), 143 Endometrium, 662 tissue level, 259

changes, in heart block, 158 End systolic volume (ESV), 138 ventilation, changes occurring, 260
correlation between, 133 Enterohepatic circulation, 362 Exocytosis, 17, 18
hyperkalaemia, 152 Enzymes, in protein digestion, 369 transcytosis/vesicular transport/
hypokalaemia, 152 Eosinophils cytopempsis, 18
myocardial infarction as anti larvicidal, 93 Exopeptidases, 369
changes, 151, 152 granules of, 112 Expired air
physiological basis, 151 Epicardium, 119 composition of, 223, 224
rapid repolarisation membrane Epinephrine, 485 partial pressures of gases, 224
potential, 151 Epitope, 100 External ear, 613
physiological basis of, 146 Erlanger/Gasser classification, 391 Extracellular fluid compartment (ECF)
P wave, 147 Erythropoiesis, 48 interstitial fluid including lymph, 3
Q wave, 147 Castle’s intrinsic factor, 52 ions in, 3
R wave, 147 factors affecting, 50 mesenchymal tissue fluid, 3
ST segment, 147 folic acid, 52 plasma, 3
S wave, 147 hormones, 52 transcellular fluid, 3
T segment, 148 hypoxia, 50 Extrapyramidal tracts, 513
recording, 144 stimulation, 51 representation of, 514
augmented unipolar limb leads, 145 iron supplementation, 51 Eye movements, 609, 610
bipolar leads, 144 mnemonics, 50 eye muscles, 609, 610
cardiac jelly, 146 nutrients, 51 superior colliculus, 609
einthoven’s triangle, 144, 145 proteins, 52
electrocardiograph, 146 pyridoxine, 52
unipolar leads, 145, 146 reduced glutathione, 52 F
chest, 145 red/yellow bone marrow, 49 Fallopian tubes, 651
limb, 145 sites of, 48, 49 Fat absorption
tracing from individual electrodes, 147 stages of, 51 mechanism of, 367, 368
uses of, 144 steps, 50 bile salts, 368
waves vitamin B6, 52 cholesterol ester hydrolase, 367
abnormalities/significance of, 143 vitamin B12, 51 chylomicrons, 367
components, 144 vitamin C, 52 colipase, role of, 367
Electrocardiography, 143 Erythropoietin (EPO), 52 emulsification, 367
Electroencephalogram (EEG), 561 factors affecting, 53 enzymes, role of, 367
applied aspect, 563 release of, 53 fat digestion, 367
diagram representing physiological basis roles in body, 53 gastric lipase, 367
of, 562 source of, 52 micelle formation, 367
factors affecting alpha wave activity, 563 stimulus for, 52 pancreatic lipase, 368
gamma oscillations, 563 erythropoiesis, 52 phospholipase A2, 367
normal, waves of, 562 synthesis, defective, 51 steps, 367
physiological basis of, 561 Estrogen, 667, 669 tests for, 368
14
technique of recording, 561 Eustachian tube, 614 C-glycine-Bile acid test, 368
14
waves of, 561, 564 Event related potential (ERP), 696 C-triolein test, 368
alpha, 561 Excitation contraction coupling, in skeletal faecal fat estimation, 368
131
Electromagnetic flowmeter, 191 muscle, 419 I-triolein test, 368
Electromyography (EMG) relaxation, of skeletal muscle, 419 Feedback regulation, in body, 6
abnormal spontaneous activity, 432 Exercise induced hyperpnea, 232 negative, 6
electromyogram, 430 Exercise physiology blood pressure (BP) regulation, 6
important values, 432 ACTH/cortisol, 259 carbon dioxide concentration, 6
motor unit, 431 ADH increases, 259 metabolic rate, 6
characteristics of, 431 adjustments, 257 osmolality, maintenance of, 6
potential, 431 coronary circulation, 257 thyroid hormones, release of, 6
needle, 432 cutaneous blood flow, 257 positive/vicious cycle, 6
spontaneous activity, 432 shunting of blood, 257 blood clotting, 6
tracings human biceps and triceps skeletal muscle, 257 blood loss, 6
muscles, 431 aldosterone, 259 child birth, 6
types of, 432 blood pressure changes, 257 nerve impulse, generation of, 7
