IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT)

e-ISSN: 2319-2402,p- ISSN: 2319-2399.Volume 17, Issue 11 Ser. 2 (November 2023), PP 04-08
www.iosrjournals.org

Kolkata The City On The Cradle

Dr. Sujib Kar

M.Sc (Geo) M.Sc (Ecology & Environment) PGDM in Environment Management &ISO 14000/14001, Ph.D. Sc.
(Cal)
And
Ishita Karmakar, M.Sc, Ishani Karmakar, M.Sc, Arpita Sarkar, M.A. Ipsita Chanda,
M.Sc. student, Monidipa Khatua, M.Sc. student, Anulekha Mondal, M.Sc.student, Papri
Sarkar, M.Sc. student.

Date of Submission: 13-11-2023 Date of Acceptance: 23-11-2023

I. INTRODUCTION :
Delta development is a typical process which has been activated by the ocean river
interaction, on the Bengal fan. Since near about last 5000 years but the historical growth
and origin of the delta nearer to Kolkata has occur within the last 2000 years. That is
why the surface of the area is younger in nature. As a result huge structural growth and
landscape building processes over this soft soil is not well managed. The various developmental activities
undertaken in this urban environment is also hampering the nature and characteristics of urban
landscape and at the same time it is also hampering the sustainability of the area. Different
type of urban activities and anthropogenic activities performed over this area is also hampering urban
environment aspects since long time.
The main aim of the study was to find out the ways to get Kolkata hazard free
and to recover the sustainability of the area from a long span of time. So that we may get
Kolkata a fantastic balanced and hazard free urban area.

II. OBJECTIVE:
The main objective of the study is
I. To study the present geomorphological condition for understanding urbanslumping.
II. To study the ground water fluctuation and its impact on urban slumping.
III. To prepare better direction plans for maintaining sustainability of the area.
III. METHODOLOGY
Kolkata the typical urban area has grown since last 300 years. But at present the
growth rate of the city has increased to a greater extent after the shifting of administrative setup of
India from Kolkata the city is facing so many problems.
Morphodynamics of the city is changing rapidly to analyse these problems I have adopted
three fold methodology, these are

Pre-field Methodology:
Before going to the field trip I have collected various informations regarding the problems of
the city Kolkata and at the same time I had also collected various data and information regarding the
changing nature of the city. various other organization for the collection of data and information regarding the
morphodynamics of Kolkata.
I visited
1. NATMO
2. NBSS ( National Bureau of Soil Survey)
3. Central Ground Water Board
4. Geological Survey of India and various other organization for the collection of data and
information regarding the morphodynamics of Kolkata.

Field Methodology :
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LOCATION MAP
 Kolkata The City On The Cradle

After collection of various information regarding the morphodynamic changes. I have arranged
field trip and I have visited three places mainly in the pre-monsoon Period, monsoon period
and post monsoon period. And have tried to get a relationship of the various aspects which are
related to the morphodynamic changes of the city.

Post-Field Methodology:
After returning back from the field I have tried to get a co-relationship between various aspects of pre-
field information along with the field experience and have generated a hypothesis and tested hypothesis to
resolve various plans and development proposals for Kolkata.