Electro-oculogram (EOG), 631 diastolic, 257 Female breasts
Electroretinogram (ERG), 631 isometric, 257 cyclical changes occurring in, 656
waves of, 631 moderate exercise, 257 role of FSH and LH, 657
Emotions systolic, 257 Female reproductive system, 651
Arnold theory of, 576 blood volume, 258 Ferguson reflex, 668
components, on hearing loud sound, catecholamines, 259 Fern test, 659
576 endorphins, 259 Ferric reductase (FR), 370
neural mechanisms of genesis of, 576 glucagon, 259 Fertilin, 661
physiology of, 576 grading of, 257, 258 Fertilisation, 661
representation of limbic system, 576 mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), 258 in mammals, sequence of events, 661
association functions of, 577 pulse pressure (PP), 258 Fetoplacental unit, 664
bilateral lesions in areas of, 577 reasons, 258 Fever, 688
End diastolic volume (EDV), 137 respiratory changes, 258 beneficial effects, 688
Endocardium, 119 in heavy exercise, 259 causes of, 688
Endocrine system, 433 oxygen uptake, increased, 258 clinical features, 688
Endocytosis, 17, 18 respiration, increased rate/depth effects of, 689
forms of, 18 of, 258 pathogenesis of, 688
triskeleton (trilegged) clathrin in severe exercise, 259 treatment, 689
molecule, 18 ventilation, 258 Fibrinolytic system, 81

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 Index 703

Field of vision, 609 Gastric juice secretion factors affecting, 283, 286
charting of central, 610 cephalic phase, 351 afferent and efferent arteriolar
extent of normal, 609 chemical regulation, 350 diameter, 284
Finasteride (5-α reductase inhibitor), 648 extrinsic nerves, 351 filtration surface area, 283
Foetal circulation, 192, 692, 693 gastric phase of, 352 glomerular capillaries, permeability
Foetal Hb, 693 Heidenhain’s pouch, 352 of, 283
Foetal heart, 692 myentric plexus, 351 starling forces, at renal level, 283
Foetal lung, 271 nervous regulation, 350 filtration coefficient (Kf), 285
double Bohr effect, 271 neural regulation, 350 inulin clearance test, 286
foetal part, 271 Pavlov pouch, 352 measurement of, 286
maternal part, 271 phases of, 350 reduced in, 286
Folic acid deficiency anaemia cephalic phase, 350 regulation of, 285
features, 67 gastric phase, 350 renal blood flow, 285
treatment, 67 intestinal phase, 350 renal parenchymal inflammation, 285
vitamin B12, 66 regulation, experimental evidence renal plasma clearance, 286
Food intake, theories of, 555 of, 351 renal plasma flow, 283
glucostat theory, 555 sham feeding, 351 starling forces, 285
gut peptide theory, 556 regulation of, 350 at renal level, 285
lipostatic theory, 555 Sham feeding experiment, in dog, 352 urea clearance test, 287
thermostatic theory, 556 somatostatin, role of, 350 Glomus cell, 232
Foramen ovale, 691 Gastric motility, 352 Glucagon, 481
Forced vital capacity (FVC), 213 basic electrical rhythm (BER), 352 factors affecting glucagon release, 481
Forebrain, 595 factors affecting peristalsis, 353 mechanism of action, 481
Forward blood typing, 72 phase of, 352 acts on G-protein coupled
Fowler’s method, 223 rate of site, 352 receptors, 481
Free radicals, 39 chyme, 354 synthesis, 481
anti-oxidants, 40 with meals, 354 Glucocorticoids, 465
Fenton reaction, 39, 40 migrating motor complexes (MMC), 353 actions of, 466
generation of, 39, 40 factors affecting, 353 anabolic action, 468
respiratory burst reaction, 40 pacemaker cells, 352 anti-allergic effect, 467
Frohlich syndrome, 677 Gastrin, 336 anti-immunity effect, 467
Functional residual capacity (FRC), 211 secretion, factors affecting, 339 as anti-inflammatory, 467
helium dilution method, 212 Gastroileal reflex, 377 metabolic effects, 467
importance of, 211 Gastrointestinal smooth muscle musculoskeletal system, 468
increased, 216 ACh (excitatory)/epinephrine neurological effect, 468
measurement of, 211 (inhibitory) on electrical permissive effect, 468
nitrogen wash out method, 211 activity, 353 protein metabolism, 467
Gastrointestinal tract (GIT), 329 role in foetus, 468
absorption of water and electrolytes, 330 stress management, 468
G changes, 692 Glucose, 485
Galactose index (GI), 364 important values of, 387 renal handling of, 291
Galactose tolerance test, 364 motility of, 386 early PCT, 291
Gamma amino butyric acid, 504 Gastro oesophageal reflex disease early proximal tubule, 292
mechanism of action, 504 (GERD), 337 late PCT, 291
mediated Cl- channel, 505 causes, 337 titration curve, 292
receptors, 504 clinical features, 338 plasma glucose concentration/glucose
Ganglion cells, 605, 606 complications, 338 reabsorbed, 293
projections of, 607 pathophysiology, 337 renal handling, late proximal
Gap junctions, 121 treatment, 338 tubule, 292
Gaseous exchange, organs of, 199 Gene amplification, 35 splay, 292
Gas transport, 241 Gene expression, 35 TmG, 292
Gastric emptying, 354 Gene mutations, 33 Glucose transporters, 481
factors affecting, 354 Gene targeting/replacement strategy, 36 facilitated diffusion, 481
significance of, 354 Gene therapy, 35 Glucosidase inhibitor, 480
Gastric function tests Genetic information, central dogma Glutamate, 503
augmented histamine test, 355 of, 35 antagonists of, 504
barium meal, 355 George H. Whipple. See Whipple’s degradation of, 503
endoscopy, 355 experiment fate of, 503
histamine test, 355 Gibb’s Donnan equilibrium, equilibrium location of, 503
insulin test, 355 potential, 396 receptors, 503
meal test, 354 Gigantism, 445 synthesis of, 503
pentagastrin test, 354 cause, 445 Glycine, 505
Gastric gland, 347 diagnosis, 445 Goblet cells, 374
gastric juice, 347 Gilbert syndrome, 385 Goitre, 452
composition of, 347 Glaucoma, 596 Goldblatt hypertension, 195
functions of, 347 Glial cells, 404 Gower’s sign, 419
pepsinogen, 348 microglia cells, 404 GPCR mutation, 25
protein digestion, 347 cytotoxicity, 404 G-proteins, 22
HCl secretion, mechanism of, 349 scavenging/phagocytosis, 404 heterotrimeric, 23
intrinsic factor, 349 types, 404 mutation, 25
mucusc, 349 Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), 280, 283 small, 23
secretory cells, gastric gland afferent arteriole, 283 types of, 23
structure, 348 colloidal osmotic pressure, 284, 285 Granule cells, 628
Gastric juice regulation, chemical creatinine clearance test, 286 Granulopoiesis, 96
regulation of, 351 efferent arteriole, 283 Graves’ disease (thyrotoxicosis), 451

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704 Index

Growth hormone (GH), 440, 640 functions of, 55 systolic/diastolic failure, 178
actions of, 441 acts as buffer, 56 treatment, 178
factors affecting GH secretion, 441 carbon dioxide transport from tissues types of, 176
growth curves, 441, 442 towards lungs, 56 Heart, innervation of, 122
growth periods, 441 oxygen transport from lungs to parasympathetic supply, 122
IGF-I and IGF-II, difference tissues, 55 sympathetic supply, 122
between, 443 genetic defects, 57 Heart rate, 140, 691
inhibiting hormone, 340 sickled RBC, causing vessel blockage, 57 Heart sounds, 132, 133
regulation of, 441 structure of, 54 representation of, 133
Guanylate cyclase, signal transduction globin, 54 Heat loss mechanisms, 687
pathway, 24 haeme, 54 Heat producing mechanisms, 686