IV. GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING

1. Physiography: The gentle rolling plain topography of Kolkata as basically formed over a
typical saucer shaped underline alluvial terrain which has owes its origin from the
Pleistocene alluviation over the typical Eocene hinge as a result the surface is not
uniformed a variegated rolling plain – topography is mostly prominent is its various
parts. Kolkata is the typical town which has been developed over this deltaic terrain.
The upper most crustal points are very young and are gently sloping towards Bay of
Bengal. As the river borne alluvial has expanded over the Bengal fan that is why the
stratigraphy is also inclined towards Bay of Bengal. It is not only hampering urban eco
– system but also increasing the rate of mass system towards river Ganga and Bay of
Bengal if we follow the surface flow within the urban area then it is prominent that
some parts will experience water logged situation. But within the urban area with the
continuousgrowth of settlements water logging problems has been vetted and at the same time
discharge has increased and recharge of ground water has ceased fall in the pizometric level but
as the area is located in the lower Deltaic plain that is why
recentalluvialand quaternary alluvial have caused excessively fertile plain.
2. Geological Setting: Ganges Delta basically emerged its shape and configuration on Bengal Fan.
The Bengal Fan geo-tectonically is changing its nature and characteristics since Eocene
period at phase of geological era a typical hinge has evolved through the East coast of
India starting from South- West India ridge and has extended up-to the Dauki fault at
the NE India prior to the development of such typical fault line at the end of
Dharwar basin margin fault and Dauki fault has developed. Dauki fault was basically
tectonically active shear at the north east India which has gave birth to the dissected flow
of Indo-Bram or Shiwalik river system. Simultaneously another drainage divide has occured
which is known as Potwar plateau prior to the origin of Himalayas . After the origin
of Himalaya the newly originated streams named as Alaknanda, Mandakini, Bhagirathi etc, had
joined with the dissected middle part of the ancient stream and has diverted the
streams towards Bengal Fan. The river has met its debouching point just after Rajmahal Hills.
At the period of Miocene and Cuddappa the surface of Bengal Fan has repeatedly captured and
has developed various other fault like Padma, Pabna, Ghantal fault and various other
faulted surface. The phase of Pliocene has just modified the bottom relief of Bengal Fan
and has created a surface with low bathymetry which indicate the faster rate of sedimentation
over this arcuate fan. Depending on this symatic structure as parent rock
successive textural groups of formation has occured over Bengal Fanas the lithified
layers due to the continuous processes of propagating deltaic environment.
If we considered the geological cross section of the area then the sequence will be as
follows:
(i) The upper most layer much more soft with fine grained sediments and a balanced textural
composition with more or less granular round shape particles. Its water bearing capacity is
maximum because of its textural uniqueness and various fine stratified layers arranged
successively in this area. The depth of the strata is near about 40-50 mts, with extreme
porosity and permeability. That’s why these layers normally indicate aquifers of various
depth with respect to the topographic variation in this area.
(ii) A typical layer of extremely frazil grains, boulders, pebbles, cobbles andpottery materials which
has deposited prior to the formation of Kalighat formation. The extension of the bed is
near about 1600 mts. This layer has no aquifers because the variegated nature of composition
doesn’t permit the water to hold in this layer. In this layer not various activities
performed over the surface. Not only that this layer create passages for the biotic elements

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 Kolkata The City On The Cradle

to penetrate towards the subsurface condition.

(iii) After these frazil layers to separate beds observed in the sub surface condition. The

extension of this two layers are 150-200 mts. These layersnormally indicate the occurrence of
biotic elements which has passed through the porosity and permeability of the upper rock
strata. These two layers are much more stable and are able to carry huge amount of
ground water. But at these layers are present at a depth of more than 1800 mts. That’s
why this water is not easy to pump out for the uses of common people.
(iv) After these two layers a typical layers of calcium carbonate prevailed in this area.
Through this layer extends upto 4 km. That’s why it indicate its depth is near about
2 km. This layer is very much sensitive layer and below this karst layer some fossils are

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 Kolkata The City On The Cradle

present. This layer is extremely hard but chemically sensitive and below this layer the vast
simatic platform of Bengal Fan extends.

3. Geomorphology and its zonation: Deltas are complex eco geomorphic systems where features
such as channels and inter channel islands are present over a wide range of spatial scales. A
quantitative description of the morphology of deltas is fundamental to address how they react to
changes in climate forcing and human pressure. In particular, it is interesting to ask how the
distributary patterns we observe in coastal areas around the world result from processes and
external forcing acting on deltas, and how such patterns might be related to deltaic function,
vulnerability, and nearest – edge distance show and resilience. Using the example of the Ganges –
Bramhaputra – Jamuna Delta, we show that the statistics of island size, shape, factor aspect ratio and
nearest – edge distance show distinct spatial patterns.
Delta distributary network span a wide range of spatial data and temporal scales: channel widths,
for example, range in scale from hundreds to thousands of meters in the main network, down to a few
meters for drainage distributors within islands channel migration and avulsions occur on periods up to
thousands of years, while the reworking of channel bed and banks due to flood events can occur
within a single year.
Deltas are threatened by several factors, including anthropogenic disturbance ( e.g upstream
sediment trapping due to dam construction , sediment mining, navigation structures , accelerated subsidence
due to oil or water extraction ), natural subsidence, and eustatic sea level rise. The response of a deltaic
system to these forcing can be dramatic and result in loss of human lives, economic resources and
environmental services.
Looking at delta distributary patterns it is natural to ask how the system’s morphological organisation
is the result of the processes acting on the delta and how the distributary patterns might be related to
deltaic function, vulnerability and resilience.
Among the early quantitative studies of delta networks was that of Smart and Moruzzi (1972),
who focused on topology and proposed representing the deltaic networks as a directed graph and
analyzing various functions of vertex and link number. Among recent efforts, Syvitski (2005) and
Saito (2007) illustrated empirically the scaling of the number of distributary channels with respect to
river length and delta gradient.
The recent availability of satellite imagery over much of the Earth has greatly improved the
quantitative analysis of geomorphic features. Examples of features mapped from satellite imagery include
number and size of distributary channels, container valleys, flood plain depressions, oxbow lakes.
Here our goals are to identify key metrics and attributes of the network, analyze their statistical
behavior, and explore their potential linkages to processes acting on the delta. In particular we are interested
in understanding whether the spatial structure of the deltaic networks carries any signature of the processes
responsible for delta formation and evolution.

4. Structural Facilities with Respect to the Processes of Denudation: If we considered the provided
climatic data then it will be observed that change in the average condition is very
negligible. But if we consider the climatic condition of last 10 years the climate is
changing very rapidly and as a result consequences of climatic change are also
experienced remarkably and as a result the either side of the river Hooghly mainly it’s
lower ridge.
The increasing climatic temperature has indirectly increased sea level by melting of glaciers in
the various parts of the globe. As a result the water level of Hooghly River as well as the
tidal level are also increasing and at the same time frequency of the cyclone are also increasing
very rapidly. All these aspects have pushed saline water through the main channel and the amount
of salinity is increasing very rapidly.
The other most important thing is that river is flowing through a tectonically most affected
area. Not only that through the river Hooghly, Eocene Hinge is passing and as a result it is
very much sensitive since last decade as the sea level is rising steadily. The surface is losing
its isostatic balance which have caused this area tectonically more active. Since last 2013 the
area is experiencing powerful earthquakes and all these quakes are carried by Eocene Hinge is
degrading the landscape gently. As a result the rising sea level is getting a chance to
submerge the coastal areas easily. On the other hand as the river Ganga is carrying much
more water seasonally its impact of river bank erosion is increasing very rapidly.

V. CHANGES OF GEOPHYSICAL CONDITIONS

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 Kolkata The City On The Cradle

1. Slope:
 In the study of average slope of Kolkata city, the higher landscape slope is followed in some
typical areas like – Shyambazar, Sovabazar area , Garden Reach , Taratala and partly Sealdah
and Tangra area.
 But the another side of
Hooghly river shows a very
gentle surface.
 The landscape slope indicates a
Rolling plane topography due
to the fluvial dynamic nature of
the landscape.
 The side of Howrah and
associated areas are also
indicating landscape slope
variation to a lesser extent.
 But the comparative greater and
swel landscape of Dakhineswar
, Bali area , Ramrajatala and
Basara area, which are prone to
erosion.
2. Relief: To analyse geomorphic
characteristics as well as
physiographic variation on the either
side of river Hooghly. I have
analysed relative relief variation of
Kolkata. The relative relief map
prepared by me considering spot
heights and contour values as
indicated in the topographical map
no. 79B/6. It is clear that the relief
of Kolkata is extremely variegated.
Relative relief zones are also
indicating the flow of paleochannels
in the various parts of Kolkata.
Though the channels have been
completely encroached by
continuous expansion of urban area.
The physiographic variation is
still remaining in the various parts
of the area. The drawn map also
indicates a greater physiographic
variation is located in the Bon
Hooghly, Dunlop area, Dumdum –
Nagerbazar area , Sealdah – Maulali
area and to some extent variations
are also prevailing in Taratala and
Garden Reach area. On the other
hand such altitudinal variation is
prominent in Shyamnagar area.
Such a typical landscape
variation indicates the surface is
extremely dynamic and have been
changed temporally. Due to the
intensive anthropogenic activities