Gut associated lymphoid tissue synthesis of, 54, 55 Heat shock proteins (HSPs), 36
(GALT), 333 types of, 56 Heavy meromyosin (HMM), 415
Gut brain axis, 343, 346 values of, 54 Hemiballismus, 552
Gut, histology of, 331 variants of, 56 Hemodynamics
mucosa, 331 Haemoglobinopathies, 57 blood flow, measurement of, 181
muscularis propria, 331 bilirubin metabolism, 59 blood vessels, 181
serosa, 331 diagnosis, 58 microcirculation, 182
submucosa, 331 jaundice, 59 transcription factors
Gut, immunology of bilirubin metabolism, 59 genes affected by shear stress, 183
goblet cells, 333 clinical features, 60 Hemolytic anaemias, 67
gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), complications, 60 glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
333 management, 60 (G-6-PD) deficiency anaemia, 67
HCl, 333 patient of, 59 blood picture, 67
intact gastric mucosa, 333 types of, 60 hereditary spherocytosis, 67
liver, 333 sickle cell anaemia, 57 pathogenesis, 67
Microfold cells (M cells), 333 clinical features, 57 treatment, 67
saliva, 333 forms, 57 Hemosiderosis, 371
villi, 333 pathophysiology, 57 Henderson Hasselbalch equation
Gut, innervation of, 332 thalassemia, 58 defined, 319
blood vessels blood picture of, 57 dissociation constant, 319
dual innervation of, 333 α-thalassemia/β-thalassemia, 58 extracellular fluid (ECF), 319
receive dual innervation, 333 treatment, 58 kidneys regulate HCO3-, 319
extrinsic, 331 Haemophilia, 85, 87 pCO2, 319
intrinsic innervation, 332 clinical features, 85 Hepatolenticular degeneration, 552
intrinsic nervous system, plexus present, diagnosis, 85 Hereditary spherocytosis, 67
332 treatment, 85 Hermaphroditism, structural anomalies, 31
Meissner’s plexus, 332 types, 85 High altitude physiology, 251
Myentric plexus, 332 Haemopoiesis, 48 acclimatisation, 251
parasympathetic, 331, 332 Haemostasis, 79 acute mountain sickness, 252
Gut peptides, 339, 341 aspirin as anti-platelet, 79 cardiovascular changes, 251
cholecystokinin-pancreozymin clotting factors, 80 changes, 251
(CCK), 339 cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme, 79 effects of, 252
actions of, 339 process of, 79 haematological changes, 251
gastrin, 339 steps in, 79 Monge’s disease, 252
actions of, 339 Hair cells and macula neural changes, 252
ghrelin, 340 in utricle and saccule, 616 pathophysiology, 252
integrated action Haldane effect, 246 pulmonary changes, 251
food, intestinal digestion, 341 Hamberger phenomenon, 245 High decerebrate animal, 539
leptin, 340, 341 Hartnup disease, 370 Hind brain, 595
motilin, 340 HCl secretion Hippocampus, 577
secretin, 340 factors affecting, 349, 350 connections along with applied
release, stimuli for, 340 mechanism of, 349 aspect, 570
somatostatin, 340 NHE, acts as housekeeping transporter, functions and lesions of, 578
Gynecomastia, 669 349 role of, 570
Hearing aids, 632 HIS bundle, 124
types of, 632 HIS Bundle electrogram (HBE), 154
H Hearing tests, 620 components, 154
Habituation, 573 audiometry, 621 uses of, 155
Haematocrit. See Packed cell volume (PCV) finger friction test, 620 Histamine, 506
Haematological changes, 691 tuning fork tests, 620 Histones, 29
Haematopoiesis. See Haemopoiesis watch test, 620 Hodgkin theory, 398
Haemianopia, 604 Heart, conducting system of, 124 Homeostasis, 5
heteronymous, 604 Heart failure cardiovascular system, 5
homonymous, 604 acute/chronic, 176 endocrine system, 5
Haemodialysis, 307 clinical features, 178 gastrointestinal system, 5
dialyzing fluid, 307 compensatory/decompensatory, 178 pH, 5