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 Kolkata The City On The Cradle

performed by urban dwellers.

3. Dissection Index: The drawn map of
dissection index directly or indirectly
indicates the nature of dissection is
comparatively greater where the higher relief
zones are prominent. Here in his drawn map
it is also observed that on the either side of
the main channel dissection index is
comparatively greater and not only that it's
value is more than 0.82. No natural agents
are able to create such a huge dissection
only human activity may act such a typical
devastating agent, it also indicate that the
sustainability of Kolkata and Howrah is
degrading day by day.
4. Changing Nature of the Surface: With
respect to super imposition of physical
characteristics in three stairs I have
superimposed socio economic conditions in
two stairs and depending on this
superimposition I have find out common
influence zone and depending on this
zonation I have prepared a vulnerability map
on the either side of the river Hooghly and
also Kolkata. Such a typical map drawn by
me indicates 5 zones . There areas follows :
(i) Least Vulnerable Zone: This area
is mostly observed in the furthest
position from Hooghly. But the
zone also observed near to Dunlop
Ganga area.
(ii) Less Vulnerable Zone: Least
vulnerable zone is prominent near to
Kalighat, Tollygaunj Ganga area and
nearer to Shyambazar, Sealdah and
Dunlop area also prominent in and
Shyambazar area.
(iii) Vulnerable Zone: This area is
prominent nearer to Garden Reach
and Bata Ganga area and at the
same time this zone is also
prominent in Manicktala,
Bidhannagar area and nearer to
Nabanna, Kona highway and
towards Domjur area.
(iv) More Vulnerable Zone: This area
is prominent in Shobhabazar,
Udyanbati, Dakhineswar, Barabazar
and nearer to Babughat area and on
the other hand this area is prominent
in Bali and in the Howrah township
area.
(v) Most Vulnerable Zone: More than
40% of the landscape of Kolkata
and 35% landscape of Howrah are
under most vulnerable area. Such a

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 Kolkata The City On The Cradle

huge extension of most vulnerable area caused by intensive activities performed by

human being along with fluvial dynamics occurred on the either side of the river
Hooghly. The landscape is changing very rapidly due to the prolonged processes of
urbanization and only for this reason the rate of vulnerability is increasing so rapidly.

VI. CHANGES IN THE VARIOUS SPHERE

1. Climate Change and Global Warming: Climate change is a problem which is the
threat to Kolkata and threat to Hoogly River but has been generated globally. Presently
Kolkata's urban environment scenario modifying the nature and characteristics of climate since long
time. Global warming and various other aspects like cyclonic disaster, river bank Erosion and the
variation in depth of the river are the indicator of such climatic change. This aspect is
continuously increasing water salinity and is also restricting the debouching area of the rivers.
If we consider the provided climatic data then it will be observed that change in the
average condition is very negligible. But if we consider the climatic condition of last 10
years the climate is changing very rapidly and as a result consequences of climate change
are also experienced remarkably on the either side of the river Hooghly mainly in its lower reach.
The increasing climatic temperature has indirectly increased sea level by melting of glaciers in the
various parts of the globe. In last three decades the rate of global warming in increasing
by leaps and bounce due to the continuous processes of urbanization, deforestation and changing
nature of land use pattern. The urban area of Kolkata within this area is also creating urban
heat island. As a result of global climate change the climatic balance is degrading day by
day. The water level of the Hooghly River as well as the tidal level is also increasing and at
some time the frequency of the cyclones are also increasing very rapidly due to excessive
temperature. All these aspects have pushed saline water through the main channel and the
amount of salinity is increasing in the river water very rapidly. And on the other hand
increasing level of salinity has caused the mangrove environment on the either side of the river
Hooghly from its confluence to Barrackpur.