indications, 307 compensatory mechanisms, 178 pulmonary system, 5
peritoneal dialysis, 307, 308 forward failure/backward failure, 176 renal system, 5
advantages, 308 high/low output failure, 177 reproductive system, 5
dwell time, 307 left-sided, pathophysiological events, 177 skin/intestine/lungs/renal system,
limitations, 308 pathophysiology of, 176 integration of, 5
Haemoglobin, 54, 325 refractory shock, factors leading, 176 temperature, 5
derivatives of, 56 right-sided, pathophysiological vascular system, 5
fate of, 55 events, 177 Hormonal changes during puberty, 639

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 Index 705

Hormonal secretion, 435 Hypocalcaemia Inflammation

chronotropic regulation, 436 clinical implications, 154 cardinal signs, 113
feedback regulation, 435 ECG changes, 152 defined, 113
nervous regulation, 436 mechanism of action, 153 types of, 113
Hormones Hypokalaemia, ECG, 152, 153 acute inflammation, 113
affecting growth, 442 Hypopituitarism, 494 chronic inflammation, 114
classification of, 436, 437 Hypoproteinemia, 90 repair of tissues, 113
in human growth at different ages, 443 Hypothalamic eunuchoidism, 677 Inhibin, 653
hypophysiotropic, 437 Hypothalamo-hypophyseal gonadal axis, 652 Innate immunity, 102
mechanism of action of, 436 Hypothalamus, 555, 577, 640, 657 natural (inborn) immunity, 102
Horner syndrome, 588 connections of, 555 Inner ear, 614
Human body temperature, 685 afferent, 556 Insomnia, 567
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), functions of, 555, 557 Insulin, 473
657, 665 in maintaining water balance, 557 actions of, 474
Human ear, 613 nuclei of, 555, 556 advantages, 473
Human eye, anatomy of, 595 response to stimulation, 577 effects of insulin
anterior cavity, 596 role in deficiency, 477
aqueous humour, 596 maintaining water balance, 557 excess, 476
choroid, 595 sex regulation, 556 forms of, 481
cornea, 595 Hypothalamus-pituitary axis (HPA), 440 regulation of secretion, 476
crystalline lens, 596 Hypothermia, 677 Insulin deficiency, consequences of, 480
flow of aqueous humour, 596 Hypothyroidism, 451 Insulin-glucagon molar ratio, 482
vitreous humour, 596 causes of, 451 Intercellular connections, 20
iris, 596 Hypoxia, 253 desmosomes, 21
retina, 595 anaemia, 255 focal adhesion, 21
sclera, 595 central/peripheral cyanosis, features gap junctions, 21
Human heart, 117 of, 254 hemidesmosmes, 21
Human testes, 643 classification, 254 zonula adherens, 20
blood supply, 643 hypoxic, 255 zonula occludens/tight junction, 20
Humoral immunity, 110 oxygen therapy, 254 Internal ear (labyrinth), 614
Huntington disease, 552 hyperbaric, 255 Intestinal juice, 374
Huxley theory, 398 side effects, 255 Intestinal villus, structure of, 374
Hyaline membrane disease (HMD), 216 oxygen toxicity, 255 Intestine. See Large intestine; See also Small
Hydrocephalus, 580 signs of, 253–254 intestine
causes of, 580 cyanosis, 253 Intracellular fluid compartment (ICF), 3
16-Hydroxy dehydroepiandrosterone nail clubbing, 254 ions concentration, 396
sulphate, 664 stagnant, 255 ions in, 3
3β Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 664 types of, 253, 254 Intrafusal fibres, 534
Hyperaldosteronism, 471 Inverse stretch reflex, 533, 536
causes, 471 Iodine, metabolism of, 448
clinical features, 471 I Ionic composition in endolymph and
primary, 471 Idioventricular rhythm, 124 perilymph, 615
secondary, 471 Immune response Iron absorption, 370
treatment, 471 primary and secondary, 106 factors affecting, 371
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy, side effects types of, 106 mechanism of, 370, 371
of, 255 active immunity, 106 mucosal block theory, 371
Hyperglycaemic effect, 485 artificial, 107 percentage of, 371
Hyperkalaemia, ECG, 152, 153 natural, 106 Iron deficiency anaemia
Hypermetropia, 597 passive immunity, 107 blood picture, 65
and corrected, 598 artificial, 107 causes of, 64
symptoms, 598 natural, 107 clinical features, 63, 64
treatment, 598 Immune tolerance, 108 diagnosis, 64
Hyperparathyroidism, 462 mechanism of, 108 etiology, 63
Hyperpolarising bipolar cells, 605 clonal anergy, 108 investigwations, 65
Hyperproteinemia, 90 clonal deletion, 108 signs and symptoms, 64
Hypersensitivity suppression, 108 treatment, 64
anaphylaxis, 112 reason, 108 response to, 65
mediators of, 113 antibody response, 108 Islets of Langerhans, 473, 474
immediate and delayed, 112 fas ligand, 108 Isoantigens, 100
Hypertension, 195 IgG antibody, 108 Isoelectric segment, 143
essential, 195 placenta acts as barrier, 108 Isohydric principle, 324
genetic mutations, 196 T-lymphocyte, of foetus, 108 Isometric contraction, 420
apparent mineralocorticoid excess Immunity, 100 Isotonic contraction, 420, 421
(AME), 196 acquired, 103
glucocorticoid-remediable adaptive, 103
aldosteronism (GRA), 196 humoral, 103 J
Liddle syndrome, 196 outline of, 102 JAK-STAT pathway, 26
secondary, 196 role of, 104 JAT-STAT pathway, 27
cardiovascular causes, 196 Immunoglobulins, 104. See also Antibodies Jaundice, 59
pheochromocytoma, 196 functions/role of, 105 bilirubin metabolism, 59
preeclampsia, 196 heavy and light chains of, 104 clinical features, 60
renal causes, 196 Immunomodulation, 109 complications, 60
Hyperthyroidism, 451 Immunosuppressive drugs, side effects of, 110 management, 60
causes of, 451 Impedance matching, 619 patient of, 59
Hyperventilation, voluntary, 266 Implantation, 662 types of, 60

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706 Index

Jendrassik manoeuvre, 536 clinical features, 381 types of, 571

Jugular venous pressure (JVP), 132 colon/rectum, 381 via Schaffer collateral, 571
complete heart block, 132 diagnosis, 381 Lower motor neurons (LMN), 515
dicrotic wave, 133 pathophysiology, 380 lesion, 515
tricuspid insufficiency, 132 treatment, 381 Lundh test, 366
Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA), 278 Lateral brainstem pathway (rubrospinal Lung, compliance, 216
cortical vs. juxtamedullary nephrons, 278 tract), 514 depends on, 216
functions of, 279 Law of laplace, 185 factors affecting, 219
blood volume, regulation of, 279 physiological significance, 185 airway resistance depends on, 219
BP, regulation of, 279 cardiovascular system, 185 elastance, 219
glomerular blood flow, 279 pregnant uterus, 186 work done, 219
glomerular basement membrane, 278 pulmonary system, 185 work of breathing, 219
Juxtaglomerular (JG) cells, 278 renal system, 185 increased compliance, 218
lacis cells, 279 vascular system, 185 pressure volume curve, 217, 218, 219
Macula densa cells, 279 Layers of eyeball, 599 procedure, 216
Learning, 569 reduced compliance, 218
associative, 572 respiratory system, pressure-volume
K nonassociative, 572 curve, 217
Kallmann syndrome, 494 Pavlov experiment, 572 shift of curve, 217
Kangaroo care, 677 Leptin, 640 total respiratory, 216
Kangaroo mother care (KMC), 677 Lesions, 604 work of breathing, 220
Kaolin cephalin clotting time, 84 effect of, 604 Lung, diffusion capacity, 272
Kapalbhati (breath of fire), 695 Leucocytosis, 97 Lung diseases, restrictive
Karotype, 33 Leucopenia, 97 vs. obstructive, 214
Barr body, 33 Leucopoiesis, 95 Lungs, non respiratory functions of, 203