VII. ANALYSIS OF THE THEME

1. Analysis of the Procured Data and Surveyed Data: With respect to the analysis of
procured data and surveyed data it is clear that the city Kolkata is developing rapidly and not
only that the phase of its growth and development of the surface of the city is
continuously losing its balance since last 2000 years, but in the last 300 years the growth and
development of Kolkata as a urban center the balance is decreasing very rapidly. The
saucer shaped city with its vast Esplanade the growth has occurred in an imbalanced
manner. Basically for the city the growth and development plan is not wise and in some
places no growth and development plans has been considered for the structural development of the
city.
The lithological condition is also not suitable for such a huge growth and
development because the upper most Kalighat layer has been considered the most important
layer and beneath the layer the presence are imbalanced fragile textural layer, the city is losing
huge amount of sediment along with the movement of subsurface water and ground water, seasonal
movement in such surface is very much important because of the shortage of ground water
in recent period, caused by excessive lifting of the ground water for the requirement of the
multistoried dwellers and such excessive lifting of water is hampering the growth and development
sustainability of the urban center.

2. Ground Water and its Fluctuation: Unwise growth and developmentof Kolkata is leading
the city towards a typical health crisis. The bio-physical environment of city is degrading very rapidly
because continuous diagonal sub surface f l o w of water is increasing the amount of
soluble sediment salt and clay along with huge amount of minerals. Thus these sub surface flow
by generated voids and tunnels in the sub surface condition which are prominent in
the other side of river Ganga and the other side of Adi-Ganga channel and Bagjola Canal.
Unwise growth has also restricted vertical recharge and discharge of ground water. As a
result when water is passing diagonally they are getting much more time end passage to pass
and these polluted substances could easily reach to the level of ground water not only that when

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 Kolkata The City On The Cradle

water flows diagonally they also getting much more time and passage length and by this way
the rate of arsenic contamination is also increasing day by day. All these together are leading Kolkata
towards huge health crisis in near future.
Scientific skill and technology became the destruction of the city is beyond our
control . The city is actually hanging on a cradle because lower part of the city area has been
washed out by the continues diagonal sub surface flow which has wearing out the cities sub
surface sand silt and clay along with various types of minerals.
The pre-monsoon depth variation of water has been increased to a greater extent. It is due to

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 Kolkata The City On The Cradle

the continuous increasing rate of the utilization of ground water. The other most important cause is
that day by day with the rate of increasing sub surface flow the sub surface tunnels formed by voids
has extended their passage. As a result the saucer shaped sub surface lithology is attracting the sub
surface flow towards the main river Ganga through the central part of the city. Due to such a typical
flow condition of water contaminated water is spreading all through the city. Such a typical situation

has come to the city due to its unequal and unwise growth and development in its various parts.
At the time of peak monsoon when water level raises upward they normally pump the ground
water towards the sub surface condition with their huge energy. As a result the saucer shaped Kolkata
normally receive excessive amount of water from the various water bodies surrounding Kolkata but the
problem is that sub surface lithology indicates that the water is actually flowing towards Bay of
Bengal because the rock stratas are inclined gently towards Bay of Bengal. As a result when this
water pass away through the sub surface condition of the city they are normally creating huge amount
of voids and vacuum spaces within the subsurface conditions of the city.
In the post monsoon period the ground water level reach to the surface. As the quantity of water

increases it normally dilutes pollutants and as a result percentage of contamination decreases. That is why
quality of water tends to be normal in the rainy seasons. Furthermore it is also important that the depth
of the ground water has also changed in the recent years it is because the surface is losing its stagnancy

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 Kolkata The City On The Cradle

because voids and tunnels formed in the sub surface condition has extended to a greater extent which is
causing excessive ground water discharge towards Bhagirathi - Hoogly river and towards Bay of Bengal.

3. Causes of Excessive Subsurface flow and Excessive Amount of Massfluction and Liquefaction:
Post monsoon as a subsurface flow has created sufficient amount of void that is why recharged
water from its surrounding area could easily flow through the subsurface lithology without any
restrictions. When this water flow down according to their gradient they normally carry huge
amount of coli bacteria from the surrounding water bodies of the city. As this water flow
horizontally within the sub surface condition they normally get lengthy passages for penetration of
polluted water in the subsurface condition and by this way they are contaminating the ground
water stratas. It is the main cause of diarrhea like disease spreading from the wells and tube well
water in the various parts of the city. In future such contamination may increase to a greater
extent. It is the main cause of diarrhea like disease spreading from the wells and tube well water
in the various parts of the city. In future such contamination may increase to a greate r extent.
Presently such contamination occurred in various seasons because it is related to the fluctuations
of ground water level. But day by day as the level of ground water is declining very quickly that
is why bacterial infection may be very common occurrence all – round the year.
The other most important factor is that the urban space is mostly covered by cement and
concrete. As the result the vertical flow of ground water has already been decrease since long
time . That is why when the subsurface strata receiving water from the surrounding area. They
normally generate diagonal flow through the passing and voids which has already been formed
within the urban area . At the time of their diagonal flow they are also dissolving arsenic bearing
rock strata and by this way the rate of arsenic contamination is also increasing steadily.

VIII. DEVELOPMWNT OF HYPOTHESIS WITH RESPECT TO

THE ATTITUDE OF PROBLEM SOLVING
After complete analysis of the various aspects it is clear that the Kolkata is continuously
loosing its balance and as per our methodology and various Information collected on various aspects
of Kolkata, we can draw hypothesison the sustainability of Kolkata. These are
as follows:
1. Kolkata is degrading rapidly due to the continuous processes of
unwise growth and development.
2. Presently due to the continuous processes of the fluctuation of ground water level, diagonal flow of
subsurface water from the surrounding areas are increasing rapidly. Such a condition is
creating vacuum spaces below the surface of Kolkata and are causing huge amount of urban
slumping in spaces.

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 Kolkata The City On The Cradle

IX. CONCLUDING REMARKS AND CONTINUOUS FOLLOW UP PROGRAMME

AND PROBLEM SOLVING ATTITUDE
Dependency on the overall analysis we may conclude that Kolkata is degradingvery rapidly
due to continuous process of unwise growth and development. To protect the city we may suggest
some proper management plans for the sustainability of the city and the growth and
development of the area. These are as follows –
1. Unwise growth and development should be restricted and eco- friendly
development plan should be taken into consideration.
2. Any developmental aspects related to the geomorphological conditions
of the area should be managed properly and seriously.
3. Lifting of ground water should be stopped immediately, so that
fluctuation of ground water level should be minimised.
4. A standard building code should be prepared to maintain the load bearing capacity of the surface
properly. Not only that the building code should be kept properly and meaningfully.
5. No construction should be grant over Kolkata which are not suitable to the soil of Kolkata.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors acknowledges Late Professor Dr. Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay, Late Professor
Dr. Ananda Dev Mukhopadhyay, Professor Dr. Prithwish Roy, Professor Dr. Arunava Mishra for their
constructive suggestions and help. The authors further acknowledges their father, mother and family
member for their suggestions and help and the author furthermore acknowledge the librarian of
GSI and the eminent research work of Dr. D.R. Nandi and the librarian of Central
Ground Water Board and various other researchers in this field.

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