sex determining region of Y feedback mechanism, 95 alveolar epithelium/interstitium/
chromosome (SRY), 33 stages in, 95 capillaries, relationship, 203
Kidney Leukaemia, 96 blood reservoir, 203
mechanism. See Medullary interstitium, types of, 96 filtration, 203
hyperosmolality of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), 96 innate immunity of, 203
nonexcretory functions of, 276 chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), 96 air, warming/humidification of, 205
uric acid, 307 Leukaemoid reaction, 97 club cells, 204
Klinefelter syndrome, 31, 32 leucostasis, 97 endocrine functions, 204
Kluver Bucy syndrome, 577 Leydig cells, 646 Goblet cells, 203
Knee jerk reflex, 536 LGL syndrome, 159 lung collapse, prevention of, 205
Korsakoff’s sign, 560 Lieberkuhn, crypts of, 374 mucociliary escalator system, 204
K+, renal transport of, 290, 291 Lipolysis, 485, 665 olfaction, 204
collecting duct, 291 Listing’s reduced eye, 597 phonation, 204
early DCT, 291 Liver pulmonary alveolar macrophages
late DCT, 291 dual blood supply (PAMs), 204
loop of Henle, 291 hepatic acinus, 360 recovery from injury, 204
in PCT, 290 hepatic artery, 359 water vapourisation, 204
in principal cell, 290 hepatic cord, structure of, 360 metabolic functions, 203, 204
urinary K+ excretion porto-hepatic system, 359 structure of, 203
factors affecting, 291 functional unit of, 359 Lung volumes
Kussmaul breathing, 267 acinus, 359 capacities, 210
air hunger, 267 portal lobule, 359 dynamic. See Dynamic lung volume
biochemical parameters, 267 portal triad, 359 static. See Static lung volumes
clinical significance, 267 functions of tabular representation, 212
detoxifying function, 361 Luteoplacental shift, 664
exocrine function, 361 Lymphatic system, 99
L immunologic function, 361 central lymphoid organs, 99
Lactational amenorrhoea, 668 metabolic function, 361 peripheral lymphoid organs, 99
cause of, 669 reservoir function, 361 role of, 100
Lambert Eaton syndrome, 408 storage function, 361 Lymph node, structural representation
Laminar blood flow, concept of, 182 synthetic function, 361 of, 99
Landsteiner law, 69, 72 vitamin D, hydroxylation of, 361 Lymphopoiesis, 96
Laproscopic occlusion of fallopian regeneration capacity, 361
tubes, 673 Liver function tests, 363
Large intestine, 379 cellular functions, assessment of, 364 M
colon, histology of, 379 cytological, bacteriological and Macroglia cells
mucosa, 379 histopathological functions, astrocytes, 405
muscle coat, 379 assessment of, 364 oligodendrocytes, 405
serosa, 379 excretory/detoxifying functions, Schwann cells, 405
submucosa, 379 assessment of, 363 Macroglia, nervous system, 405
colon, motility of, 379 bromosulphthalein test (BSP) Macula, 616
haustral contractions, 379 excretion test, 363 of utricle, 616
mass movements, 379 hippuric acid excretion test, 363 Macular sparing, 605
peristaltic contractions, 379 metabolic functions, assessment of, 363 Malabsorption syndrome, 371, 372
colono-colonic reflex, 380 secretory functions, assessment of, 363 D-xylose test, 372
colon, structure of, 380 synthetic functions, assessment of, 363 faecal fat estimation, 372
gastrocolic reflex, 380 vagovagal reflex, 363 faecal nitrogen test, 372
gastrointestinal motility pattern, 381 Long QT syndrome (LQTS), 154 hydrogen breath method, 372
GI motility pattern, 380 Long-term potentiation (LTP), 571 lactose tolerance method, 372
Hirschsprung disease/congenital NMDA independent, 571 pathophysiology, 371
megacolon, 380 NMDA receptors, 571 schilling test, 372

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